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EnricSala_2010Z-_一睹原始状态的海洋_
I'm going to tell you two things today: 今天我要讲两件事情
One is what we have lost, and two, a way to bring it back. 第一是我们已经失去的东西 第二是如何把它找回来
And let me start with this. 我先从这开始
This is my baseline : 这是我思想的出发点
baseline:n.基线;底线;
This is the Mediterranean coast with no fish, bare rock and lots of sea urchins that like to eat the algae . 这是地中海的海岸 没有鱼,石头光秃秃的 还有许多海胆,以藻类为食
Mediterranean:n.地中海;adj.地中海的; bare:adj.空的;赤裸的,无遮蔽的;v.露出,使赤裸; urchins:n.海胆(urchin的复数);顽童; algae:n.[植]藻类;[植]海藻;
Something like this is what I first saw when I jumped in the water for the first time in the Mediterranean coast off Spain. 当我第一次潜水的时候 首先看到的就是这些东西 那是在地中海的西班牙沿岸
Now, if an alien came to earth -- let's call him Joe -- what would Joe see? 现在,如果有个外星人来了地球 我们给它起名叫乔 他会看到什么？
If Joe jumped in a coral reef , there are many things the alien could see. 如果乔跳进一个珊瑚礁 这位外星人可能见到很多不同的东西
coral:n.珊瑚;珊瑚虫;adj.珊瑚的;珊瑚色的; reef:礁,礁脉
Very unlikely , Joe would jump on a pristine coral reef, a virgin coral reef with lots of coral, sharks, crocodiles , manatees , groupers , turtles , etc. 很不可能的是 乔跳进了一片原始珊瑚礁 或者说一片“处女”珊瑚礁,那里有很多珊瑚、鲨鱼、鳄鱼 海牛、石斑鱼 海龟什么的
unlikely:adj.不大可能发生的;非心目中的;非想象的;难以相信的; pristine:adj.原始的,古时的;纯朴的; virgin:n.处女;童男;无…经验的人;新手; crocodiles:n.鳄类,鳄鱼(crocodile的复数形式); manatees:n.海牛(manatee的复数形式); groupers:n.石斑鱼类(grouper的复数); turtles:n.海龟;龟;陆龟;水龟;鳖;(turtle的复数)
So, probably, what Joe would see would be in this part, in the greenish part of the picture. 所以,乔会看到的东西 可能就在图上绿色的部分
greenish:adj.呈绿色的;
Here we have the extreme with dead corals , microbial soup and jellyfish . 这里是最坏的地方,到处是死珊瑚 微生物和水母
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; corals:n.[无脊椎]珊瑚(coral的复数); microbial:adj.微生物的;由细菌引起的; jellyfish:n.水母;[无脊椎]海蜇;软弱无能的人;
And where the diver is, this is probably where most of the reefs of the world are now, with very few corals, algae overgrowing the corals, lots of bacteria , and where the large animals are gone. 这个画着潜水员的地方 也许是世界上大多数珊瑚礁现在的状况 这些地方珊瑚很少,而藻类的数量超过珊瑚 还有很多细菌 大型动物都不见了
diver:n.潜水者;跳水的选手;潜鸟; reefs:n.礁石(reef的复数形式); v.收帆; bacteria:n.[微]细菌;
And this is what most marine scientists have seen too. 这是大多数的海洋科学家都见过的情况
marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵;
This is their baseline. This is what they think is natural because we started modern science with scuba diving long after we started degrading marine ecosystems . 这是他们的出发点,他们认为这一情形很正常 因为我们借助潜水工具 开始现代海洋科学研究 已经是海洋生态系统开始退化之后很久的事情
scuba:n.水肺;水中呼吸器; diving:n.潜水;跳水;跳水运动;v.下潜;跳水;潜水;(dive的现在分词) degrading:adj.降低身份的; v.降低…身份; (degrade的现在分词) ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数);
So I'm going to get us all on a time machine , and we're going to the left; we're going to go back to the past to see what the ocean was like. 所以我要带大家坐上时间机器 去图左边那样的地方,回到过去的世界 去看看海洋曾经的面貌
time machine:n.时间机器;
And let's start with this time machine, the Line Islands, where we have conducted a series of National Geographic expeditions . 让我们开动的时间机器吧。第一站是列岛群岛 (夏威夷附近） 在这儿,国家地理杂志已经进行了 一系列考察
conducted:v.组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥;带领;引导;(conduct的过去分词和过去式) series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; Geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的; expeditions:n.探险(expedition的复数);远征;
This sea is an archipelago belonging to Kiribati that spans across the equator and it has several uninhabited , unfished, pristine islands and a few inhabited islands. 这片属于基里巴斯的群岛 横跨赤道 其中有一些岛屿无人居住 也没人捕鱼,处于原始状态 另一些岛上则有人
archipelago:n.群岛,列岛;多岛的海区; spans:n.[建]跨度;一段时间(span的复数);v.跨越;持续;贯穿(span的第三人称单数); uninhabited:adj.无人居住的,杳无人迹的;
So let's start with the first one: Christmas Island, over 5,000 people. 首先,第一个要介绍的是圣诞节岛,居民超过五千人
Most of the reefs are dead, most of the corals are dead -- overgrown by algae -- and most of the fish are smaller than the pencils we use to count them. 这里大多数的珊瑚礁都死掉了 大多数珊瑚在藻类的排挤下都死了 而大多数鱼类比那些 我们用来给鱼计数的铅笔还要小
