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EnriquePenelosa_2013Z-_为什么巴士体现了一种民主实践_
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| Mobility in developing world cities is a very peculiar challenge, because different from health or education or housing, it tends to get worse as societies become richer. |
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Mobility:n.移动性;机动性;[电子]迁移率; peculiar:adj.特殊的;独特的;奇怪的;罕见的;n.特权;特有财产;
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| Clearly, a unsustainable model. |
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unsustainable:adj.无法支撑的;不可证实的;不能成立的;
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| Mobility, as most other developing country problems, more than a matter of money or technology , is a matter of equality, equity . |
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technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; equity:n.公平,公正;衡平法;普通股;抵押资产的净值;
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| The great inequality in developing countries makes it difficult to see, for example, that in terms of transport, an advanced city is not one where even the poor use cars, but rather one where even the rich use public transport . |
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advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) public transport:n.公共交通;公交车辆;
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| Or bicycles: For example, in Amsterdam , more than 30 percent of the population uses bicycles, despite the fact that the Netherlands has a higher income per capita than the United States. |
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Amsterdam:n.阿姆斯特丹(荷兰首都);阿姆斯特丹(美国纽约东部城市); despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; per capita:adj.每人的;人均的; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
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| There is a conflict in developing world cities for money, for government investment . |
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conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
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| If more money is invested in highways, of course there is less money for housing, for schools, for hospitals, and also there is a conflict for space. |
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invested:v.投资;投入;(invest的过去分词和过去式)
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| There is a conflict for space between those with cars and those without them. |
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| Most of us accept today that private property and a market economy is the best way to manage most of society's resources . |
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economy:n.经济;节约;理财; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
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| However, there is a problem with that, that market economy needs inequality of income in order to work. |
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| Some people must make more money, some others less. |
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| Some companies succeed. Others fail. |
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| Then what kind of equality can we hope for today with a market economy? |
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| I would propose two kinds which both have much to do with cities. |
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propose:v.建议;提议;求婚;打算;
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| The first one is equality of quality of life, especially for children, that all children should have, beyond the obvious health and education, access to green spaces, to sports facilities , to swimming pools, to music lessons. |
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especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; facilities:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;(facility的复数)
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| And the second kind of equality is one which we could call " democratic equality." |
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democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的;
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| The first article in every constitution states that all citizens are equal before the law. |
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constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成;
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| That is not just poetry . |
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poetry:n.诗;诗意,诗情;诗歌艺术;
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| It's a very powerful principle . |
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principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉;
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| For example, if that is true, a bus with 80 passengers has a right to 80 times more road space than a car with one. |
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| We have been so used to inequality, sometimes, that it's before our noses and we do not see it. |
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| Less than 100 years ago, women could not vote, and it seemed normal, in the same way that it seems normal today to see a bus in traffic. |
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| In fact, when I became mayor , applying that democratic principle that public good prevails over private interest, that a bus with 100 people has a right to 100 times more road space than a car, we implemented a mass transit system based on buses in exclusive lanes . |
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mayor:n.市长;镇长; applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词) prevails:胜过,获胜;生效;流行,盛行;占优势(prevail的第三人称单数); implemented:v.使生效;贯彻;执行;实施;(implement的过去式和过去分词) mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; transit:n.运输;经过;v.运送;经过; exclusive:adj.独有的;排外的;专一的;n.独家新闻;独家经营的项目;排外者; lanes:n.线路,跑道(lane复数形式);
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| We called it TransMilenio, in order to make buses sexier . |
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sexier:性感的(sexy的比较级);
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| And one thing is that it is also a very beautiful democratic symbol , because as buses zoom by, expensive cars stuck in traffic, it clearly is almost a picture of democracy at work. |
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symbol:n.象征;符号;标志; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
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| In fact, it's not just a matter of equity. |
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| It doesn't take Ph.D.'s. |
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| A committee of 12-year-old children would find out in 20 minutes that the most efficient way to use scarce road space is with exclusive lanes for buses. |
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committee:n.委员会; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; scarce:adv.勉强;刚;几乎不;简直不;adj.缺乏的;不足的;稀少的;
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| In fact, buses are not sexy, but they are the only possible means to bring mass transit to all areas of fast growing developing cities. |
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| They also have great capacity . |
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capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力;
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| For example, this system in Guangzhou is moving more passengers our direction than all subway lines in China, except for one line in Beijing, at a fraction of the cost. |
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fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量;
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| We fought not just for space for buses, but we fought for space for people, and that was even more difficult. |
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| Cities are human habitats , and we humans are pedestrians . |
