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EllenDunhamJones_2010X-_改造市郊_
In the last 50 years, we've been building the suburbs with a lot of unintended consequences . 在过去的五十年里 我们一直在建造市郊 并由此带来了没有预料到的结果
suburbs:n.郊外(suburb的复数); unintended:adj.无意识的;非计划中的; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
And I'm going to talk about some of those consequences and just present a whole bunch of really interesting projects that I think give us tremendous reasons to be really optimistic 我会来谈一谈这其中的一些 我会列举一些非常有趣的例子 这些例子在我看来能给我们极大的力量 来乐观的期待
bunch:n.群;串;突出物;vi.隆起;打褶;形成一串;vt.使成一串;使打褶; tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; optimistic:adj.乐观的;乐观主义的;
that the big design and development project of the next 50 years is going to be retrofitting suburbia . 在未来五十年里市郊的改建将会成为 主要的设计和发展项目.
retrofitting:n.改装;v.改装;对…翻新改进(retrofit的ing形式); suburbia:n.郊区;郊区居民;
So whether it's redeveloping dying malls or re-inhabiting dead big-box stores or reconstructing wetlands out of parking lots, 所以无论是重新发展废弃的大型购物中心 或是重建停用了的大集装箱似的商场 或是在旧的停车场的地方 重新建造湿地,
redeveloping:v.改造;重新建设;(redevelop的现在分词) reconstructing:v.再现,重建;改造(reconstruct的ing形式); wetlands:n.湿地(wetland的复数形式);沼泽地;塘地;
I think the fact is the growing number of empty and under-performing, especially retail , sites throughout suburbia gives us actually a tremendous opportunity to take our least-sustainable landscapes right now and convert them into more sustainable places. 我认为关键是 数目不断增加的 腾空的或是表现不佳的 贯穿市郊的 零售场所 其实现在给了我们巨大的潜力来 接手这些最不太合理利用 的地方 并且把它们改造成 利用更合理的地方.
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; retail:vt.零售;转述;vi.零售;n.零售;adv.以零售方式;adj.零售的; sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式); throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; landscapes:n.风景; v.从事庭园设计; convert:v.转换; n.改变宗教(或信仰、观点)的人; sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
And in the process , what that allows us to do is to redirect a lot more of our growth back into existing communities that could use a boost , and have the infrastructure in place, instead of continuing to tear down trees and to tear up the green space out at the edges. 这一过程能让我们 把我们更新的认识 重新融入已经存在的社区 使这些社区有较大的提高 并且能在原有的地方重新进行基础建设 而不是继续不断的 砍伐树木, 在边缘地区侵占绿色地带．
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; redirect:vt.使改方向;重新寄送;adj.再直接的;n.再直接询问; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) boost:n.提高;增长;帮助;激励;v.使增长;使兴旺;偷窃; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
So why is this important? 这为什么重要呢？
I think there are any number of reasons, and I'm just going to not get into detail but mention a few. 我想这其中有许多原因． 我来说几个,但不会很深入细节．
Just from the perspective of climate change, the average urban dweller in the U.S. 单单从气候变化的角度来说, 美国城市居民的平均二氧化碳排放量
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; dweller:n.居民,居住者;
has about one-third the carbon footprint of the average suburban dweller, mostly because suburbanites drive a lot more, and living in detached buildings, you have that much more exterior surface to leak energy out of. 大约是市郊居民水平的 三分之一, 主要是因为居住在市郊的居民开车更多 而且他们住在相对比较分离的建筑里 你有那么多的外表面 会有能量流失．
carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; footprint:n.足迹;脚印; suburbanites:n.郊区居民; detached:adj.独立的; v.拆卸; (detach的过去分词和过去式) exterior:n.外观;外表;adj.外面的;外部的;外表的;户外的; leak:n.泄漏;渗漏;漏洞;裂缝;v.漏水;透露;使泄漏;传开;
So strictly from a climate change perspective, the cities are already relatively green. 所以如果严格的从 气候变化的角度来看, 城市已经 相对＂绿色＂了．
relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地;
The big opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is actually in urbanizing the suburbs. 有一个减少 温室气体排放的好机会 实际上是把市郊变得更 ＂城市化＂．
greenhouse gas:n.温室气体(尤指二氧化碳); emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数) urbanizing:vt.使都市化;使文雅;
All that driving that we've been doing out in the suburbs, we have doubled the amount of miles we drive. 我们在市郊做的事, 实际上要求我们开两倍的路程．