overgrown:adj.蔓生的;生长过快的;v.生长过度(overgrow的过去分词);
We did 250 hours of diving here in 2005. 2005年我们在那里潜水了250小时 。
We didn't see a single shark. 连一只鲨鱼也没见到
This is the place that Captain Cook discovered in 1777 and he described a huge abundance of sharks biting the rudders and the oars of their small boats while they were going ashore . 1777年库克船长就发现了这个地方 他描述有一大群鲨鱼 在他们靠岸的时候 撕咬着他们小船的舵和桨
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) abundance:n.丰度;丰富;大量;富足; rudders:n.方向舵;船舵(rudder的复数); oars:n.桨; v.划船; ashore:adv.在岸上;向岸;adj.在岸上的;在陆上的;
Let's move the dial a little bit to the past. 我们再把时间机器的表盘向过去拨一点点
Fanning Island, 2,500 people. 范宁岛,居民2500人
The corals are doing better here. Lots of small fish. 这里珊瑚的情况要好一些,有很多小型鱼类
This is what many divers would consider paradise . 按现在的标准,很多潜水者都会把这里看成天堂
divers:adj.不同种类的,各式各样的; paradise:n.天堂;至福境地;
This is where you can see most of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary . 这样的景象你可以在 佛罗里达群岛海洋保护区的大部分地方见到
Sanctuary:n.避难所;至圣所;耶路撒冷的神殿;
And many people think this is really, really beautiful, if this is your baseline. 很多人都觉得这里真的,真的很美 如果这是你的出发点
If we go back to a place like Palmyra Atoll , where I was with Jeremy Jackson a few years ago, the corals are doing better and there are sharks. 那我们再回去看另一个地方 巴尔米拉岛环礁 几年前我在那儿和杰里米 杰克逊 一起工作 那里的珊瑚的情况很好,还有鲨鱼
Atoll:n.[海洋]环礁,[地理]环状珊瑚岛;
You can see sharks in every single dive. 每次潜水都能看见鲨鱼
And this is something that is very unusual in today's coral reefs. 这在今天的珊瑚礁就很难见到了
But then, if we shift the dial 200, 500 years back, then we get to the places where the corals are absolutely healthy and gorgeous , forming spectacular structures , and where the predators are the most conspicuous thing, where you see between 25 and 50 sharks per dive. 不过,如果我们回到 200或500年前 那我们就会看见 极其健康而美丽的珊瑚 形成了壮观的建筑 食肉动物 是这里最显眼的东西 每次在这里潜水都能看到25到50只鲨鱼
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; gorgeous:adj.华丽的,灿烂的;极好的; spectacular:adj.壮观的;壮丽的;令人惊叹的;n.壮观的场面;精彩的表演; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); predators:n.捕食性动物;实行弱肉强食的人(或机构);掠夺者;(predator的复数) conspicuous:adj.显著的;显而易见的;
What have we learned from these places? 我们从这样的地方学到了什么？
This is what we thought was natural. 这些是我们认为很正常的东西
This is what we call the biomass pyramid. 这是生物量金字塔
biomass:n.(单位面积或体积内的)[生态]生物量;
If we get all of the fish of a coral reef together and weigh them, this is what we would expect. 如果我们把一片珊瑚礁中的所有鱼类进行称重 我门会预料到以下的结果
Most of the biomass is low on the food chain , the herbivores , the parrotfish , the surgeonfish that eat the algae. 大部分生物量都处在食物链的低端,即植食性鱼类 包括鹦嘴鱼,吃藻类的鲟鱼
food chain:n.食物链; herbivores:n.[动]食草动物,植食动物;食草者(herbivore的复数形式); parrotfish:n.隆头鱼;鹦嘴鱼; surgeonfish:n.热带鱼的一种;
Then the plankton feeders , these little damselfish , the little animals floating in the water. 接下来是以浮游生物为食的鱼,比如小雀鲷 一种在水里飘来飘去的小动物
plankton:n.浮游生物(总称); feeders:n.饲养者;供料器(feeder的复数); damselfish:n.小热带鱼;
And then we have a lower biomass of carnivores , and a lower biomass of top head, or the sharks, the large snappers , the large groupers. 接下来食肉类的生物量要少一些 数量更少的是食物链顶端的生物 如鲨鱼、鲷鱼、大石斑鱼
carnivores:n.[动]食肉动物;食虫植物(carnivore的复数); snappers:n.啪啪响者;拍快照者(snapper的复数形式);
But this is a consequence . 但是这只是一种研究结论
consequence:n.结果;重要性;推论;
This view of the world is a consequence of having studied degraded reefs. 这种观点来源于 对退化的珊瑚礁进行研究的结果
degraded:adj.退化的; v.分解; (degrade的过去分词和过去式)
When we went to pristine reefs, we realized that the natural world was upside down; this pyramid was inverted . 如果我们去看看原始的珊瑚礁 我们就会意识到自然世界 其实正好相反 生物量金字塔倒过来了
inverted:v.(使)倒转,颠倒,倒置;(invert的过去分词和过去式)
The top head does account for most of the biomass, in some places up to 85 percent, like Kingman Reef, which is now protected. 顶端的生物占据了大部分生物量 在某些地方,可达百分之85 比如目前已经得到保护的金曼珊瑚礁
account for:对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明…的原因;导致;(比例)占;
The good news is that, in addition to having more predators, there's more of everything. 好消息是,除了食肉类动物的数量多了 这里的每一样东西都多了
