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EricSanderson_2009G-_再现以前的纽约市_
The substance of things unseen . 事物的本质是不可见的,
substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; unseen:adj.看不见的,未看见的;未经预习的;n.(事前未看过原文的)即席翻译;
Cities, past and future. 城市的往昔和未来也是如此。
In Oxford, perhaps we can use Lewis Carroll and look in the looking glass that is New York City to try and see our true selves, or perhaps pass through to another world. 在牛津,我们或许从刘易斯·卡洛尔的著作, 从纽约市这面镜子里, 试图寻见真我; 或者进入另一个世界。
Carroll:n.卡罗尔(罗马人的姓); looking glass:adj.正好相反的;完全颠倒的;n.镜子; pass through:穿过;经历;经验;遭受;
Or, in the words of F. Scott Fitzgerald, "As the moon rose higher, the inessential houses begin to melt away until gradually I became aware of the old island here that once flowered for Dutch sailor's eyes, a fresh green breast of the new world." 或者,正如F·斯科特菲茨杰拉德所写: “每当明月升高, 微不足道的房屋开始消逝, 直到我逐渐意识到这座古老岛屿, 曾是荷兰水手眼中繁花盛开之地, 新世界中一处翠绿的处女地。”
inessential:adj.无关紧要的;n.无关紧要的东西; melt away:v.消失;融掉; gradually:adv.渐渐地;逐步地; Dutch:adj.荷兰的; n.荷兰人; v.费用平摊地;
My colleagues and I have been working for 10 years to rediscover this lost world, in a project we call The Mannahatta Project. 我和我的同事用了十年时间 重新探索这个失落的世界, 并将其命名为“曼娜哈特”(曼哈顿的印第安语)计划。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); rediscover:vt.重新发现;再发现;
We're trying to discover what Henry Hudson would have seen on the afternoon of September 12th, 1609, when he sailed into New York harbor . 我们试图探索亨利?哈德逊船长 在1609年9月12日的下午 航行至纽约港时所见的一切。
Hudson:n.哈得孙河; harbor:n.港口;港湾;(比喻)避难所;[军]坦克掩蔽场;v.停泊;包含;隐匿;怀抱(恶意);
And I'd like to tell you the story in three acts. 而我想把这个故事分成三段讲,
And if I have time still, an epilogue . 如果时间允许的话,我也想再做一个总结。
epilogue:n.结语,收场白;尾声,后记;
So, Act I: A Map Found. 那么,第一部分:一张地图的发现。
So, I didn't grow up in New York. 是的,我并不在纽约长大。
I grew up out west in the Sierra Nevada mountains, like you see here, in the Red Rock Canyon . 正如你们看到的照片,我在西瓦内华达山区 红岩峡谷长大。
Sierra:n.(尤指西班牙和美洲的)锯齿状山脉; Canyon:n.(周围有悬崖峭壁的)峡谷;(
And from these early experiences as a child 由于我儿时的经历,
I learned to love landscapes . 我渐渐地爱上了自然景观。
landscapes:n.风景; v.从事庭园设计;
And so when it became time for me to do my graduate studies, 所以,当我要着手我的研究生课程时,
I studied this emerging field of landscape ecology. 我学习了景观生态学--这门新兴领域的研究。
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
Landscape ecology concerns itself with how the stream and the meadow and the forest and the cliffs make habitats for plants and animals. 景观生态学关注诸如 河流、草地、森林和悬崖是怎样 为动植物提供栖息地的问题。
concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式); meadow:n.草地;牧场; cliffs:n.(常指海洋边的)悬崖,峭壁;(cliff的复数) habitats:n.[生态]栖息地;(动植物的)[经]产地(habitat的复数形式);
This experience and this training lead me to get a wonderful job with the Wildlife Conservation Society, which works to save wildlife and wild places all over the world. 而这份经历和学术培训, 使我获得了与野生动物保护协会共事的绝佳机会, 这份工作致力于拯救世界各地的野生动物和野生地区生态。
Conservation:n.保存,保持;保护;
And over the last decade, 在过去的10年中,
I traveled to over 40 countries to see jaguars and bears and elephants and tigers and rhinos . 我前往四十多个国家, 观察那里的美洲虎、熊、大象, 以及老虎和犀牛。
jaguars:n.[脊椎]美洲虎(双发超音速战斗机,Jaguar的复数形式); rhinos:n.(非正式)犀牛;[俚]钱;现金;
But every time I would return from my trips I'd return back to New York City. 但是每一次我旅途回来,到纽约市。
And on my weekends I would go up, just like all the other tourists, to the top of the Empire State Building, and I'd look down on this landscape, on these ecosystems , and I'd wonder, "How does this landscape work to make habitat for plants and animals? 在周末,我就会像所有的游客一样, 爬到帝国大厦的顶楼。 我也会向下俯瞰这里的风景和生态系统, 于是我便疑惑:“这里的景观 是怎样为动植物提供居住场所的?
ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数);
How does it work to make habitat for animals like me?" 它又是怎样为像我这样的动物提供居住地的呢？”
I'd go to Times Square and I'd look at the amazing ladies on the wall, and wonder why nobody is looking at the historical figures just behind them. 我也会去时代广场,看一看那墙上美丽的女士们, 然后疑惑:为什么没有人关注她们过去的祖辈？
historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的;
I'd go to Central Park and see the rolling topography of Central Park come up against the abrupt and sheer topography of midtown Manhattan. 我也到中央公园去,看着中央公园起伏的地形, 与此对比的是陡峭的 曼哈顿中城地形。
topography:n.地势;地形学;地志; come up against:v.碰到;遭遇; abrupt:adj.生硬的;突然的;唐突的;陡峭的; sheer:adj.纯; v.十足地; n.透明薄纱; v.[航海](使)偏航; (使)转向; midtown:n.市中心区;商业区和住宅区的中间地区;adj.市中心区的;位于市中心区的;
I started reading about the history and the geography in New York City. 于是,我开始阅读有关纽约市的历史和地理资料。
I read that New York City was the first mega-city , a city of 10 million people or more, in 1950. 我了解到纽约市是第一座特大城市, 在1950年便拥有超过一千万人口。
mega-city:大城市;超级都市;
I started seeing paintings like this. 我开始察看这样的画作。
For those of you who are from New York, this is 125th street under the West Side Highway. 对于你们这些来自纽约的人而言, 这是城西高速公路下的125街。
(Laughter) (笑声)
It was once a beach. And this painting has John James Audubon , the painter, sitting on the rock. 这里曾是一个沙滩。而这幅图里 有画家奥杜邦坐在岩石上的身影。
Audubon:n.奥杜邦(美国鸟类学家,画家和博物学家);
And it's looking up on the wooded heights of Washington Heights, to Jeffrey's Hook , where the George Washington Bridge goes across today. 上方的林地便是华盛顿高地, 杰佛瑞虎克灯塔方向,即是今日乔治?华盛顿大桥横跨的所在。
Hook:n.钩;挂钩;鱼钩;钓钩;v.挂住;箍住;钓(鱼);打曲线球;
Or this painting, from the 1740s, from Greenwich Village. 再来看这幅图,描绘的是18世纪40年代的格林威治村。
Greenwich:n.格林威治
Those are two students at King's College -- later Columbia University -- sitting on a hill, overlooking a valley. 国王学院（后来成为哥伦比亚大学）的两位学生 坐在山丘上俯瞰整个村庄。
overlooking:v.忽略;不予理会;俯视;眺望;(overlook的现在分词)
And so I'd go down to Greenwich Village and I'd look for this hill. 所以我来到格林威治村,想要找到那座山丘。
And I couldn't find it. And I couldn't find that palm tree. 但是我找不到它,当然也找不到那棵棕榈树。
palm:n.手掌;手心;棕榈树;v.把…藏在手中(尤指玩戏法);
What's that palm tree doing there? 那棵棕榈树到底在哪呢？
(Laughter) (笑声)
So, it was in the course of these investigations that I ran into a map. 所以,我是在调查的过程中偶遇这张地图的。
in the course of:在…过程中;在…期间; investigations:n.调查(investigation的复数);
And it's this map you see here. 也就是你所见的这一张。
It's held in a geographic information system which allows me to zoom in. 它被保存在地理信息系统中, 我把它放大。
geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的;
This map isn't from Hudson's time, but from the American revolution , 170 years later, made by British military cartographers during the occupation of New York City. 但这幅地图并不来自于哈德逊的时代,而是来自于美国革命时期。 170年后,由英国军事制图员 在英占领纽约市时绘制的。
revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; cartographers:n.制图师;地图制作者; occupation:n.职业;占领;占用;工作;
And it's a remarkable map. It's in the National Archives here in Kew. 这是一张很杰出的地图,现存于伦敦克佑区的英国国立档案馆中。
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; Archives:n.档案;档案馆;v.把…存档;(archive的第三人称单数和复数)
And it's 10 feet long and three and a half feet wide. 它长10英尺,宽3.5英尺。
And if I zoom in to lower Manhattan you can see the extent of New York City as it was, right at the end of the American Revolution. 如果我放大到曼哈顿下城区, 你便可以看见纽约市 在美国革命末的模样。
extent:n.程度;范围;长度;
Here's Bowling Green . And here's Broadway . 这里是鲍灵格林,而这里是百老汇街。
Bowling Green:n.草地滚球场; Broadway:n.百老汇(美国纽约市戏院集中的一条大街);
And this is City Hall Park. 这里是市府公园。
City Hall:n.市政府;市政厅;
