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ElizabethMurchison_2011G-_与传染性癌症做斗争_
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| Everyone's familiar with cancer , but we don't normally think of cancer as being a contagious disease . |
每个人都熟悉癌症 但我们通常认为 癌症不是传染病 |
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familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地; contagious:adj.感染性的;会蔓延的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
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| The Tasmanian devil has shown us that, not only can cancer be a contagious disease, but it can also threaten an entire species with extinction . |
袋獾（又称塔斯马尼亚恶魔）已经向我们证实 癌症不但可能是传染病 也可能 导致整个一个物种灭绝 |
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devil:n.魔鬼;撒旦;家伙;恶棍;淘气鬼;冒失鬼;v.虐待,折磨;扯碎;做助手; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; extinction:n.绝种;
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| So first of all , what is a Tasmanian devil? |
首先,袋獾是什么？ |
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first of all:adv.首先;
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| Many of you might be familiar with Taz, the cartoon character, the one that spins around and around and around. |
很多人可能熟悉塔斯这个卡通形象（华纳兄弟－Looney Tunes） 一直不停转圈的那个 |
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spins:n.[物]旋转; v.[物]旋转(spin的三单形式);
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| But not many people know that there actually is a real animal called the Tasmanian devil, and it's the world's largest carnivorous marsupial . |
但很多人并不知道 确实有一种动物叫塔斯马尼亚恶魔（袋獾） 这是世界上最大的肉食性有袋动物 |
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carnivorous:adj.食肉的;肉食性的; marsupial:adj.[脊椎]有袋的;袋状的;n.有袋类动物;
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| A marsupial is a mammal with a pouch like a kangaroo . |
有袋动物是一种身前有口袋的哺乳动物 比如袋鼠 |
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mammal:n.哺乳动物; pouch:n.小袋;育儿袋;烟草袋;vi.成袋状;vt.使成袋状;把…装入袋中; kangaroo:袋鼠
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| The Tasmanian devil got its name from the terrifying nocturnal scream that it makes. |
袋獾被称作塔斯马尼亚恶魔 是因为它们在夜间发出吓人的尖叫声 |
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terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的;v.使害怕,使恐怖;(terrify的现在分词) nocturnal:adj.夜的;夜曲的;夜间发生的;
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| (Screaming) |
（尖叫） |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| The Tasmanian devil is predominantly a scavenger , and it uses its powerful jaws and its sharp teeth to chomp on the bones of rotting dead animals. |
袋獾主要食腐肉 它们用有利的下颌骨 和尖利的牙齿 啃食腐烂动物尸体的骨头 |
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predominantly:adv.主要地;显著地; scavenger:n.食腐动物;清道夫;[助剂]清除剂;拾荒者; sharp:锋利的,尖的 chomp:vi.格格地咬牙,咬响牙齿;切齿;
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| [The] Tasmanian devil is found only on the island of Tasmania, which is that small island just to the south of the mainland of Australia. |
袋獾只分布在塔斯马尼亚岛 这是一个 在澳洲大陆南边的小岛 |
| And despite their ferocious appearance , |
虽然袋獾的面孔有点吓人 |
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despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; ferocious:adj.残忍的;惊人的; appearance:n.外貌;外观;外表;
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| Tasmanian devils are actually quite adorable little animals. |
但它们其实 是很可爱的小动物 |
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devils:n.魔王;恶魔;调皮鬼(devil的复数) adorable:adj.可爱的;可敬重的,值得崇拜的;
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| In fact, growing up in Tasmania, it always was incredibly exciting when we got a chance to see a Tasmanian devil in the wild. |
我本人在塔斯马尼亚岛长大 能在野外看到 袋獾 一直是件令人兴奋的事情 |
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incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
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| But the Tasmanian devil population has been undergoing a really extremely fast decline . |
但袋獾数量 呈急速下降的趋势 |
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undergoing:v.经历,经受(变化、不快的事等);(undergo的现在分词) extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; decline:v.下降;衰退;减少;谢绝;n.下降;
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| And in fact, there's concern that the species could go extinct in the wild within 20 to 30 years. |
很多人担心 这个物种可能将在二三十年内 消失殆尽 |
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concern:v.涉及,关系到;使担心;n.关系;关心;关心的事;
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| And the reason for that is the emergence of a new disease, a contagious cancer. |
原因就是 一种新疾病的出现 一种传染性癌症 |
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emergence:n.出现,浮现;发生;露头;
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| The story begins in 1996 when a wildlife photographer took this photograph here of a Tasmanian devil with a large tumor on its face. |
事情始于1996年 一位野外摄影师拍下了这张 袋獾的照片 它的脸部有个巨大的肿瘤 |