in addition to:除…之外;
The size of these boxes is bigger. 金字塔的每一层的面积更大
We have more sharks, more biomass of snappers, more biomass of herbivores, too, like these parrot fish that are like marine goats. 更多的鲨鱼,更多鲷鱼 植食性鱼类的生物量也更多 比如这只鹦嘴鱼,好像海里的山羊
They clean the reef; everything that grows enough to be seen, they eat, and they keep the reef clean and allow the corals to replenish . 他们吃掉所有长得大到可以看见的东西 让珊瑚礁变干净 并且让珊瑚更好的繁殖
replenish:vt.补充,再装满;把…装满;给…添加燃料;
Not only do these places -- these ancient, pristine places -- have lots of fish, but they also have other important components of the ecosystem like the giant clams; pavements of giant clams in the lagoons , up to 20, 25 per square meter. 这些 古老、原始的地方不仅有很多鱼 而且还有其他生态系统中重要的组成部分 比如大蛤 环礁湖中大蛤聚集生长 每平方米最多可以有20、25个
components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数); giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 pavements:n.人行道(pavement的复数);道路; clams:n.蛤蚌;沉默寡言的人(clam的复数形式); lagoons:n.[地理][水文]泻湖;池塘;水池(lagoon的复数);
These have disappeared from every inhabited reef in the world, and they filter the water; they keep the water clean from microbes and pathogens . 这些已经从所有有人居住的珊瑚礁中消失了 它们可以过滤水体 去掉水中的 微生物和病原体
disappeared:adj.消失的;消失了的;v.消失,失踪;(disappear的过去式和过去分词) filter:n.滤波器;过滤器;滤光器;滤声器;v.过滤;渗入;(用程序)筛选;缓行; microbes:n.细菌,[微]微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式); pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌;
But still, now we have global warming . 但是,由于现在全球变暖（影响了这些生物的生存）
global warming:n.全球(气候)变暖;地球大气层变暖;
If we don't have fishing because these reefs are protected by law or their remoteness , this is great. 如果我们因为这些珊瑚礁受法律保护,或者离我们距离太远, 而不在这里捕鱼,那么情况会好得多。
remoteness:n.遥远;偏僻;细微;时间久远;
But the water gets warmer for too long and the corals die. 但是（你会问）,水体变暖持续了太长时间 使珊瑚死掉
So how are these fish, these predators going to help? 那么有这些鱼 这些食肉动物们能有什么帮助呢？
Well, what we have seen is that in this particular area during El Nino, year '97, '98, the water was too warm for too long, and many corals bleached and many died. 我们已经知道 在这个地区 在97、98年的厄尔尼诺期 海水过热持续的时间过长 很多珊瑚失去了颜色 并且死亡
bleached:adj.漂白的;v.(使)变白,漂白,退色(bleach的过去分词和过去式)
In Christmas, where the food web is really trimmed down, where the large animals are gone, the corals have not recovered. 在圣诞节岛,食物链被剪短 大的动物都不见了 这里的珊瑚至今还没有恢复过来。
trimmed:adj.平衡的;切边;纵倾的;修整过的;
In Fanning Island, the corals are not recovered. 在方宁岛,珊瑚也还没有恢复。
But you see here a big table coral that died and collapsed . 但是,你可以注意到 一个圆桌状的大珊瑚死掉而且倒下了
collapsed:v.倒塌,坍塌;倒下,昏倒;坐下;(collapse的过去分词和过去式)
And the fish have grazed the algae, so the turf of algae is a little lower. 鱼儿们已经吃掉了一些海藻 所以这里的海藻没有长得这么高
grazed:v.吃青草;放牧;放牛;放羊;擦伤;(graze的过去分词和过去式) turf:n.草皮;泥炭;跑马场;v.覆草皮于;
Then you go to Palmyra Atoll that has more biomass of herbivores, and the dead corals are clean, and the corals are coming back. 接着让我们来到巴尔米拉岛环礁 这里有更多的食肉动物 这里的珊瑚是干净的 珊瑚已经恢复过来了
And when you go to the pristine side, did this ever bleach? 让我们再看保持原始状态的一边 这里褪色过吗？
These places bleached too, but they recovered faster. 这里的珊瑚也褪色过。但是它们恢复得快一些
The more intact , the more complete, 越原始的地方,恢复得越快。
intact:adj.完整的;原封不动的;未受损伤的;
[and] the more complex your food web, the higher the resilience , [and] the more likely that the system is going to recover from the short-term impacts of warming events. 食物链越复杂 生态环境越有抵抗力 也越可能从 短期的变暖变化中恢复。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力; short-term:adj.短期的; impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用;
And that's good news, so we need to recover that structure. 这是个好消息。所以我们应该恢复这样的结构
We need to make sure that all of the pieces of the ecosystem are there so the ecosystem can adapt to the effects of global warming. 我们需要保证生态系统的各个部分都健全 这样生态系统才能 适应全球变暖
adapt:vt.使适应;改编;vi.适应;
So if we have to reset the baseline, if we have to push the ecosystem back to the left, how can we do it? 所以如果我们要重设基准线 要把生态环境推回左边去的话 我们该怎么做呢？