So the city basically extended to City Hall Park. 所以这座城市基本延伸到市府公园。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词)
And just beyond it you can see features that have vanished , things that have disappeared . 再往上走,便能看到 地形已改变,景观已消失。
vanished:v.消失了;突然消失;消亡;绝迹;(vanish的过去分词和过去式) disappeared:adj.消失的;消失了的;v.消失,失踪;(disappear的过去式和过去分词)
This is the Collect Pond , which was the fresh water source for New York City for its first 200 years, and for the Native Americans for thousands of years before that. 这个蓄水池,曾是纽约市建立初的200年间 城市的淡水来源。 它也是土著美国人此前千百年来的淡水来源。
Pond:n.池塘;水池(尤指人工的);v.把…挖成池塘;堵(溪流)水成池; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; Native:adj.本国的;土著的;天然的;与生俱来的;天赋的;n.本地人;土产;当地居民;
You can see the Lispenard Meadows draining down through here, through what is Tribeca now, and the beaches that come up from the Battery , all the way to 42nd St. 你可以看到利兹本纳德草地 水流流经此地,即现在的三角地翠贝卡区。 而海滩从炮台 一路延伸至42街。
Meadows:n.[畜牧]草地;[地理]草甸(meadow的复数); draining:v.排空;(使)流光;放干;喝光;喝干;(drain的现在分词) Battery:n.[电]电池,蓄电池;n.[法]殴打;n.[军]炮台,炮位;
This map was made for military reasons. 这幅图的绘制出于军事考虑。
They're mapping the roads, the buildings, these fortifications that they built. 所以他们标记了道路、楼房 和他们所建造的堡垒。
fortifications:n.[军]防御工事(fortification的复数);
But they're also mapping things of ecological interest, also military interest: the hills, the marshes , the streams. 但是他们也标记了一些富有生态意义 以及军事意义的事物:山丘 沼泽和水流。
ecological:adj.生态的,生态学的; marshes:n.[地理]沼泽(marsh的复数);
This is Richmond Hill, and Minetta Water which used to run its way through Greenwich Village. 这是列治文山,还有米尼塔河。 它从前经由这条路流入格林威治村。
Richmond:n.里士满(美国弗吉尼亚首府);
Or the swamp at Gramercy Park, right here. 格拉姆西公园的沼泽在这儿,
swamp:v.淹没;使不堪承受;使疲于应对;使应接不暇;n.沼泽(地); Gramercy:int.不得了！;多谢！;
Or Murray Hill. And this is the Murray's house on Murray Hill, 200 years ago. 还有莫里山,这儿是莫里之家 200年前在莫里山上。
Here is Times Square, the two streams that came together to make a wetland in Times Square, as it was at the end of the American Revolution. 这里是时代广场, 两股水流在这里汇合,形成了湿地。 这时正值美国革命末。
wetland:n.湿地;沼泽地;
So I saw this remarkable map in a book. 我在一本书上看到这张了不起的地图。
And I thought to myself, "You know, if I could georeference this map, if I could place this map in the grid of the city today, 当时我想,“如果我可以对这张地图进行地理座标参照, 把这张地图放在今日纽约市的格局上,
grid:n.网格;格子,栅格;输电网;
I could find these lost features of the city, in the block-by-block geography that people know, the geography of where people go to work, and where they go to live, and where they like to eat." 我就能找出 这座城市失落的景观。 一块块地拼出人们熟悉的地貌, 比如人们上班地点和他们居住地方的地貌, 以及他们喜爱的餐厅的地貌。”
So, after some work we were able to georeference it, which allows us to put the modern streets on the city, and the buildings, and the open spaces, so that we can zoom in to where the Collect Pond is. 所以经过一些努力之后,我们对它进行了地理座标参照定位, 使我们能够把现代的道路、 楼房和空地放到城市中。 这样我们就可以放大蓄水湖的位置。
We can digitize the Collect Pond and the streams, and see where they actually are in the geography of the city today. 我们可以将蓄水湖和水流都数字化, 我们也就可以知道它们在今天的城市地理中的位置。
digitize:vt.[计]数字化;
So this is fun for finding where things are relative to the old topography. 有趣的是比照旧的地形 找出现在的位置。
relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物;
But I had another idea about this map. 但是我对这张地图还有别的想法。
If we take away the streets, and if we take away the buildings, and if we take away the open spaces, then we could take this map. 如果我们拿走这些街道,如果我们拿走这些楼房, 如果我们拿走这些绿色空地, 然后我们可以得到这张地图。
If we pull off the 18th century features we could drive it back in time. 如果我们可以展现18世纪的特征, 我们回到过去的时间。