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tumor:n.肿瘤;肿块;赘生物;
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| At the time, this was thought to be a one-off . |
当时这被认为是个个例 |
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one-off:n.一次性事物;adj.一次性的;
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| Animals, just like humans, sometimes get strange tumors . |
动物,和人一样 有时会长出奇形怪状的肿瘤 |
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tumors:n.肿瘤(tumor的复数);
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| However, we now believe that this is the first sighting of a new disease, which is now an epidemic spreading through Tasmania. |
但是,如今我们发现 那是这种新型疾病的初露端倪 现在已经肆虐整个塔斯马尼亚岛 |
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epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的;
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| The disease was first sighted in the northeast of Tasmania in 1996 and has spread across Tasmania like a huge wave. |
这种新型疾病首先 于1996年在塔斯马尼亚岛北部发现 然后大规模波及到整个岛 |
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northeast:adj.东北的;来自东北的;n.东北;adv.向东北;来自东北;
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| Now there's only a small part of the population, which remains unaffected . |
如今只剩下群体的小部分 还未被感染 |
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unaffected:adj.不受影响的;自然的;真挚的;不矫揉造作的;
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| This disease appears first as tumors, usually on the face or inside the mouth of affected Tasmanian devils. |
这种病首先表现为肿瘤 通常出现在袋獾的 脸部或口腔内 |
| These tumors inevitably grow into larger tumors, such as these ones here. |
这些肿瘤最终长成大块的肿瘤 比如这样的 |
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inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地;
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| And the next image I'm going to show is quite gruesome . |
下一张图片 比较恶心 |
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gruesome:adj.可怕的;阴森的;
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| But inevitably, these tumors progress towards being enormous , ulcerating tumors like this one here. |
最终,这些肿瘤 不断繁殖,溃烂的肿瘤就像这样 |
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enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
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| This one in particular sticks in my mind, because this is the first case of this disease that I saw myself. |
这个病例我一直记忆犹新 因为这是我接触的 第一个病例 |
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in particular:尤其,特别;
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| And I remember the horror of seeing this little female devil with this huge ulcerating, foul-smelling tumor inside her mouth that had actually cracked off her entire lower jaw. |
我仍然记得当时看到这个嘴里长着 溃烂并发出恶臭的大肿瘤的袋獾时 受到的惊吓 实际上它的整个下巴因为这个肿瘤已经脱开 |
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horror:n.恐惧;厌恶;震惊;对某事物的强烈畏惧(或憎恨); female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; cracked:adj.疯狂;破裂的;有裂纹的;v.破裂;裂开;断裂;(crack的过去分词和过去式)
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| She hadn't eaten for days. |
几天没有进食 |
| Her guts were swimming with parasitic worms . |
腹中大量寄生虫繁殖 |
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guts:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;(gut的第三人称单数和复数) parasitic:adj.寄生的(等于parasitical); worms:n.蠕虫;寄生虫;幼虫;v.蠕动,曲折行进;(worm的第三人称单数和复数)
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| Her body was riddled with secondary tumors. |
整个身体因为次发性肿瘤已经千疮百孔 |
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riddled:adj.布满的;遍布的;到处是…的;v.使布满窟窿;(riddle的过去分词和过去式) secondary:adj.第二的;中等的;次要的;中级的;n.副手;代理人;
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| And yet, she was feeding three little baby Tasmanian devils in her pouch. |
然而它还得喂养袋里三个嗷嗷待哺的 小袋獾 |
| Of course, they died along with the mother. |
毫无疑问,小袋獾和妈妈一起死掉了 |
| They were too young to survive without their mother. |
他们太幼小无法独立生存 |
| In fact, in the area where she comes from, more than 90 percent of the Tasmanian devil population has already died of this disease. |
事实上,在这只袋獾的生活区域 那里百分之九十以上的袋獾 都已经死于这种病 |
| Scientists around the world were intrigued by this cancer, this infectious cancer, that was spreading through the Tasmanian devil population. |
世界上的科学家 开始研究这种癌症 这种在整个袋獾群体中 传播的传染性癌症 |
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intrigued:adj.感兴趣的; v.密谋; (intrigue的过去式和过去分词) infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的;
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| And our minds immediately turned to cervical cancer in women, which is spread by a virus, and to the AIDS epidemic, which is associated with a number of different types of cancer. |
我们首先立刻想到了子宫颈癌 这是通过病毒传播 还有艾滋病 感染者可能患上几种不同的癌症 |
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cervical:adj.颈的;子宫颈的; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式)