reset:vi.重置;清零;重新组合;n.重新设定;重新组合;重排版;
Well, there are several ways. 有几种方法
One very clear way is the marine protected areas, especially no-take reserves that we set aside to allow for the recovery for marine life. 一种很明显的办法是设立海洋保护区 特别是“非捕鱼”区 。 这样可以让海洋生物恢复过来
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; reserves:n.[油气]储量; v.储备; recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获;
And let me go back to that image of the Mediterranean. 让我们回到 地中海的画面
This was my baseline. This is what I saw when I was a kid. 这是我的基准线。这是我还是小孩时看到的。
And at the same time I was watching 同时我在看
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
Jacques Cousteau's shows on TV, with all this richness and abundance and diversity . 雅克 · 库斯托的电视节目 电视中显示如此丰富,多样的生物
richness:n.丰富;富裕;肥沃;华美; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化:
And I thought that this richness belonged to tropical seas, and that the Mediterranean was a naturally poor sea. 我以为这样的丰富性只能 在热带海区才能有 地中海不是这么一个地方
tropical:adj.热带的;热情的;酷热的; naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地;
But, little did I know, until I jumped for the first time in a marine reserve. 但是直到我第一次跳进 一个海洋保护区之前我都不知道我错了
And this is what I saw, lots of fish. 我看见很多的鱼
After a few years, between five and seven years, fish come back, they eat the urchins, and then the algae grow again. 五到七年之间 鱼回来了。它们吃海胆 海藻又长出来了
So you have this little algal forest, and in the size of a laptop you can find more than 100 species of algae, mostly microscopic fit hundreds of species of little animals that then feed the fish, so that the system recovers. 在一个小小的 笔记本电脑大小的区域 你能发现一百多种藻类植物 大都是微小的植物 成百条鱼 和吃鱼的小动物 生态系统就这样恢复了
algal:adj.海藻的; laptop:n.便携式电脑;笔记本电脑; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; microscopic:adj.微观的;用显微镜可见的;
And this particular place, the Medes Islands Marine Reserve, is only 94 hectares , and it brings 6 million euros to the local economy , 20 times more than fishing, and it represents 88 percent of all the tourist revenue . 这个保护区 只有94公顷 但是它给本地带来了6百万欧元的价值 是捕鱼价值的20倍 这是百分之88 的旅游收入
hectares:n.公顷(hectare的复数); euros:n.欧元;欧洛斯风;带雨东南暴风(euro复数); economy:n.经济;节约;理财; represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) revenue:n.收益;营业额;税务署;
So these places not only help the ecosystem but also help the people who can benefit from the ecosystem. 这些地方不仅有助于生态环境 也有益于民 。
So let me just give you a summary of what no-take reserves do. 让我总结一下 “禁捕”保护区的益处
summary:adj.简易的;扼要的;n.概要,摘要,总结;
These places, when we protect them, if we compare them to unprotected areas nearby , this is what happens. 。 与附近没有保护的区域比较,受保护的地区
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较; unprotected:adj.无保护的;未设防的;v.无保护;(unprotect的过去式和过去分词); nearby:adj.附近的,邻近的;adv.在附近;prep.在…附近;
The number of species increases 21 percent; so if you have 1,000 species you would expect 200 more in a marine reserve. 物种增加百分之21 如果这里有1000种生物 你可以预计在保护区里有额外200种生物
This is very substantial . 这是很大的不同
substantial:adj.大量的;实质的;内容充实的;n.本质;重要材料;
The size of organisms increases a third, so your fish are now this big. 生物的大小增加三分之一 所以你的鱼现在有这么大
organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体;
The abundance, how many fish you have per square meter, increases almost 170 percent. 每平方米的鱼数量 增加近 170 ％。
And the biomass -- this is the most spectacular change -- 4.5 times greater biomass on average, just after five to seven years. 生物量 增加4.5倍 这-是最大的变化 平均而言,变化只需要5至7年
In some places up to 10 times larger biomass inside the reserves. 在保护区的有些地方, 生物量增加高达10倍
So we have all these things inside the reserve that grow, and what do they do? 保护区里有这么多的东西都在增加 它们都干什么呢？
They reproduce . That's population biology 101. 他们繁殖。这是基本生物学。
reproduce:v.繁殖;复制;再现;生育; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
If you don't kill the fish, they take a longer time to die, they grow larger and they reproduce a lot. 如果你不杀鱼,它们会活得更久 他们变得越来越大,而且繁殖很快