drive it back:击或抽球;
We could drive it back to its ecological fundamentals : to the hills, to the streams, to the basic hydrology and shoreline , to the beaches, the basic aspects that make the ecological landscape. 我们也可以还原过去生态基础的特征: 那些山丘、水流 基本水文、海岸线、海滩…… 那些构成生态景观的基本方面。
fundamentals:n.基本面;基本原理(fundamental的复数); hydrology:n.水文学,水文地理学; shoreline:n.海岸线;海岸线地带; aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数);
Then, if we added maps like the geology , the bedrock geology , and the surface geology , what the glaciers leave, if we make the soil map, with the 17 soil classes, 随后,如果我们加上地质学、基岩地质学, 和地表地质学,冰川遗迹; 如果我们制作土壤地图, 包含国家土壤保护所认定的
geology:n.地质学;地质情况; bedrock:n.[地质]基岩;根底;基本原理; glaciers:n.[地理][水文]冰川(glacier的复数);[地理][水文]冰河;
that are defined by the National Soil Conservation Service, if we make a digital elevation model of the topography that tells us how high the hills were, then we can calculate the slopes . 17种土壤; 如果我们可以制作一个数字地形高度模型 告诉我们那些山丘的高度, 我们就可以计算它们的坡度。
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; elevation:n.高地;海拔;提高;崇高;正面图; slopes:n.倾斜,斜坡;[数]斜率;山坡翱(slope的复数形式);
We can calculate the aspect. 是的,我们可以计算各方面的数据。
We can calculate the winter wind exposure -- so, which way the winter winds blow across the landscape. 我们可以计算冬季风的风向-- 也就是冬季风是怎样吹过地面景观的。
exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临;
The white areas on this map are the places protected from the winter winds. 地图上白色的部分是不受冬季风侵扰的地方。
We compiled all the information about where the Native Americans were, the Lenape. 我们收集了美洲原住民勒纳佩族所有曾居住的地点的信息。
compiled:adj.编译的;v.编辑(compile的过去分词);
And we built a probability map about where they might have been. 然后我们建立了一个他们可能居住地点的地图。
probability:n.可能性;机率;[数]或然率;
So, the red areas on this map indicate the places that are best for human sustainability on Manhattan, places that are close to water, places that are near the harbor to fish, places protected from the winter winds. 地图上红色的部分指出 曼哈顿岛上最适宜人类可持续居住的地点。 那些靠近水源的, 靠近渔港的, 不受冬季风侵扰的地方。
indicate:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示; sustainability:n.持续性;永续性;能维持性;
We know that there was a Lenape settlement down here by the Collect Pond. 我们知道从前有一个勒纳佩族的定居点, 位于南部毗邻蓄水池的地方。
settlement:n.协议:处理:结算:定居点;
And we knew that they planted a kind of horticulture , that they grew these beautiful gardens of corn, beans, and squash , the "Three Sisters" garden. 我们也了解到他们有园艺种植的习惯, 他们有美丽的玉米,豆类和南瓜园地, 即“蔬菜三姐妹”园地。
horticulture:n.园艺,园艺学; squash:v.镇压;使沉默;受挤压;挤入;n.壁球;挤压;咯吱声;南瓜属植物;(英)果汁饮料;
So, we built a model that explains where those fields might have been. 于是,我们建立了一个模型,来解释这些园地可能存在的地方。
And the old fields, the successional fields that go. 还有过去的园地及其周边园地的情况。
successional:adj.连续性的;继续的,接连的;
And we might think of these as abandoned . 我们或许会以为它们被遗弃了。
abandoned:adj.被抛弃的放纵的;v.抛弃;丢弃,离开;放弃;(abandon的过去分词和过去式)
But, in fact, they're grassland habitats for grassland birds and plants. 但事实上,它们现在是草地, 为草地鸟类和植物提供栖息地;
grassland:n.草原;牧草地;
And they have become successional shrub lands, and these then mix in to a map of all the ecological communities . 或是已经形成灌木林地。 这就混合成这张汇集所有生态社区的地图。
shrub:n.灌木;灌木丛; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
And it turns out that Manhattan had 55 different ecosystem types. 由此,我们了解到曼哈顿岛曾有55种不同的生态系统。
You can think of these as neighborhoods, as distinctive as Tribeca, and the Upper East Side, and Inwood -- that these are the forest and the wetlands and the marine communities, the beaches. 你可以把它们想作邻里关系, 各自独特的就像三角地翠贝卡去,上东城区和Inwood区-- 那里有森林和湿地; 水生群落和沙滩。