It's increased our dependence on foreign oil despite the gains in fuel efficiency . 这一点就增加了我们对 外国石油的依赖, 尽管能源的利用率是在提高的．
dependence:n.依赖;依靠;信任;信赖; despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效;
We're just driving so much more; we haven't been able to keep up technologically . 我们多开了这么多路程, 但技术上我们并没有提高这么多．
technologically:adv.科技地;技术上地;
Public health is another reason to consider retrofitting. 公共卫生是另一个 让我们考虑旧城改造的原因．
Researchers at the CDC and other places have increasingly been linking suburban development patterns with sedentary lifestyles . CDC(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention疾病控制与预防中心)和其它机构的研究者们 逐渐更多的把市郊的 发展模式和久坐不动的生活习惯 联系在一起．
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; sedentary:adj.久坐的;坐惯的;定栖的;静坐的; lifestyles:n.生活方式(lifestyle的复数);
And those have been linked then with the rather alarming, growing rates of obesity , shown in these maps here, and that obesity has also been triggering great increases in heart disease and diabetes to the point where a child born today has a one-in-three chance of developing diabetes. 而久坐不动的生活习惯又一直与 相当让人警觉的 肥胖率的增加联系在一起, 这地图里就显示了这一点, 而且肥胖症也是心脏疾病 和糖尿病急剧增加的 一个诱发原因 这个问题已经发展到了,一个现在新出生的婴儿 将会有三分之一的可能 发展成为糖尿病．
obesity:n.肥大,肥胖; triggering:n.[电子]触发;起动;v.引起(trigger的ing形式);扣…的扳机; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症;
And that rate has been escalating at the same rate as children not walking to school anymore, again, because of our development patterns. 这一比率也随着孩子们不再走路 去学校的比率一起 逐步升级． 原因同样也是我们发展模式的问题．
escalating:v.(使)逐步扩大,不断恶化,加剧;(escalate的现在分词)
And then there's finally -- there's the affordability question. 而且还有最后一个问题－－关于是否能负担得起的问题
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; affordability:n.支付能力;负担能力;可购性;
I mean, how affordable is it to continue to live in suburbia with rising gas prices? 我是说,照着汽油的价格 不断上涨的趋势,还有多少人 能负担得起在市郊生活呢？
affordable:adj.负担得起的;
Suburban expansion to cheap land, for the last 50 years -- you know the cheap land out on the edge -- has helped generations of families enjoy the American dream . 把市郊扩大到便宜的土地去, 在过去的五十年里－－ （插语）便宜的土地也基本耗尽了－－ 帮助了几代人 享受美国梦．
expansion:n.扩张;膨胀;扩展;扩大; American dream:n.美国梦(美国人传统的价值观和社会标准,如民主、权利平等和财富);
But increasingly, the savings promised by drive-till-you-qualify affordability -- which is basically our model -- those savings are wiped out when you consider the transportation costs. 但越来越多的情况是, 住在市郊,开车开到我们能负担起的好环境居住的想法, 能帮我们省下的钱－－ 这也基本上是我们的范例－－ 这些能省钱的便利也基本都没有了, 如果你考虑到交通的开销的话．
savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数) basically:adv.主要地,基本上; transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放;
For instance , here in Atlanta , about half of households make between $20,000 and $50,000 a year, and they are spending 29 percent of their income on housing and 32 percent on transportation. 举例来说,在亚特兰大, 大约有一半的有房的人 年收入在二万到五万美金之间． 他们要用去百分之29的收入 在房子上 并要用掉百分之32的收入 在交通上．
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; Atlanta:n.亚特兰大(美国城市); households:n.家庭;拆迁户;家户(household的复数);
I mean, that's 2005 figures. 这是2005年的数字．
That's before we got up to the four bucks a gallon . 这是在汽油价格涨到每加仑4美元之前．
bucks:n.元;雄鹿;(buck的复数) gallon:n.加仑
You know, none of us really tend to do the math on our transportation costs, and they're not going down any time soon. 其实,我们中没有人 真的愿意来计算我们在交通上花的钱． 而且这个数字在 近期之内也不会减少．
do the math:盘算一下;
Whether you love suburbia's leafy privacy or you hate its soulless commercial strips , there are reasons why it's important to retrofit. 不管你是不是喜欢市郊那种有很多树木又很隐私的地方, 又或者你讨厌市郊路边那种没什么灵魂的商业小店 总会有很多理由来说明改建是很重要的．
leafy:adj.多叶的;叶状的;叶茂盛的; privacy:n.隐私;秘密;隐居;隐居处; soulless:adj.没有灵魂的;没有精神的;卑鄙的;无情的; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; strips:n.条(strip的复数); v.剥夺(stirp的三单形式);
But is it practical ? 但它可行吗？
practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课;
I think it is. 我认为是的．
June Williamson and I have been researching this topic for over a decade, and we've found over 80 varied projects. June Williamson 和我一直在研究这个课题 有十年多的时间了． 我们找到了80多个 各式各样的项目．