And same thing for invertebrates . This is the example. 无脊椎动物也是一样。举个例子。
invertebrates:n.[无脊椎]无脊椎动物(invertebrate的复数);
These are egg cases laid by a snail off the coast of Chile, and this is how many eggs they lay on the bottom. 这是些 在智利海岸的蜗牛产的蛋 这是在保护区之外蛋的数量
snail:n.蜗牛;迟钝的人;vi.缓慢移动;vt.缓慢移动;
Outside the reserve, you cannot even detect this. 。 少到你都检测不到
detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
One point three million eggs per square meter inside the marine reserve where these snails are very abundant . 在保护区里面有很多蜗牛。 它们产了每平方米130万个蛋
snails:n.[无脊椎]蜗牛; v.使成蜗纹; abundant:adj.丰富的;充裕的;盛产;
So these organisms reproduce, the little larvae juveniles spill over , they all spill over , and then people can benefit from them outside too. 这些生物繁殖开来 小幼虫游到保护区外 它们都会到外面去 保护区外的人也因此受益
larvae:n.幼虫;幼体(larva的复数形式); juveniles:n.少年(juvenile的复数形式);稚气; spill over:满溢;泛溢;
This is in the Bahamas : Nassau grouper. 这是在巴哈马拿骚石斑鱼。
Bahamas:n.巴哈马群岛(拉丁美洲国家);
Huge abundance of groupers inside the reserve, and the closer you get to the reserve, the more fish you have. 保护区内有非常多的石斑鱼 而且越接近保护区 鱼越多
So the fishermen are catching more. 因此,渔民捕获更多。
You can see where the limits of the reserve are because you see the boats lined up. 你可以根据船在那里 看出保护区的边界在哪里
So there is spill over; there are benefits beyond the boundaries of these reserves that help people around them, while at the same time the reserve is protecting the entire habitat . It is building resilience. 。 保护区给周边的人们提供了 各种好处 同时 保护区保护了 整个栖息地. 提高了它的抵抗力
boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数) habitat:n.[生态]栖息地,产地;
So what we have now -- or a world without reserves -- is like a debit account where we withdraw all the time and we never make any deposit . 我们现在 没有保护区的世界 像是一个转帐帐户 只取 不存
debit:v.记入借方,登入借方;n.借方; withdraw:v.撤回;提;撤离;停止提供; deposit:n.订金; v.放下;
Reserves are like savings accounts. 保护区像储蓄账户
savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数)
We have this principal that we don't touch; that produces returns, social, economic and ecological . 我们不动本金 本金产生 社会,经济和生态的效益
principal:adj.主要的;资本的;n.首长;校长;资本;当事人; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; ecological:adj.生态的,生态学的;
And if we think about the increase of biomass inside the reserves, this is like compound interest . 保护区里的生物量的增加 就好象利滚利
compound interest:n.[商]复利;
Two examples, again, of how these reserves can benefit people. 再举两个 保护区如何让人受益的例子
This is how much fishermen get everyday in Kenya, fishing over a series of years, in a place where there is no protection; it's a free-for-all . 这是肯尼亚捕鱼人 几年来 一天的收入 在没有保护的地方 大家都不择手段,能捞多少捞多少
free-for-all:n.可自由参加的竞赛;任何人可以参加的竞赛;adj.对任何人开放的;
Once the most degrading fishing gear , seine nets, were removed, the fishermen were catching more. 一旦最有破坏力的渔具 大围网,被废弃后 渔民们抓到了更多的鱼
gear:n.齿轮; v.适合;
If you fish less, you're actually catching more. 如果你捕的次数越少,你实际上捕获更多。
But if we add the no-take reserve on top of that, the fishermen are still making more money by fishing less around an area that is protected. 如果你再加上一个保护区 渔民们可以通过在保护区周围打渔 而收入更多
Another example: 另一个例子是关于
Nassau groupers in Belize in the Mesoamerican Reef. 伯利兹Mesoamerican珊瑚礁拿骚石斑鱼?
Belize:n.伯利兹城(拉丁美洲国家);
This is grouper sex, and the groupers aggregate around the full moons of December and January for a week. 这是石斑鱼在交配 它们在十二月和一月月圆的时候聚集在一起 一 个星期
aggregate:vi.集合; vt.集合; n.合计; adj.聚合的;
They used to aggregate up to the tens of thousands, 30,000 groupers about this big in one hectare, in one aggregation . 以前多达几万,30000 条这么大的石斑鱼 一次聚在 一公顷的地方
aggregation:n.[地质][数]聚合,聚集;聚集体,集合体;
Fishermen knew about these things; they caught them, and they depleted them. 渔民知道这些。他们把鱼一网打尽。
depleted:v.大量减少;耗尽;使枯竭;(deplete的过去分词和过去式)
When I went there for the first time in 2000, there were only 3,000 groupers left. 在2000年我第一次到那的时候 只有3000之石斑鱼剩下了
And the fishermen were authorized to catch 30 percent of the entire spawning population every year. 政府允许渔民们每年捕捉 整个产卵鱼群的百份３０.　