distinctive:adj.独特的;特别的;有特色的; Upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂; wetlands:n.湿地(wetland的复数形式);沼泽地;塘地; marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵;
And 55 is a lot. On a per-area basis, 55种生态系统很庞大。在平均面积的角度上,
Manhattan had more ecological communities per acre than Yosemite does, than Yellowstone, than Ambaselli. 曼哈顿岛每英亩拥有的生态群落的数量 甚至比优山美地国家公园多, 也比美国黄石公园和肯尼亚安伯塞利保护公园多。
Yosemite:n.约塞米蒂国家公园(位于美国加利福尼亚州中部);
It was really an extraordinary landscape that was capable of supporting an extraordinary biodiversity . 这实在是非常奇异的景观, 竟能够支持如此奇特的生物多样性。
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; biodiversity:n.生物多样性;
So, Act Two: A Home Reconstructed . 接下来,第二部分:一个重建的家园。
Reconstructed:adj.重建的;改造的;v.重建;改造(reconstruct的过去式);
So, we studied the fish and the frogs and the birds and the bees , the 85 different kinds of fish that were on Manhattan, the Heath hens, the species that aren't there anymore, the beavers on all the streams, the black bears, and the native Americans, to study how they used and thought about their landscape. 我们对鱼类、蛙类、鸟类和蜂类进行了研究, 在曼哈顿,曾有85种鱼类, 有已经灭绝的新英格兰草原松鸡, 还有曾经在所有溪流中发现的海狸及黑熊。 我们也研究了土著居民怎样利用、 思考他们的地质景观的。
the birds and the bees:(可对儿童解说的)有关两性关系的基本常识; Heath:n.石南,石南植物;荒野;adj.杜鹃花科木本植物的; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; beavers:n.海狸(beaver的复数);v.勤奋工作(beaver的第三人称单数);
We wanted to try and map these. And to do that what we did was we mapped their habitat needs. 我们想要标记它们。为此我们做的是 标记它们的居住需要。
Where do they get their food? 他们从哪儿得到食物？
Where do they get their water? Where do they get their shelter? 他们从哪儿取水？他们避护住所是什么样的？
Where do they get their reproductive resources ? 他们从哪儿得到生殖资源？
reproductive:adj.生殖的;再生的;复制的; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
To an ecologist , the intersection of these is habitat. 对于一个生态学家而言,这之间的交汇便是栖息地。
ecologist:n.生态学者; intersection:n.交叉;十字路口;交集;交叉点;
But to most people, the intersection of these is their home. 但对于大多数人而言,这之间的交汇是他们的家。
So, we would read in field guides, the standard field guides that maybe you have on your shelves, you know, what beavers need is "A slowly meandering stream with aspen trees and alders and willows , near the water." That's the best thing for a beaver. 所以,我们想要阅读野外指南,标准野外指南, 就是你们书架上可能会有的那一类。 你知道,海狸需要的是“一条流速缓而曲折的溪流, 边上还得有白杨,赤杨和柳树。” 这就是最适合海狸的。
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; meandering:adj.曲折的; n.漫步; v.漫步(meander的ing形式); aspen:adj.山杨的;类似白杨的;颤抖的;n.山杨; alders:n.[林]桤木; willows:n.杨柳;棒球球棒(willow的复数);
So we just started making a list. 所以我们开始列表。
Here is the beaver. And here is the stream, and the aspen and the alder and the willow. 这里是海狸,这里是水流, 这里则是白杨,赤杨和柳树。
As if these were the maps that we would need to predict where you would find the beaver. 如果这些就是我们所需的地图, 我们就可以预测在哪里你能够找到一只海狸。
predict:v.预报;预言;预告;
Or the bog turtle , needing wet meadows and insects and sunny places. 或者一只牟氏龟,需要湿草地、昆虫和阳光充裕的地方。
bog:n.沼泽;泥塘;vt.使陷于泥沼;使动弹不得;vi.陷于泥沼;动弹不得; turtle:海龟,乌龟
Or the bobcat , needing rabbits and beavers and den sites . 或者是一只山猫,需要野兔、海狸和洞穴。
bobcat:n.短尾猫,红猫(北美野猫); sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式);
And rapidly we started to realize that beavers can be something that a bobcat needs. 于是我们很快意识到海狸可能会是 山猫需要的东西。
But a beaver also needs things. And that having it on either side means that we can link it together, that we can create the network of the habitat relationships for these species. 但是海狸本身也需要某些东西。所以无论 把它们放在捕食者或被捕食者的一边,我们都能把它们连接起来。 于是,我们有了 这些物种栖息关系的网络。