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habitats:n.[生态]栖息地;(动植物的)[经]产地(habitat的复数形式); pedestrians:n.行人(pedestrian的复数);
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| Just as fish need to swim or birds need to fly or deer need to run, we need to walk. |
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| There is a really enormous conflict, when we are talking about developing country cities, between pedestrians and cars. |
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enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
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| Here, what you see is a picture that shows insufficient democracy. |
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insufficient:adj.不足的,不充足的;n.不足;
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| What this shows is that people who walk are third-class citizens while those who go in cars are first-class citizens. |
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first-class:adj.优秀的;第一流的;adv.优秀地;最好地;第一流地;
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| In terms of transport infrastructure , what really makes a difference between advanced and backward cities is not highways or subways but quality sidewalks . |
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infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; backward:adj.向后的;反向的;发展迟缓的;adv.向后地;相反地; sidewalks:n.人行道;
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| Here they made a flyover , probably very useless, and they forgot to make a sidewalk. |
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flyover:n.天桥;立交桥;立交马路;
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| This is prevailing all over the world. |
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prevailing:adj.流行的;一般的;占优势的;v.盛行,流行;获胜;(prevail的现在分词形式)
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| Not even schoolchildren are more important than cars. |
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schoolchildren:n.学童;(schoolchild的复数)
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| In my city of Bogotá, we fought a very difficult battle in order to take space from cars, which had been parking on sidewalks for decades, in order to make space for people that should reflect dignity of human beings, and to make space for protected bikeways . |
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reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达; dignity:n.尊严;高贵; bikeways:n.自行车专用道;(bikeways是bikeway的复数);
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| First of all , I had black hair before that. |
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First of all:adv.首先;
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| (Laughter) |
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| And I was almost impeached in the process . |
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impeached:v.控告;弹劾;怀疑;(impeach的过去分词和过去式) process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
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| It is a very difficult battle. |
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| However, it was possible, finally , after very difficult battles, to make a city that would reflect some respect for human dignity, that would show that those who walk are equally important to those who have cars. |
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finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
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| Indeed, a very important ideological and political issue anywhere is how to distribute that most valuable resource of a city, which is road space. |
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ideological:adj.思想的;意识形态的; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; distribute:v.分发;分配;分销;分散; valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
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| A city could find oil or diamonds underground and it would not be so valuable as road space. |
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| How to distribute it between pedestrians, bicycles, public transport and cars? |
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| This is not a technological issue, and we should remember that in no constitution parking is a constitutional right when we make that distribution . |
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technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; constitutional:adj.宪法的;本质的;体质上的;保健的;n.保健散步;保健运动; distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销;
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| We also built, and this was 15 years ago, before there were bikeways in New York or in Paris or in London, it was a very difficult battle as well, more than 350 kilometers of protected bicycle ways. |
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| I don't think protected bicycle ways are a cute architectural feature. |
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architectural:adj.建筑学的;建筑上的;符合建筑法的;
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| They are a right, just as sidewalks are, unless we believe that only those with access to a motor vehicle have a right to safe mobility, without the risk of getting killed. |
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motor vehicle:n.机动车;
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| And just as busways are, protected bikeways also are a powerful symbol of democracy, because they show that a citizen on a $30 bicycle is equally important to one in a $30,000 car. |
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| And we are living in a unique moment in history. |
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unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
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| In the next 50 years, more than half of those cities which will exist in the year 2060 will be built. |
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| In many developing country cities, more than 80 and 90 percent of the city which will exist in 2060 will be built over the next four or five decades. |
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| But this is not just a matter for developing country cities. |
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| In the United States, for example, more than 70 million new homes must be built over the next 40 or 50 years. |
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| That's more than all the homes that today exist in Britain, France and Canada put together . |
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put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
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| And I believe that our cities today have severe flaws , and that different, better ones could be built. |
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severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; flaws:n.[材]缺陷;[力]裂缝(flaw的复数);v.有裂纹;使有裂缝(flaw的单三形式);
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| What is wrong with our cities today? |
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| Well, for example, if we tell any three-year-old child who is barely learning to speak in any city in the world today, "Watch out, a car," |
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barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地;
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| the child will jump in fright , and with a very good reason, because there are more than 10,000 children who are killed by cars every year in the world. |
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fright:n.惊吓;惊骇;v.使惊恐;
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| We have had cities for 8,000 years, and children could walk out of home and play. |
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| In fact, only very recently , towards 1900, there were no cars. |
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recently:adv.最近;新近;
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| Cars have been here for really less than 100 years. |
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| They completely changed cities. |