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| All the evidence suggested that this devil cancer was spread by a virus. |
所有证据都表明这种癌症 是通过病毒传播 |
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evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
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| However, we now know -- and I'll tell you right now -- that we know that this cancer is not spread by a virus. |
然而现在我们知道－我正要告诉你们的－ 是这种癌症并不是通过病毒传播 |
| In fact, the infectious agent of disease in this cancer is something altogether more sinister , and something that we hadn't really thought of before. |
事实上,该癌症的传播病原体 是更险恶的东西 一种完全出乎意料的东西 |
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agent:n.代理人,代理商;药剂;特工;v由…作中介;由…代理;adj.代理的; sinister:adj.阴险的;凶兆的;灾难性的;左边的;
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| But in order for me to explain what that is, |
为了更好地解释此内容 |
| I need to spend just a couple of minutes talking more about cancer itself. |
先让我花上几分钟 谈谈癌症本身 |
| Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people around the world every year. |
每年全世界有 上百万人患上癌症 |
| One in three people in this room will develop cancer at some stage in their lives. |
这个屋子里的人有三分之一 会在未来患上不同程度的癌症 |
| I myself had a tumor removed from my large intestine when I was only 14. |
我14岁的时候就从大肠摘除了 一个肿瘤 |
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intestine:adj.内部的;国内的;n.肠;
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| Cancer occurs when a single cell in your body acquires a set of random mutations in important genes that cause that cell to start to produce more and more and more copies of itself. |
当你体内的 一个细胞上的重要基因 发生一系列的偶发突变 这个细胞开始不断自我增殖 癌症就产生了 |
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occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数); acquires:取得;获得; random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地; mutations:n.[遗]突变;变化;转变(mutation的复数形式); genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
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| Paradoxically , once established , natural selection actually favors the continued growth of cancer. |
然后,一旦上述情况发生 自然选择的规律 却使癌症不断长大 |
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Paradoxically:adv.自相矛盾地;似非而是地;反常地; established:adj.已确立的;著名的;v.建立;创立;设立;(establish的过去分词和过去式) natural selection:n.自然选择;物竞天择;
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| Natural selection is survival of the fittest. |
自然选择是适者生存 |
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survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
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| And when you have a population of fast-dividing cancer cells, if one of them acquires new mutations, which allow them to grow more quickly, acquire nutrients more successfully, invade the body, they'll be selected for by evolution . |
在一群快速分裂的癌细胞中 如果一个细胞获得新的突变 从而更快的繁殖 更好的吸收营养 侵入机体 他们则被自然保留 |
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nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素; invade:v.侵犯;侵略;侵袭;干扰; evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
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| That's why cancer is such a difficult disease to treat . |
所以癌症是非常难以治疗的疾病 |
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treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
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| It evolves . |
它会进化 |
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evolves:v.进化,进展(evolve的第三人称单数形式);
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| Throw a drug at it, and resistant cells will grow back. |
进行药物治疗 抗药性的细胞会卷土重来 |
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resistant:adj.抵抗的,反抗的;顽固的;n.抵抗者;
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| An amazing fact is that, given the right environment and the right nutrients, a cancer cell has the potential to go on growing forever. |
令人不可思议的是 如果给以适当的环境和营养 一个癌细胞 可以无限繁殖 |
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potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
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| However cancer is constrained by living inside our bodies, and its continued growth, its spreading through our bodies and eating away at our tissues , leads to the death of the cancer patient and also to the death of the cancer itself. |
然而癌症也受制于 它寄生的身体 癌细胞不断生长 遍布整个身体 吞噬掉组织 最后导致癌细胞的寄主死亡的同时 也是癌细胞自己的末日 |
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constrained:adj.不自然的; v.约束; (constrain的过去分词和过去式) tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数) patient:adj.有耐心的,能容忍的;n.病人;患者;
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| So cancer could be thought of as a strange, short-lived , self-destructive life form -- an evolutionary dead end. |
所以癌症可以被看作 一个奇怪的,短命的,自我毁灭性的生命形式 进化的死胡同 |
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short-lived:adj.短暂的,短期的;短命的;无常的; self-destructive:adj.自毁的;表现自杀欲望的; life form:n.生物; evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的;