Moreover , we realized that you can start out as being a beaver specialist, but you can look up what an aspen needs. 另外,我们也意识到你可以 以一个海狸专家的身份开始研究, 但是你需要知道白杨需要的东西。
Moreover:adv.而且;此外;
An aspen needs fire and dry soils. 白杨喜光,强阳性和干燥的土壤。
And you can look at what a wet meadow needs. 然后你可以知道湿草地需要什么。
And it need beavers to create the wetlands, and maybe some other things. 它需要海狸创造湿地, 或许还有其它的东西。
But you can also talk about sunny places. 但是你可以再想想阳光灿烂的地方。
So, what does a sunny place need? Not habitat per se . 那么,阳光灿烂的地方需要什么？本身不是栖息地。
per se:adv.本身;本质上;
But what are the conditions that make it possible? 但是,在何种情况下才有可能呢？
Or fire. Or dry soils. 或为阳光,或为干土。
And that you can put these on a grid that's 1,000 columns long across the top and 1,000 rows down the other way. 这样一来,你可以将这些联系画在1000栏的格线上, 左侧也填入1000格资料。
columns:n.柱:(通常为)圆形石柱:(书,报纸印刷页上的)栏(column的复数)
And then we can visualize this data like a network, like a social network. 然后我们将这些数据网状图像化, 就像一个社交网络。
visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现;
And this is the network of all the habitat relationships of all the plants and animals on Manhattan, and everything they needed, going back to the geology, going back to time and space at the very core of the web. 这张网络汇集所有的栖息关系, 所有生活在曼哈顿岛上的动植物, 以及所有它们需要的东西。 我们于是能够回到地质学的范畴, 回到网络核心的时间和空间位置。
core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核;
We call this the Muir Web. And if you zoom in on it it looks like this. 我们把这叫做缪尔网络。如果你放大,它会是这样的。
Each point is a different species or a different stream, or a different soil type. 每一个点都代表一个不同的物种 或者一条不同的溪流或土壤种类。
And those little gray lines are the connections that connect them together. 而这些灰色的线表示将它们联系起来的关联。
They are the connections that actually make nature resilient . 这些连线恢复了自然生态活力。
resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的;
And the structure of this is what makes nature work, seen with all its parts. 这种结构则是自然的运作机理, 每一个部分,正如你所见。
structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
We call these Muir Webs after the Scottish-American naturalist 我们把它称作缪尔网络,以纪念美籍苏格兰裔自然学家
naturalist:n.自然主义者; adj.自然的(等于naturalistic);
John Muir, who said, "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find that it's bound fast by a thousand invisible cords that can not be broken, to everything in the universe." 约翰·缪尔,他曾说:“当我们试着举出一个自身事物, 我们总会发现它被数以千计的看不见的关系牵连, 对于任何宇宙中的事物,这种联系都不能被打破。”
bound:n.跳跃:v.跳跃着跑:形成…的边界(或界限)adj.一定会:很可能会: invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物; cords:n.(结实的)粗线,细绳;灯芯绒裤子;(cord的复数)
So then we took the Muir webs and we took them back to the maps. 之后我们引用了缪尔网络并把它带回地图上。
So if we wanted to go between 85th and 86th, and Lex and 3rd, maybe there was a stream in that block. 如果我们想去85街和86街之间的区域, 以及莱克星顿街和3街之间的地方, 或许在那个街区里曾有一条溪流。
go between:n.媒人;中间人;媒介者;
And would be the kind of trees that might have been there. 或许某种树类曾在那里生长,
and the flowers and the lichens and the mosses , the butterflies, the fish in the stream, the birds in the trees. 还有花、地衣和苔藓, 蝴蝶和水中的鱼, 树上的鸟。
lichens:n.[植]地衣(lichen的复数);地衣类;v.使长满地衣(lichen的三单形式); mosses:n.[植]苔藓,藓类;[植]苔藓植物(moss的复数);
Maybe a timber rattlesnake lived there. 或许还有一只森林响尾蛇生活在那儿。
timber:n.木材;木料; rattlesnake:n.[脊椎]响尾蛇;
And perhaps a black bear walked by. And maybe Native Americans were there. 或许一只黑熊曾出没过,或许土著居民也生活在那里。
And then we took this data. 然后我们应用了这些资料。
You can see this for yourself on our website. 你可以亲自访问我们的网站,
You can zoom into any block on Manhattan, and see what might have been there 400 years ago. 你可以放大曼哈顿任何的街区, 然后看一看400年前那里的模样。