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| In 1900, for example, nobody was killed by cars in the United States. |
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| Only 20 years later, between 1920 and 1930, almost 200,000 people were killed by cars in the United States. |
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| Only in 1925, almost 7,000 children were killed by cars in the United States. |
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| So we could make different cities, cities that will give more priority to human beings than to cars, that will give more public space to human beings than to cars, cities which show great respect for those most vulnerable citizens, such as children or the elderly . |
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priority:n.优先;优先权;[数]优先次序;优先考虑的事; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; elderly:adj.上了年纪的;过了中年的;稍老的;
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| I will propose to you a couple of ingredients which I think would make cities much better, and it would be very simple to implement them in the new cities which are only being created. |
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ingredients:n.成分;(尤指烹饪)原料;(成功的)要素;(ingredient的复数)
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| Hundreds of kilometers of greenways criss-crossing cities in all directions. |
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criss-crossing:交叉回交;
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| Children will walk out of homes into safe spaces. |
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| They could go for dozens of kilometers safely without any risk in wonderful greenways, sort of bicycle highways, and I would invite you to imagine the following: a city in which every other street would be a street only for pedestrians and bicycles. |
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| In new cities which are going to be built, this would not be particularly difficult. |
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particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
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| When I was mayor of Bogotá, in only three years, we were able to create 70 kilometers, in one of the most dense cities in the world, of these bicycle highways. |
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dense:adj.稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的;
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| And this changes the way people live, move, enjoy the city. |
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| In this picture, you see in one of the very poor neighborhoods, we have a luxury pedestrian bicycle street, and the cars still in the mud. |
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luxury:n.奢侈,奢华;奢侈品;享受;adj.奢侈的;
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| Of course, I would love to pave this street for cars. |
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pave:vt.铺设;安排;作铺设之用;
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| But what do we do first? |
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| Ninety-nine percent of the people in those neighborhoods don't have cars. |
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| But you see, when a city is only being created, it's very easy to incorporate this kind of infrastructure. |
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incorporate:vt.包含,吸收; vi.合并; adj.合并的;
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| Then the city grows around it. |
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| And of course this is just a glimpse of something which could be much better if we just create it, and it changes the way of life. |
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glimpse:v.瞥见;[诗]闪现;n.领悟;概况;见识;一睹;
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| And the second ingredient, which would solve mobility, that very difficult challenge in developing countries, in a very low-cost and simple way, would be to have hundreds of kilometers of streets only for buses, buses and bicycles and pedestrians. |
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low-cost:adj.廉价的;价格便宜的;
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| This would be, again, a very low-cost solution if implemented from the start, low cost, pleasant transit with natural sunlight . |
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solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; sunlight:n.日光;
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| But unfortunately , reality is not as good as my dreams. |
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unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
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| Because of private property of land and high land prices, all developing country cities have a large problem of slums . |
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slums:n.贫民,[经]贫民区(slum的复数); v.到贫民窟去;
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| In my country of Colombia, almost half the homes in cities initially were illegal developments. |
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initially:adv.最初,首先;开头; illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工;
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| And of course it's very difficult to have mass transit or to use bicycles in such environments. |
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| But even legal developments have also been located in the wrong places, very far from the city centers where it's impossible to provide low-cost, high-frequency public transport. |
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located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式) high-frequency:adj.高频率的;高周波的;
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| As a Latin American, and Latin America was the most recently organized region in the world, |
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Latin America:n.拉丁美洲(以西班牙语或葡萄牙语为主要语言的美洲地区); organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) region:n.地区;范围;部位;
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| I would recommend , respectfully , passionately , to those countries which are yet to urbanize -- |
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recommend:v.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议;使受欢迎; respectfully:adv.尊敬地; passionately:adv.热情地;强烈地;激昂地; urbanize:vt.使都市化;使文雅;
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| Latin America went from 40 percent urban in 1950 to 80 percent urban in 2010 -- |
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| I would recommend Asian and African countries which are yet to urbanize, such as India which is only 33 percent urban now, that governments should acquire all land around cities. |
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acquire:v.获得;取得;学到;捕获;
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| In this way, their cities could grow in the right places with the right spaces, with the parks, with the greenways, with the busways. |
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| The cities we are going to build over the next 50 years will determine quality of life and even happiness for billions of people towards the future. |
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determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排;
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| What a fantastic opportunity for leaders and many young leaders to come, especially in the developing countries. |
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fantastic:奇异的,空想的
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| They can create a much happier life for billions towards the future. |
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| I am sure, I am optimistic , that they will make cities better than our most ambitious dreams. |
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optimistic:adj.乐观的;乐观主义的; ambitious:adj.野心勃勃的;有雄心的;热望的;炫耀的;
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| (Applause) |
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