authorized:adj.核准的;v.批准;授权;(authorize的过去式和过去分词) spawning:v.播种,产卵;大量生成(spawn的现在分词);n.产卵;增殖;
So we did a simple analysis , and it doesn't take rocket science to figure out that, if you take 30 percent every year, your fishery is going to collapse very quickly. 做个简单的计算 你不需要是个高深的科学家 就能预计如果你每年捕30%的话 整个鱼群会很快灭绝
analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; rocket science:复杂的事;航天器学; fishery:n.渔业;渔场;水产业;
And with the fishery, the entire reproductive ability of the species goes extinct . 整个物种的繁殖能力也会 跟着灭绝
reproductive:adj.生殖的;再生的;复制的; extinct:adj.灭绝的,绝种的;熄灭的;vt.使熄灭;
It happened in many places around the Caribbean . 这种事在很多加勒比海的地方都发生过
Caribbean:adj.加勒比海的;加勒比人的;加勒比语的;n.加勒比海;
And they would make 4,000 dollars per year, total, for the entire fishery, several fishing boats. 整个几艘船的船队一整年 只能挣4000美元 。
Now, if you do an economic analysis and project what would happen if the fish were not cut, if we brought just 20 divers one month per year, the revenue would be more than 20 times higher and that would be sustainable over time. 现在,如果你做个经济分析 预测 如果鱼群没有被破坏 如果我们每年每月 只吸引20个潜水游客 旅游利润将会是现在的20倍 而且这是可以持续的
sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
So how much of this do we have? 那我们现在有多少保护区呢？
If this is so good, if this is such a no-brainer , how much of this do we have? 如果保护区是这么显而易见得好,我们现在有多少呢？
no-brainer:不需对其动脑筋的事物;
And you already heard that less than one percent of the ocean's protected. 你们已经听说了 少于1%的海洋现在受到保护
We're getting closer to one percent now, thanks to the protections of the Chagos Archipelago, and only a fraction of this is fully protected from fishing. 多亏了对查戈斯群岛的保护 这个比例正接近1% 而且其中只有一小部分完全禁捕
fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量;
Scientific studies recommend that at least 20 percent of the ocean should be protected. 科学研究建议至少20% 的海洋该被保护起来
Scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; recommend:v.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议;使受欢迎;
The estimated range is between 20 and 50 percent for a series of goals of biodiversity and fishery enhancement and resilience. 如果想要达到增强生物多样性 鱼的数量和对环境变化的抵抗力 估计要保护的面积要在20%到50%之间
estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的; biodiversity:n.生物多样性; enhancement:n.增加;放大;
Now, is this possible? People would ask: How much would that cost? 这可能吗？人们会问:这要花多少钱啊？
Well, let's think about how much we are paying now to subsidize fishing: 35 billion dollars per year. 好,让我们想想 我们现在花多少钱 补助捕鱼业 一年350亿美元
subsidize:vt.资助;给与奖助金;向…行贿;
Many of these subsidies go to destructive fishing practices. 很多补助被用于破坏性的捕鱼行为
subsidies:n.补贴;补助金;津贴;(subsidy的复数) destructive:adj.破坏的;毁灭性的;有害的,消极的;
Well, there are a couple estimates of how much it would cost to create a network of protected areas covering 20 percent of the ocean that would be only a fraction of what we are now paying; the government hands out to a fishery that is collapsing . 如果我们要建立一个 20%海洋区域的保护区网络 。 按现在的几个估计 费用只会是 现在政府 给捕鱼业的补助的一小部分 这样的补助还是不能挽救捕鱼业
estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数) collapsing:v.倒塌,坍塌; (collapse的现在分词)
People are losing their jobs because the fisheries are collapsing. 人们在失去工作因为鱼群正在快速消失
fisheries:n.渔业;渔场(fishery的复数);捕鱼术;渔业公司;
A creation of a network of reserves would provide direct employment for more than a million people plus all the secondary jobs and all the secondary benefits. 建立保护区网络将会 直接雇佣多于一百万的人 而且间接提供工作和许多其他间接好处
creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物; employment:n.使用;职业;雇用; secondary:adj.第二的;中等的;次要的;中级的;n.副手;代理人;
So how can we do that? 那我们该怎么做呢？
If it's so clear that these savings accounts are good for the environment and for people, why don't we have 20, 50 percent of the ocean? 如果这些“储蓄帐号” 对环境和人这么好 为什么我们至今还没有保护到20%到50%的海洋面积呢？
And how can we reach that goal? 我们怎么才能达到这个目标呢？
Well, there are two ways of getting there. 有两种方法
The trivial solution is to create really large protected areas like the Chagos Archipelago. 简单的是建立巨大的保护区 象查戈斯群岛保护区
trivial:adj.不重要的,琐碎的;琐细的; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
The problem is that we can create these large reserves only in places where there are no people, where there is no social conflict , where the political cost is really low and the economic cost is also low. 问题是我们只能在没有人居住, 没有环境和人类冲突, 政治,经济代价很低的地方 建立这样的大保护区
conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触;
And a few of us, a few organizations in this room and elsewhere are working on this. 我们在座的和在其他地方的一些人和组织 正在做这件事
organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处;