And we used it to try and reveal a landscape here in Act Three. 而我们用它来重现景观。 最后,第三部分。
reveal:v.显示;透露;揭露;泄露;n.揭露;暴露;门侧,窗侧;
We used the tools they use in Hollywood to make these fantastic landscapes that we all see in the movies. 我们使用了当今好莱坞惯用的工具 来制作这些只有在电影中才看得到的奇幻的自然景观。
fantastic:奇异的,空想的
And we tried to use it to visualize 3rd Avenue . 我们尝试图像化第三大道。
Avenue:n.途径;(城镇的)大街;林荫道(尤指通往大住宅者);选择;
So we would take the landscape and we would build up the topography. 我们取得并绘制地貌地形。
We'd lay on top of that the soils and the waters and illuminate the landscape. 我们还原土壤和河流,恢复以前地貌。
illuminate:照明;照亮;照射;解释;使容光焕发;
We would lay on top of that the map of the ecological communities. 我们把生态群落放到地图的顶层,
And feed into that the map of the species. 并填充物种地图。
So that we would actually take a photograph, flying above Times Square, looking toward the Hudson River, waiting for Hudson to come. 这样一来,我们甚至可以拍照片, 飞跃时代广场,面朝哈得逊河的方向, 等待哈得逊先生的到来。
Using this technology , we can make these fantastic georeferenced views. 使用这种技术,我们有了 这些引人入胜的地理坐标参照景观。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
We can basically take a picture out of any window on Manhattan and see what that landscape looked like 400 years ago. 我们很容易拍摄到曼哈顿岛上任何视角的照片, 然后看一看它四百年前的样子。
This is the view from the East River, looking up Murray Hill at where the United Nations is today. 这是从东河向莫里山看到 今天联合国总部所在的位置。
United Nations:n.联合国;
This is the view looking down the Hudson River, with Manhattan on the left, and New Jersey out on the right, looking out toward the Atlantic Ocean. 这是俯瞰哈德逊河。 左边是曼哈顿,右边是新泽西州, 朝着大西洋。
Atlantic:adj.大西洋的;巨人阿特拉斯的;n.大西洋;
This is the view over Times Square, with the beaver pond there, looking out toward the east. 这是时代广场上空的景致, 海狸水塘在那儿,朝东面看。
So we can see the Collect Pond, and Lispenard Marshes back behind. 我们可以看见蓄水池,立兹本纳德沼泽在其后。
We can see the fields that the Native Americans made. 我们可以看见那些土著美国人开垦的园地。
And we can see this in the geography of the city today. 我们也可以在今天的城市中看到它。
So when you're watching Law and Order, and the lawyers walk up the steps they could have walked back down those steps of the New York Court House, right into the Collect Pond, 400 years ago. 所以当你看到电视剧“法律与秩序”中的律师沿着纽约法院前的阶梯径直走, 要是400年前,他们则是 走进蓄水塘 。
So these images are the work of my friend and colleague, 这些图像是我的朋友和同事的杰作。
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
Mark Boyer, who is here in the audience today. 马克波耶尔先生,今天他也在观众席中。
And I'd just like, if you would give him a hand, to call out for his fine work. 在这里我希望在座各位可以为他鼓掌, 感谢他的出色表现。
(Applause) (鼓掌)
There is such power in bringing science and visualization together, that we can create images like this. 科技与视觉化技术确实能够有这样的力量, 使我们创造出了如此的图像。
visualization:n.形象化;清楚地呈现在心;
Perhaps looking on either side of a looking glass. 或许这就是看着镜子的两面。
And even though I've only had a brief time to speak, 尽管今天时间有限,
I hope you appreciate that Mannahatta was a very special place. 我仍希望你们能够意识到曼哈顿是一个很特别的地方。
appreciate:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解;
The place that you see here on the left side was interconnected . It was based on this diversity. 在这里,你所看到左侧生态是相互关联的, 而这是基于生态的多样性而言的。
interconnected:adj.连通的;有联系的;v.互相连接(interconnect的过去式);
It had this resilience that is what we need in our modern world. 它拥有的活力正是当今世界所需要的。
resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力;