varied:adj.多变的;各式各样的;杂色的;v.改变;使多样化;(vary的过去式和过去分词)
But that they're really all market driven, and what's driving the market in particular -- number one -- is major demographic shifts . 但这都是根据市场的需求来的． 具体的推动市场的原因有: 第一条是有大的人口变动．
in particular:尤其,特别; demographic:adj.人口统计学的;人口学的; shifts:n.转移; v.转移; (shift的第三人称单数)
We all tend to think of suburbia as this very family-focused place, but that's really not the case anymore. 我们总是认为市郊是 一个特别以家庭为中心的地方． 但其实已经不是这样的了．
Since 2000, already two-thirds of households in suburbia did not have kids in them. 从2000年开始, 有三分之二的市郊家庭 已经不再有孩子了．
two-thirds:n.三分之二;三分之二的;三分之二地;
We just haven't caught up with the actual realities of this. 我们只是还没跟上现实的脚步．
The reasons for this have a lot to with the dominance of the two big demographic groups right now: the Baby Boomers retiring -- and then there's a gap , 这其中的原因有很大程度和 现在两大的人口群体占主要 势力有关． 二战后生育高峰期出生的人（1945到1952出生）已经退休, 这之后是一个间断,
dominance:n.优势;统治;支配; Baby Boomers:婴儿潮出生的一代人(babyboomer的名词复数); gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开;
Generation X , which is a small generation. 二十世纪六七十年代出生的人,是人较少的一代．
Generation X:n.X一代(20世纪60年代初至70年代中期出生,缺乏人生目标和感到失落的人);
They're still having kids -- but Generation Y hasn't even started hitting child-rearing age. 他们还要孩子． 但之后出生的拥有互联网的这一代人 还没有到养育孩子的年龄．
child-rearing:n.[法]抚养子女;
They're the other big generation. 他们是另一个人较多的一代．
So as a result of that, demographers predict that through 2025, 75 to 85 percent of new households will not have kids in them. 所以结果是, 人口统计学家们预计 直到2025年, 百分之75到85的新的家庭 将不再有孩子．
as a result:结果; demographers:n.[统计]人口统计学家,人口学家; predict:v.预报;预言;预告;
And the market research , consumer research, asking the Boomers and Gen Y what it is they would like, what they would like to live in, tells us there is going to be a huge demand -- and we're already seeing it -- for more urban lifestyles within suburbia. 并且市场调研和消费者调研 调查生育高峰期的出生的人和拥有互联网的一代人, 他们想要什么, 他们想住在什么样的地方, 告诉我们将有对更多的城市生活方式的很大需求 其实我们已经能在市郊里 观察到 这一点．
market research:n.市场调研;市场调查; consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者;
That basically, the Boomers want to be able to age in place, and Gen Y would like to live an urban lifestyle, but most of their jobs will continue to be out in suburbia. 生育高峰期出生的一代想在合适的地方安度晚年, 拥有互联网的一代又想过 城市的生活方式, 但他们的工作依旧大多数在外面的市郊．
The other big dynamic of change is the sheer performance of underperforming asphalt . 另一个巨大的变动是 那些不被充分利用的 沥青的表现。
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; sheer:adj.纯; v.十足地; n.透明薄纱; v.[航海](使)偏航; (使)转向; performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演; underperforming:v.表现不佳;(underperform的现在分词) asphalt:n.沥青;柏油;v.以沥青铺;adj.用柏油铺成的;
Now I keep thinking this would be a great name for an indie rock band , but developers generally use it to refer to underused parking lots -- and suburbia is full of them. 我一直想,对一个独立的摇滚乐队 这会是一个很棒的名字． 但开发商一直用它来 指未充分利用的停车场． 市郊到处是这样的停车场．
indie:n.独立经营的电影院等;独立制片人;adj.独立的; band:n.带;波段;频带;箍;v.加彩条(或嵌条等);(将价格、收入等)划分档次; developers:n.开发商;发展者;[摄]显影剂(developer的复数); generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; refer:v.参考;涉及;提到;查阅; underused:adj.未充分利用的;
When the postwar suburbs were first built out on the cheap land away from downtown , it made sense to just build surface parking lots. 当战后,人们第一次在 远离市中心的便宜的土地上 建市郊的时候, 只修建路面的停车场 是很乎道理的．
postwar:adj.战后的;n.战后时期;adv.战后;在战后; downtown:n.市区;闹市区;adv.在市区;在热闹街上;到闹市区;adj.闹市区的;
But those sites have now been leapfrogged and leapfrogged again, as we've just continued to sprawl , and they now have a relatively central location . 但这些地方已经成了孩子们 玩跳蛙游戏的地方, 而我们只知道再接着像更远的地方延伸． 现在这些地方（路面停车场） 已相对是中心的地带了．
leapfrogged:交替前进; sprawl:vi.蔓延; vt.懒散地伸开; n.蔓生; location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位
It no longer just makes sense. 只修路面停车场已经不再合适了．
That land is more valuable than just surface parking lots. 这些土地远不止路面停车场这样的价值．
valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