But what about the rest of the coast of the world, where people live and make a living out of fishing? 但是其他有人居住 捕鱼的沿海地方怎么办呢？
make a living:谋生,维持生活;
Well, there are three main reasons why we don't have tens of thousands of small reserves: 我们没有数以万计的小保护区 有三个主要原因
The first one is that people have no idea what marine reserves do, and fishermen tend to be really, really defensive when it comes to regulating or closing an area, even if it's small. 第一是人们不知道 海洋保护区做什么 渔民们往往是很抵触 限制或关闭捕鱼海域 即使是一个很小的区域
defensive:n.辩护;守势;adj.防御的;保护的;保卫的;戒备的; regulating:vt.调节;校正(regulate的现在分词);
Second, the governance is not right because most coastal communities around the world don't have the authority to monitor the resources to create the reserve and enforce it. 其次,管理方式也不对 因为全球绝大多数的海边社区 没有权力去 监测资源,建立保护区并执行有效的保护
governance:n.管理;统治;支配; coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) authority:n.权威;权力;当局; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); enforce:v.强制执行;强迫;迫使;
It's a top down hierarchical structure where people wait for government agents to come and this is not effective . And the government doesn't have enough resources. 这是个从上至下的组织结构 人们等着 政府人员来做 这是不是有效的方法。政府没有足够的资源。
hierarchical:adj.分层的;等级体系的; agents:n.代理人,经纪人;原动力;(agent的复数) effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
Which takes us to the third reason, why we don't have many more reserves, is that the funding models have been wrong. 最后第三个 我们没有更多保护区的原因 是我们的融资方法不对
funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词)
NGOs and governments spend a lot of time and energy and resources in a few small areas, usually. 非政府组织和政府 通常花很多钱,精力和资源 在很少的几个地区
So marine conservation and coastal protection has become a sink for government or philanthropic money, and this is not sustainable. 因此,海洋和沿海保护 已成为政府或慈善机构的烧钱机器 这是不可能长久的
conservation:n.保存,保持;保护; philanthropic:adj.博爱的;仁慈的;
So the solutions are just fixing these three issues . 所以解决 这三个问题的办法是:
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
First, we need to develop a global awareness campaign to inspire local communities and governments to create no-take reserves that are better than what we have now. 首先,,我们需要展开一个全球性的教育宣传 来激励当地社区和政府 建立 比现在好的保护区
awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道; inspire:v.激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感;
It's the savings accounts versus the debit accounts with no deposits . 这是储蓄帐户 不是没有存款的转帐帐户
versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; deposits:n.[金融]存款; v.[地质]沉积(deposit的单三形式);
Second, we need to redesign our governance so conservation efforts can be decentralized , so conservation efforts don't depend on work from NGOs or from government agencies and can be created by the local communities, like it happens in the Philippines and a few other places. 其次,我们需要重新设计我们的管理方式 从而保护工作可以被分工合作 保护工作从此不再依赖于 非政府机构 或者政府 地方社区就可以建立保护机制 就像是在菲律宾和其他地方发生例子一样
redesign:vt.重新设计;n.重新设计;新设计; decentralized:adj.分散的; vt.使分散; agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数); Philippines:n.菲律宾;
And third, and very important, we need to develop new business models. 第三,非常重要的是 我们需要开发新的商业模式
The philanthropy sink as the only way to create reserves is not sustainable. 依靠慈善捐助来维持保护区的方法是 没法永久维持的
philanthropy:n.博爱,慈善;慈善事业;
We really need to develop models, business models, where coastal conservation is an investment , because we already know that these marine reserves provide social, ecological and economic benefits. 我们真的需要发展基于 海洋环保为投资 的商业模式 因为我们已经知道 这些海洋保护区提供 社会,生态和经济效益
investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
And I'd like to finish with one thought, which is that no one organization alone is going to save the ocean. 最后我想以以下的一点结束我的演讲 没有一个组织可以 独立地 拯救海洋
There has been a lot of competition in the past, and we need to develop a new model of partnership , truly collaborative , where we are looking for complementing , not substituting . 过去有许多组织互相竞争 我们需要建立一个新的 基于真诚合作 的模式 互补 而不是互相取代
competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛; partnership:n.合伙;[经管]合伙企业;合作关系;合伙契约; collaborative:adj.合作的,协作的; complementing:n.补充;vt.补充(complement的现在分词); substituting:n.取代;[数]代入;v.代替,取代(substitute的现在分词形式);
The stakes are just too high to continue the way we are going. 我们不能再继续我们现在的方法了 因为我们失败的代价实在是太高了
stakes:n.桩; v.以…打赌,拿…冒险;
So let's do that. Thank you very much. 因此让我么大家行动起来吧。非常感谢
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Chris Anderson: Thank you Enric. 克里斯安德森 （主持人）:谢谢你安瑞科。
Enric Sala: Thank you. 安瑞科萨拉:谢谢你。?