But I wouldn't have you think that I don't like the place on the right, which I quite do. I've come to love the city and its kind of diversity, and its resilience, and its dependence on density and how we're connected together. 但是我不希望让你们认为我不喜欢右边的地方（现在的曼哈顿）, 事实上,我很爱纽约,让我爱上它的 正是这座城市的多样性和活力, 以及人口稠密区的互相依存、我们是怎样联系在一起的。
dependence:n.依赖;依靠;信任;信赖; density:n.密度;
In fact that I see them as reflections of each other. 实际上,我把它们看作是各自的倒影。
reflections:n.映像;(声、光、热等的)反射;反映;显示;表达;(reflection的复数)
Much as Lewis Carroll did in "Through the Looking Glass." 确实很像是刘易斯卡洛尔在“透过镜子看”中的想法。
We can compare these two and hold them in our minds at the same time , that they really are the same place, that there is no way that cities can escape from nature. 我们可以比较这两者,并同时在心中拥有它们, 因为它们确实是同一处地点, 城市也是无论如何离不开自然的。
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
And I think this is what we're learning about building cities in the future. 我认为,这是我们学习如何建造未来城市的一种借鉴。
So if you'll allow me a brief epilogue, not about the past, but about 400 years from now, what we're realizing is that cities are habitats for people, and need to supply what people need: a sense of home, food, water, shelter, reproductive resources, and a sense of meaning. 所以允许我做一个简短的总结,这不仅关于过去的, 而是以后的400年, 我们想到, 城市是人类居住的场所, 需要提供人类需要的东西: 一种家的感觉、食物、水和庇护住所, 繁殖资源和一种有意义的感觉。
This is the particular additional habitat requirement of humanity . 这是一种人类特有的对栖息地的要求。
additional:adj.附加的,额外的; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
And so many of the talks here at TED are about meaning, about bringing meaning to our lives in all kinds of different ways, through technology, through art, through science, so much so that I think we focus so much on 也有这么多TED演讲是关于意义的, 关于如何将意义带入我们的生活 的方方面面,通过技术、 通过艺术、通过科学, 多到我认为我们把太多的关注
that side of our lives, that we haven't given enough attention to the food and the water and the shelter, and what we need to raise the kids. 投向生活方面,同时我们对于 食物、水源、住所, 以及我们所需供给孩子的东西的关注却不够。
So, how can we envision the city of the future? 所以,我们又该怎样展望城市的未来呢？
envision:v.想象;预想;
Well what if we go to Madison Square Park, and we imagine it without all the cars, and bicycles instead, and large forests, and streams instead of sewers and storm drains ? 那么,如果我们走到麦迪逊广场公园, 想象周围没有汽车, 而是自行车, 以及大片的森林、溪流,而不是下水道和排水管,世界会怎样？
what if:如果…怎么办? sewers:n.排水沟,[建]下水道; v.为…铺设污水管道(sewer的第三人称单数形式); drains:n.排水沟(drain的复数);吸血;v.放出,排出(drain的第三人称单数);
What if we imagined the Upper East Side with green roofs, and streams winding through the city, and windmills supplying the power we need? 如果我们想象在上东区, 有绿色的自然屋顶,溪流蜿蜒穿过城市, 风车提供我们所需的能量,世界又会怎样？
windmills:n.[动力]风车(windmill的复数); v.作风车般的传动;
Or if we imagine the New York City metropolitan area, currently home to 12 million people, but 12 million people in the future, perhaps living at the density of Manhattan, in only 36 percent of the area, with the areas in between covered by farmland , covered by wetlands, covered by the marshes we need. 又或者,当我们想象,纽约市的大都会地区, 目前是一千两百万人的家, 但未来可能将有一千两百万人住在曼哈顿的人口稠密区, 那仅仅是本区36%的土地面积, 其间被人们所需的农田、 湿地、 沼泽覆盖。
metropolitan:adj.大都市的;大主教辖区的;宗主国的;n.大城市人;大主教;宗主国的公民; currently:adv.当前;一般地; farmland:n.农田;
This is the kind of future I think we need, is a future that has the same diversity and abundance and dynamism of Manhattan, but that learns from the sustainability of the past, of the ecology, the original ecology, of nature with all its parts. 这就是我心目中,人们所需的未来, 一个同样多的生物多样性、 丰富性和活力性的曼哈顿, 同时借鉴了过去的可持续生存之道, 无论是生态学、原始生态学还是大自然的一切。
abundance:n.丰度;丰富;大量;富足; dynamism:n.活力;动态;物力论;推动力;精神动力作用; original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
Thank you very much. 非常感谢！
(Applause) (鼓掌)