It now makes sense to go back in, build a deck and build up on those sites. 现在,合适的做法是回到从前的做法, 在这些地方向上建, 建几层的停车场．
deck:n.甲板;舱面;层面;一副(为52张);v.装饰;打扮;布置;用力击倒;
So what do you do with a dead mall, dead office park? 所以我们该拿 荒废的商场, 荒废的园区公园怎么办呢？
It turns out, all sorts of things. 其实可以用来做很多事．
In a slow economy like ours, re-inhabitation is one of the more popular strategies . 在一个较慢发展的经济条件下,就像我们这样 把不再利用的房子重新利用起来 是一种很普遍的策略．
economy:n.经济;节约;理财; strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数)
So this happens to be a dead mall in St. Louis that's been re-inhabited as art-space. 这是一个在圣路易斯 不被利用的商场 被重新改建成了艺术空间．
It's now home to artist studios , theater groups, dance troupes . 它现在既是艺术工作室, 也是剧团和舞蹈表演队的排练场所．
studios:n.工作室(studio的复数); troupes:n.剧团;一班;一团;vi.巡回演出;
It's not pulling in as much tax revenue as it once was, but it's serving its community . 它现在虽然不能吸收像以前一样多的 税收收入． 但它还在为它所在的社区服务．
revenue:n.收益;营业额;税务署; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
It's keeping the lights on. 它始终都亮着．
It's becoming, I think, a really great institution . 在我看来,它现在成为一个很好的机构．
institution:n.制度;建立;(社会或宗教等)公共机构;习俗;
Other malls have been re-inhabited as nursing homes, as universities, and as all variety of office space. 其它被重新利用的商场, 有的改成了养老院 有的改成了大学, 还有各种办公场所．
variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
We also found a lot of examples of dead big-box stores that have been converted into all sorts of community-serving uses as well -- lots of schools, lots of churches and lots of libraries like this one. 我们还找到了许多 把废弃的 集装箱式 的商场 改建成为 各式各样的服务社区的机构, 比如许多的学校,教堂, 还有像这样的图书馆．
converted:adj.修改的;改变信仰的;v.转变;改变信仰(convert的过去式和过去分词形式);
This was a little grocery store, a Food Lion grocery store, that is now a public library. 这原来是一个很小的杂货店,名叫＂Food Lion＂ 现在成了一个公共图书馆．
grocery:n.食品杂货店;食品杂货;
In addition to , I think, doing a beautiful adaptive reuse, they tore up some of the parking spaces, put in bioswales to collect and clean the runoff , put in a lot more sidewalks to connect to the neighborhoods. 除此之外,我认为,还做了一个很漂亮的适应性的重新利用, 挖开原来的停车空间, 改建成生物湿地,以此来收集并清理雨水, 建了更多的人行道 来连接到附近的地区．
In addition to:除…之外; adaptive:adj.适应的,适合的; runoff:n.[水文]径流;决赛;流走的东西;adj.决胜的; sidewalks:n.人行道;
And they've made this, what was just a store along a commercial strip, into a community gathering space. 有人已经把 街边的一家商店 改建成了社区集会的场所．
This one is a little L-shaped strip shopping center in Phoenix , Arizona . 这是一个小的L形状的购物中心 在凤凰城,亚利桑那州．
Phoenix:n.凤凰;死而复生的人; Arizona:n.美国亚利桑那州;
Really all they did was they gave it a fresh coat of bright paint, a gourmet grocery, and they put up a restaurant in the old post office . 他们只是把这重新粉刷过,看上去更新一点, 弄成一个美食杂货店, 他们又把旧的邮局改造成了饭店．
gourmet:n.美食家;菜肴精美的; post office:邮局
Never underestimate the power of food to turn a place around and make it a destination. 千万别小看了美食的力量, 它能把一个地方彻底改变 变成大家都想去的地方．
underestimate:v.低估;看轻;n.低估;
It's been so successful, they've now taken over the strip across the street. 这项工程做得如此成功,他们现在正在改造街对面的那些商店．
The real estate ads in the neighborhood all very proudly proclaim , "Walking distance to Le Grande Orange," 贴在附近的房地产广告里 很骄傲的说, ＂走路就能到勒格兰德＂(一个有名的酒店)
real estate:n.房地产;不动产; neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的; proudly:傲慢地 proclaim:vt.宣告,公布;声明;表明;赞扬; Grande:adj.重大的,显要的;
because it provided its neighborhood with what sociologists like to call "a third place." 因为它给附近的地区 提供了社会学家们称之为的 ＂第三个地方．＂
provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式) sociologists:n.社会学家;
If home is the first place and work is the second place, the third place is where you go to hang out and build community. 如果家是第一个地方, 工作单位是第二个地方 第三个地方就是你出去休闲 和社区的人打交道的地方．
And especially as suburbia is becoming less centered on the family, the family households, there's a real hunger for more third places. 尤其是当市郊已经不再 那么重视家庭的时候, 对于有家的人们, 确实是有一种需求 想要有一个＂第三个地方．＂
So the most dramatic retrofits are really those in the next category , the next strategy : redevelopment . 最戏剧性的重建 是在下一类里要谈到的, 是另一个策略,重新发展．
dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; category:n.种类,分类;[数]范畴; strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; redevelopment:n.再开发;重点恢复;
Now, during the boom, there were several really dramatic redevelopment projects where the original building was scraped to the ground and then the whole site was rebuilt at significantly greater density , a sort of compact , walkable urban neighborhoods. 在繁荣时期,就有过几个 很戏剧化的重新发展的项目 那些原来的建筑 被推倒了．整个地区内相当多的地方 都进行了重新建造, 建造成了一种紧凑的,能走路从一个地方到另一个地方的市区环境．
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; scraped:v.刮掉;削去;擦坏;擦伤;刮坏;(scrape的过去分词和过去式) significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地; density:n.密度; compact:n.合同,契约;小粉盒;adj.紧凑的,紧密的;简洁的;vt.使简洁;使紧密结合; walkable:adj.适于步行的;可以走去的;
But some of them have been much more incremental . 这些地区有些在这一过程中升值了．
incremental:adj.增加的,增值的;
This is Mashpee Commons, the oldest retrofit that we've found. 这是Mashpee公共用地, 我们找到的最老的翻新例子．
And it's just incrementally , over the last 20 years, built urbanism on top of its parking lots. 在过去的二十年里,这逐渐地在 停车场上 建起了城市的格局．
incrementally:adv.递增地;增值地; urbanism:n.都市生活;都市集中;
So the black and white photo shows the simple 60's strip shopping center. 黑白照片显示的是 60年代简单的购物中心．
black and white:adj.印刷的;黑白混合的;用笔写的;
And then the maps above that show its gradual transformation into a compact, mixed-use New England village, and it has plans now that have been approved for it to connect to new residential neighborhoods across the arterials and over to the other side. 上面那张图 显示了它逐渐改变 成一个紧凑的结构, 和新英格兰村庄想接 并在新的计划里, 它被批准和 新的住宅区域联在一起 跨过干线 在另一边接着发展．
gradual:adj.逐渐的;平缓的;n.弥撒升阶圣歌集; transformation:n.转变;(用于南非)民主改革; mixed-use:n.混合使用;混合用途; approved:adj.被正式接受的,被正式认可的; v.赞成; (approve的过去分词和过去式) residential:adj.住宅的;与居住有关的; arterials:adj.[解剖]动脉的;干线的;像动脉的;
So, you know, sometimes it's incremental. 所以有时候,它是逐渐改变的．
Sometimes, it's all at once. 有时候是一次性完成的．
This is another infill project on the parking lots, this one of an office park outside of Washington D.C. 这是另一个在停车场基础上进行填补的项目, 这是一个华盛顿特区外的办公停车场．
infill:vt.填实,填入;n.填充物,填实物;
When Metrorail expanded transit into the suburbs and opened a station nearby to this site, the owners decided to build a new parking deck and then insert on top of their surface lots a new Main Street , several apartments and condo buildings, while keeping the existing office buildings. 当华盛顿地区的地铁通到市郊 并在这个停车场附近设了一个站台后, 停车场的所有者决定在这 再建一个新的停车场 并在原来的地面停车场的地方 新建一个大街,几栋住宅 和公寓楼, 并同时保留了原来的办公大楼．
expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式); transit:n.运输;经过;v.运送;经过; nearby:adj.附近的,邻近的;adv.在附近;prep.在…附近; Main Street:n.大街(城镇的主要商业街道);典型的美国中产阶级; condo:n.公寓;一套公寓住房;公寓的单元;
Here is the site in 1940: 这是这里1940年时的样子．
It was just a little farm in the village of Hyattsville. 那时这里只是一个小的农场 在一个叫作Hyattsville的村庄里．
By 1980, it had been subdivided into a big mall on one side and the office park on the other and then some buffer sites for a library and a church to the far right. 到1980年,这里已经被分割成了 一边的大的购物商场 和另一边办公园区的花园． 之后又在缓冲区建了图书馆 并在最右边建了一座教堂．
subdivided:细分; buffer:n.[计]缓冲区;缓冲器,[车辆]减震器;vt.缓冲;
Today, the transit, the Main Street and the new housing have all been built. 现在,公共交通, 主要街道和新的建筑 都已经建好．
Eventually , I expect that the streets will probably extend through a redevelopment of the mall. 逐渐地,我想那些街区 很可能会延伸到重新开发的商场去．
Eventually:adv.最后,终于; extend:vt.延伸; vi.延伸;
Plans have already been announced for a lot of those garden apartments above the mall to be redeveloped . 关于重新发展在商场上面的 那些大量花园式公寓 的计划已经公布了．
redeveloped:vt.再发展;重建;vi.再发展;
Transit is a big driver of retrofits. 公共交通系统是改建的一个主要推动力．
So here's what it looks like. 这是它看起来的样子．
You can sort of see the funky new condo buildings in between the office buildings and the public space and the new Main Street. 你能隐约看见那些时髦的新式公寓 建在办公大楼的中间 还有公共空间和新的主要街道．
funky:adj.时髦的;畏缩的;恶臭的;
This one is one of my favorites, Belmar. 这是我最喜欢的一个项目,在Belmar(新泽西州的一个地方)．
I think they really built an attractive place here and have just employed all-green construction . 我认为他们真的建了一个很吸引人的地方 并且全部用了绿色建筑．
attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的; employed:v.雇用:应用:运用:使用(employ的过去分词和过去式) construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句;
There's massive P.V. arrays on the roofs as well as wind turbines . 楼顶上有大量的光电转换阵列 还有风力发电的涡轮．
massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; turbines:n.[动力]涡轮;[动力]涡轮机(turbine的复数);[动力]汽轮机;
This was a very large mall on a hundred-acre superblock. 这里原来是一个很大的商场 建在一个一百英亩的大街区里．
It's now 22 walkable urban blocks with public streets, two public parks, eight bus lines and a range of housing types, and so it's really given Lakewood, Colorado the downtown that this particular suburb never had. 现在这里有 22个适宜步行的城市街区 和公共街道, 两个公共公园,八条公交线路 以及许多种不同的住宅样式． 所以它真的给了科罗拉多州的Lakewood 一个市中心 一个这个特殊的市郊从来没有的东西．
Colorado:n.科罗拉多;[城]科罗拉多州;科罗拉多河;
Here was the mall in its heyday . 这是这个商场在它最繁华的时期．
heyday:n.全盛期;int.嘿！(表喜悦或惊奇等);
They had their prom in the mall. They loved their mall. 人们在这商场里开舞会,他们都很喜欢这里．
prom:n.毕业舞会
So here's the site in 1975 with the mall. 这是1975年的样子 商场在里面．
By 1995, the mall has died. 到1995年,商场荒废了．
The department store has been kept -- and we found this was true in many cases. 建筑还留在那． 我们发现这是个很普遍的现象．
department store:n.百货公司;大百货商店;
The department stores are multistory; they're better built. 百货商场是个多层建筑,他们都建得很好．
They're easy to be re-adapted. 他们也很容易就能被重新利用．
But the one story stuff ... 但如果是一家店挨着一家店的格局...
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
that's really history. 就真得变成历史了．
So here it is at projected build-out. 所以,这里是计划中的样子．
This project, I think, has great connectivity to the existing neighborhoods. 这个项目,我认为和 周边的地区有很大联系．
connectivity:n.[数]连通性;
It's providing 1,500 households with the option of a more urban lifestyle. 它给1500户家庭提供了一种 更城市化的生活方式．
option:n.选择;可选择的东西;
It's about two-thirds built out right now. 三分之二的工程已经完成了．
Here's what the new Main Street looks like. 这是新的主要街道的样子．
It's very successful, and it's helped to prompt -- eight of the 13 regional malls in Denver have now, or have announced plans to be, retrofitted . 它很成功． 它也推动了 丹佛十三家里的八家 地区性的商场 进行或者计划进行 重新改造．
prompt:n.提示; v.提示; adj.迅速; v.准时地; regional:adj.地区的;局部的;整个地区的; Denver:n.丹佛(地名,美国城市); retrofitted:翻新(retrofit的过去式和过去分词);
But it's important to note that all of this retrofitting is not occurring -- just bulldozers are coming and just plowing down the whole city. 但重要的是注意到所有这些重新改造 并不是 只让推土机来,把整个城市推倒．
occurring:n.事件;事故;事变; bulldozers:n.[机]推土机(bulldozer的复数形式); plowing:v.犁;耕;开路;犁;耕地;(plow的现在分词)
No, it's pockets of walkability on the sites of under-performing properties. 其实不是这样的,这里是把小块的适宜步行的街区 建在那些 已经不再发挥功能的建筑上．
And so it's giving people more choices, but it's not taking away choices. 所以,它给了人们更多的选择． 但并不带走选择．
But it's also not really enough to just create pockets of walkability. 同时,只在建小规模的 步行街区也是不够的．
You want to also try to get more systemic transformation. 还需要一些更系统化的运输工具．
systemic:adj.系统的;全身的;体系的;
We need to also retrofit the corridors themselves. 我们也需要重新改建走廊本身．
corridors:n.廊道,[建]走廊(corridor的复数形式);
So this is one that has been retrofitted in California. 这是一个加州一个地方 重新改建的例子．
They took the commercial strip shown on the black-and-white images below, and they built a boulevard that has become the Main Street for their town. 他们把商业小店 下面图里白色和黑色的地方, 然后把它改建成了一条大路 这条路变成了这个城里的主要街道．
black-and-white:adj.印刷的;黑白混合的;用笔写的; images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) boulevard:n.[建]林荫大道; adj.娱乐性的; vt.给…提供林阴大街;
And it's transformed from being an ugly , unsafe , undesirable address, to becoming a beautiful, attractive, dignified sort of good address. 而且把这一地区从一个 丑陋,不安全 不受欢迎的地方, 变成了一个漂亮, 吸引人,高贵的,好的地方．
transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式) ugly:adj.丑陋的;邪恶的;令人厌恶的; unsafe:adj.不安全的;危险的;不安稳的; undesirable:adj.不良的;不受欢迎的;不合需要的;n.不良分子;不受欢迎的人; dignified:adj.端庄的; v.使有尊严; (dignify的过去分词和过去式)
I mean now we're hoping we start to see it; they've already built City Hall , attracted two hotels. 我希望现在我们能看到了． 他们已经建了市政大厅,并且吸引了两家酒店．