CA: That was a masterful job of pulling things together. 主持人: 能把这么复杂的事讲得头头是道 真不简单
masterful:adj.专横的,傲慢的;主人派头的;熟练的;
First of all , your pyramid, your inverted pyramid, showing 85 percent biomass in the predators, that seems impossible. 首先,你的金字塔,你的倒金字塔理论, 显示食肉动物占85%的生物量 这似乎是不可能的
First of all:adv.首先;
How could 85 percent survive on 15 percent? 85%的生物量怎么可能 靠15% 的生物量存活呢？
ES: Well, imagine that you have two gears of a watch, a big one and a small one. 安瑞科:嗯,想象一下你有两个齿轮 一个大一个小
gears:n.[机]齿轮,[机]传动装置(gear的复数形式); v.以齿轮连起,安排(gear的三单形式);
The big one is moving very slowly, and the small one is moving fast. 大的那个转得很慢,小的则转得飞快
That's basically it. 基本上就是这个道理
basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
The animals at the lower parts of the food chain, they reproduce very fast; they grow really fast; they produce millions of eggs. 在食品链下游的动物 繁殖得很快,长大也非常快,他们产的蛋以数百万计。
Up there, you have sharks and large fish that live 25, 30 years. 上面,鲨鱼和大的鱼可以活25,30年
They reproduce very slowly; they have a slow metabolism; and, basically, they just maintain their biomass. 它们繁殖很慢。新陈代谢也很慢 基本上,它们只是维持它们的生物量
maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见);
So, basically, the production surplus of these guys down there is enough to maintain this biomass that is not moving. 所以,基本上,下面这些生物生产的盈余 就足够维持 这些生长缓慢的生物
surplus:n.剩余;[贸易]顺差;盈余;过剩;adj.剩余的;过剩的;
They are like capacitors of the system. 它们就像该系统的电容
capacitors:n.电容;[电]电容器(capacitor的复数形式);
CA: That's very fascinating . 主持人:真神奇啊！
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
So, really, our picture of a food pyramid is just -- we have to change that completely. 我们真的要完全改变我们 现在食物金字塔的概念
ES: At least in the seas. 安瑞科:至少在海里是这样。
What we found in coral reefs is that the inverted pyramid is the equivalent of the Serengeti , with five lions per wildebeest . 我们发现在珊瑚礁倒金字塔模型 就像是非洲塞伦盖蒂草原 一条羚羊养五条狮子一样
equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; Serengeti:n.塞伦盖蒂平原(位于坦桑尼亚西北部); wildebeest:n.羚羊的一种;牛羚(又名角马)(产于非洲);
And on land, this cannot work. 在陆地上,这是行不通的
But at least on coral reefs are systems where there is a bottom component with structure. 但至少对底层有这种结构的 珊瑚礁系统而言
We think this is universal . 我们认为这是很普遍的
universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;
But we have started studying pristine reefs only very recently . 但是,我们也只是最近才开始研究 原始珊瑚礁
recently:adv.最近;新近;
CA: So the numbers you presented really are astonishing . 主持人:您提出的数字确实很惊人
astonishing:adj.令人十分惊讶的;v.使十分惊讶;使吃惊;(astonish的现在分词)
You're saying we're spending 35 billion dollars now on subsidies. 你说我们花350亿美元 用于补助
It would only cost 16 billion to set up 20 percent of the ocean as marine protected areas that actually give new living choices to the fishermen as well. 而设立20% 海洋的保护区 只要花160亿美元 而且这些保护区可以给渔民们 新的生活方式选择
If the world was a smarter place, we could solve this problem for negative 19 billion dollars. 如果这个世界是个聪明点的地方 我们可以少花190亿美元解决这个问题。
negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝;
We've got 19 billion to spend on health care or something. 我们光在医疗上已花费了190亿美元
health care:n.卫生保健;
ES: And then we have the under-performance of fisheries that is 50 billion dollars. 安瑞科:这还不包括增加的500亿美元的 鱼业收入
So again, one of the big solutions is have the World Trade Organization shifting the subsidies to sustainable practices. 所以,最好的解决办法之一就是 让世界贸易组织把现有的补贴转移到 可以持久的做法上去
shifting:adj.不断移动的;流动的;v.转移;赶快;快速移动;变换;(shift的现在分词)
CA: Okay, so there's a lot of examples that I'm hearing out there about ending this subsidies madness. 主持人:好。我今天听到了很多 有关结束这场疯狂的补贴列子
So thank you for those numbers. 谢谢你提供了这些数字。
The last one's a personal question. 最后一个是一个个人的问题
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
A lot of the experience of people here who've been in the oceans for a long time has just been seeing this degradation , the places they saw that were beautiful getting worse, depressing . 在座的很多人都在海洋中 泡过很长一段时间 他们看到曾经美丽的地方环境一天天恶化 令人非常沮丧
degradation:n.退化;降格,降级;堕落; depressing:adj.令人抑郁的; v.使沮丧; (depress的现在分词)
Talk to me about the feeling that you must have experienced of going to these pristine areas and seeing things coming back. 能不能讲一讲你看到 原始海域 看到美好的东西回来的感受？
ES: It is a spiritual experience. 安瑞科: 这是一种精神体验
spiritual:n.圣歌(尤指美国南部黑人的);adj.精神的,心灵的;
We go there to try to understand the ecosystems, to try to measure or count fish and sharks and see how these places are different from the places we know. 我们去那里尝试了解生态系统 尝试测量鱼和鲨鱼的数量 看看这些地方是如何与我们知道的地方有什么不同
But the best feeling is this biophilia that E.O. Wilson talks about, where humans have this sense of awe and wonder in front of untamed nature, of raw nature. E.O.威尔逊的 这么一段描述最能表达我的感受 人类在未被该变的大自然之前 会感觉到一种敬畏和惊奇的感觉
awe:vt.使敬畏;使畏怯;n.敬畏; untamed:adj.不能抑制的;难控驭的;未驯服的;
And there, only there, you really feel that you are part of a larger thing or of a larger global ecosystem. 而且,只有在那里 你真的觉得你是一个 一个更大的全球生态系统的一部分
And if it were not for these places that show hope, 如果不是这些带给人希望地方
I don't think I could continue doing this job. 我会因为太沮丧而不能
It would be just too depressing. 继续做我现在的工作
CA: Well, Enric, thank you so much for sharing some of that spiritual experience with us all. Thank you. 主持人:安瑞科,非常感谢你 与我们分享你的精神体验
ES: Thank you very much. 安瑞科:非常感谢