City Hall:n.市政府;市政厅;
I could imagine beautiful housing going up along there without tearing down another tree. 我能想像漂亮的建筑沿着那建起来 并且不会砍伐一颗树木．
So there's a lot of great things, but I'd love to see more corridors getting retrofitting. 还有许多其它很好的东西． 但我更希望看到更多的走廊被改建．
But densification is not going to work everywhere. 把地区变得更致密拥挤 并不适用于每一个地方．
Sometimes re-greening is really the better answer. 有时候重建绿色 也是真的更好的办法．
There's a lot to learn from successful landbanking programs in cities like Flint , Michigan . 我们能学很多东西从成功的 土地储备项目里, 比如密歇根州Flint那里的项目．
Flint:n.燧石;火石;打火石; Michigan:n.密歇根;美国密歇根州;
There's also a burgeoning suburban farming movement -- sort of victory gardens meets the Internet. 还有生机勃勃的市郊改为农场的运动 类似于胜利的花园遇见了互联网．
burgeoning:adj.迅速发展的;v.激增;迅速发展;(burgeon的现在分词)
But perhaps one of the most important re-greening aspects is the opportunity to restore the local ecology, as in this example outside of Minneapolis . 但可能关于重建绿色的最重要的一个方面是 能有机会修复 当地的生态． 就像密西西比外围的例子里一样．
aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原; Minneapolis:n.明尼阿波里斯市(美国一座城市);
When the shopping center died, the city restored the site's original wetlands, creating lakefront property, which then attracted private investment , the first private investment to this very low-income neighborhood in over 40 years. 当商场停用以后, 这个城市把这里重新 恢复了以前的湿地, 并发展了湖边的房地产, 吸引了私人投资, 这是这个收入特别低的区域里 四十年里的头一桩投资.
restored:adj.精力充沛的;精力恢复的;v.修复;恢复健康;(restore的过去分词和过去式) lakefront:n.湖边,湖畔;湖滨地带; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
So they've managed to both restore the local ecology and the local economy at the same time . 所以他们不仅恢复了原来的生态环境, 并在同时促进了地区经济的发展.
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
This is another re-greening example. 这是另一个重回绿色的例子.
It also makes sense in very strong markets. 在强大的市场中,这样的方法也能适用.
This one in Seattle is on the site of a mall parking lot adjacent to a new transit stop. 这是在西雅图, 本来这里是一个商场的停车场, 挨着一个新的运输中转站.
Seattle:n.西雅图(美国一港市); parking lot:n.停车场; adjacent:adj.邻近的,毗连的;
And the wavy line is a path alongside a creek that has now been daylit. 这条波浪线 是一条小河边的路,现在这条小河是暴露在阳光下的.
wavy:adj.多浪的;波动起伏的; creek:n.小溪;小湾;
The creek had been culverted under the parking lot. 这条小河以前曾被改成停车场下的水渠.
But daylighting our creeks really improves their water quality and contributions to habitat . 但把小河暴露出来 真的能改进河水的质量 并且对附近动物的栖息地有好处.
creeks:n.克里克人; improves:v.改进;改善;(improve的第三人称单数) contributions:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;(contribution的复数) habitat:n.[生态]栖息地,产地;
So I've shown you some of the first generation of retrofits. 所以,我向你们展示了一些 第一代的改造工程.
first generation:adj.出生在美国的;原件第一代;
What's next? 以后的会是什么样呢?
I think we have three challenges for the future. 我想对于以后的改造我们要面对三个挑战
The first is to plan retrofitting much more systemically at the metropolitan scale . 第一个是从整个城市的角度 更系统的 规划改造过程.
systemically:全身的;系统的;影响全身的;影响身体某系统(尤指神经系统)的; metropolitan:adj.大都市的;大主教辖区的;宗主国的;n.大城市人;大主教;宗主国的公民; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
We need to be able to target which areas really should be re-greened. 我们要能够指出来 哪个地区应该重建绿色.
Where should we be redeveloping? 哪个区域应该重新发展?
And where should we be encouraging re-inhabitation? 还有在哪个地方我们应该鼓励人们重新去居住?
These slides just show two images from a larger project that looked at trying to do that for Atlanta. 这里有一个大工程的 两幅图 他们要试图在亚特兰大实施的工程.
I led a team that was asked to imagine 别人问我们的团队
Atlanta 100 years from now. 亚特兰大一百年后会是什么样子.
And we chose to try to reverse sprawl through three simple moves -- expensive, but simple. 我们选择试图不再用向外扩张的方法 有三个简单的改变----造价很高,但很简单.
reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
One, in a hundred years, transit on all major rail and road corridors. 第一条, 在一百年后, 公共交通要能到所有主要的 铁路和道路干道.
Two, in a hundred years, thousand foot buffers on all stream corridors. 第二条,一百年后, 要有一千尺的缓冲带 在所有河流旁边.
buffers:n.DOS命令;
It's a little extreme , but we've got a little water problem. 这是略显得有点多,但水这一方面有些小问题.
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物;
In a hundred years, subdivisions that simply end up too close to water or too far from transit won't be viable . 在一百年后, 离得水太近的小区域 或者是离得公共交通太远的小区域都不能发展下去.
subdivisions:n.细分;再分成的部分;住宅小区(subdivision的复数); viable:adj.可行的;能养活的;能生育的;
And so we've created the eco-acre transfer-to-transfer development rights to the transit corridors and allow the re-greening of those former subdivisions for food and energy production. 所以我们发明了生态生产运输方式 来把开发区的人 运送到公共交通的干道上 并且同时允许对那些原有的 进行食品和能源生产的小区域 进行重建绿色的改造.
So the second challenge is to improve the architectural design quality of the retrofits. 第二个挑战是 提高重新改造过程中 那些建筑设计的质量.
architectural:adj.建筑学的;建筑上的;符合建筑法的;
And I close with this image of democracy in action: 我来用这幅 民主进行时 的图 作为结束.
democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
This is a protest that's happening on a retrofit in Silver Spring, Maryland on an Astroturf town green. 这是发生在Silver Spring, 马里兰州的 一个游行.内容是关于Astroturf这个镇的 绿色问题.
protest:n.抗议;抗议书(或行动);反对;v.(公开)反对;抗议;申辩; Silver:n.银; v.给…镀(或包)银; adj.银色的; Maryland:n.马里兰(美国州名); Astroturf:n.阿斯特罗特夫尼龙草皮;
Now, retrofits are often accused of being examples of faux downtowns and instant urbanism, and not without reason; you don't get much more phony than an Astroturf town green. 现在,重新改造经常被指责为 就是人造的市中心 和瞬间发展的城市地区. 这也不是没有原因,比起Astroturf 镇的绿色, 是没有几个例子能比它更适合被称作 冒牌货 了.
accused:v.控告;控诉;谴责;(accuse的过去分词和过去式) faux:adj.人造的;(法)假的; downtowns:adv.往闹市区;在市区;adj.市中心的;n.市中心区;三分线以外; instant:n.瞬间; adj.立即的; conj.同"assoonas"; phony:adj.伪造的;虚伪的;做作的;n.赝品;骗人的东西;骗子;
I have to say, these are very hybrid places. 我得说, 这些都是非常混杂的例子.
hybrid:n.杂种,混血儿;混合物;adj.混合的;杂种的;
They are new but trying to look old. 他们都是新的,但试图显得旧些.
They have urban streetscapes, but suburban parking ratios . 他们有城市的景色, 但却有着市郊地区的停车率.
ratios:n.比率(ratio的复数); v.以比率表示;
Their populations are more diverse than typical suburbia, but they're less diverse than cities. 这里的人口组成 比一般的市郊地区更多元化, 但还没有到城市的程度.
diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的;
And they are public places, but that are managed by private companies. 而且他们是 公共地区, 却由私人企业进行管理.
And just the surface appearance are often -- like the Astroturf here -- they make me wince . 就像表面上看到的一样 就像Astroturf这里 他们让我很为难.
appearance:n.外貌;外观;外表; wince:vi.畏缩,退避;n.畏缩;脸部肌肉的抽搐;
So, you know, I mean I'm glad that the urbanism is doing its job. 所以,我很高兴 城市化有所作为.
The fact that a protest is happening really does mean that the layout of the blocks, the streets and blocks, the putting in of public space, compromised as it may be, is still a really great thing. 这样的游行发生的事实 其实说明 这种街区,街道和公共空间里的各种设施的格局 虽然有一些妥协, 但仍是一个好的事物.
layout:n.布局;规划;设计;版面设计; compromised:v.妥协,折中,让步; (compromise的过去分词和过去式)
But we've got to get the architecture better. 但我们得尽力把建筑建得更好.
architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构;
The final challenge is for all of you. 最后一个挑战是对我们所有人的.
I want you to join the protest and start demanding more sustainable suburban places -- more sustainable places, period. 我想让你们加入到游行的队伍里 并且开始要求一个 更合理规划的市郊环境 更合理的地方.
But culturally , we tend to think that downtowns should be dynamic, and we expect that. 但从文化角度看,, 我们习惯于认为市中心 应该是充满活力的,并且我们期待它这样.
culturally:adv.从文化角度,文化意义上;在人文学方面;
But we seem to have an expectation that the suburbs should forever remain frozen in whatever adolescent form they were first given birth to. 但我们似乎有一种期待, 市郊地区应该永远保持 冷冻 保持它从 诞生 起就有的 那种青涩的状态.
expectation:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望; adolescent:adj.青春期的;未成熟的;n.青少年;
It's time to let them grow up, so I want you to all support the zoning changes, the road diets, the infrastructure improvements and the retrofits that are coming soon to a neighborhood near you. 现在是时候让他们长大了. 所以我希望你们 都能来支持地区的改变, 支持把道路变窄, 改进基础设施 还有那些很快将要到你周边的改造工程.
improvements:n.改善;改进;改善的事物;(improvement的复数)
Thank you. 谢谢.