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| But that is where the Tasmanian devil cancer has acquired an absolutely amazing evolutionary adaptation . |
但是袋獾的癌细胞 具备一种令人无比惊奇的 进化适应能力 |
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acquired:adj.习得的; v.获得; (acquire的过去分词和过去式) absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; adaptation:n.适应;改编;改编本,改写本;
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| And the answer came from studying the Tasmanian devil cancer's DNA. |
通过研究袋獾癌症的DNA 我们找到了答案 |
| This was work from many people, but I'm going to explain it through a confirmatory experiment that I did a few years ago. |
这是很多人工作的结果 但是将通过几年前我做的一个验证试验 来向各位解释 |
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confirmatory:adj.证实的;确定的;
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| The next slide is going to be gruesome. |
下张幻灯片会比较恶心 |
| This is Jonas. |
这是乔纳斯 |
| He's a Tasmanian devil that we found with a large tumor on his face. |
我们发现它的脸上 有一个大肿瘤 |
| And being a geneticist , |
作为遗传学家 |
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geneticist:n.遗传学者;
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| I'm always interested to look at DNA and mutations. |
我一直对DNA及其突变感兴趣 |
| So I took this opportunity to collect some samples from Jonas' tumor and also some samples from other parts of his body. |
所以我借此机会 收集了一样乔纳斯肿瘤的样本 和他身体其他部位的样本 |
| I took these back to the lab. |
带回实验室 |
| I extracted DNA from them. |
我从样本上提取了DNA |
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extracted:adj.萃取的;引出的;v.提取(extract的过去式及过去分词);
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| And when I looked at the sequence of the DNA, and compared the sequence of Jonas' tumor to that of the rest of his body, |
当我完成DNA测序 并将肿瘤的测序结果和 身体其他部分的测序结果对比时 |
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sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
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| I discovered that they had a completely different genetic profile . |
我发现两者的基因图谱完全不同 |
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profile:n.轮廓;简介;形象;外形;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介;
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| In fact, Jonas and his tumor were as different from each other as you and the person sitting next to you. |
实际上,乔纳斯和它的肿瘤 就像你和你旁边的人一样 完全不同 |
| What this told us was that Jonas' tumor did not arise from cells of his own body. |
这就告诉我们乔纳斯的肿瘤 并不是来自它的身体 |
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arise:v.出现;发生;产生;起身;
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| In fact, more genetic profiling told us that this tumor in Jonas actually probably first arose from the cells of a female Tasmanian devil -- and Jonas was clearly a male. |
更多的基因图谱 告诉我们乔纳斯的肿瘤 可能最先来自于 一个雌袋獾 而乔纳斯是雄性 |
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profiling:n.资料搜集;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介;(profile的现在分词) arose:vi.出现(arise的过去式);引发;
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| So how come a tumor that arose from the cells of another individual is growing on Jonas' face? |
所以 一个来自另一个体的细胞是如何 长到乔纳斯脸上去的？ |
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individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
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| Well the next breakthrough came from studying hundreds of Tasmanian devil cancers from all around Tasmania. |
下一个研究突破来自于 塔斯马尼亚岛上 成千只袋獾的癌细胞研究 |
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breakthrough:n.突破;开始取得成功之时;adj.突破性的; cancers:n.癌; (Cancers是cancer的复数)
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| We found that all of these cancers shared the same DNA. |
我们发现所有的癌细胞 具有一样的DNA |
| Think about that for a minute . |
这意味着什么？ |
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for a minute:一会儿;
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| That means that all of these cancers actually are the same cancer that arose once from one individual devil, that have broken free of that first devil's body and spread through the entire Tasmanian devil population. |
意味着所有的癌细胞 实际上是同一个癌细胞 从第一个袋獾个体上产生的癌症 突破了单个个体的限制 传播到了整个袋獾群体 |
| But how can a cancer spread in a population? |
那一个癌症是怎么在群体中扩散的？ |
| Well the final piece of the puzzle came when we remember how devils behave when they meet each other in the wild. |
揭开谜题最后答案的是 袋獾在野外相遇时的行为方式 |
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puzzle:n.谜;疑问;智力游戏;不解之谜;v.迷惑;使困惑; behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用;
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| They tend to bite each other, often quite ferociously and usually on the face. |
它们会咬对方 通常会很激烈,并且常常是咬脸部 |
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ferociously:adv.残忍地;野蛮地;凶猛地;
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| We think that cancer cells actually come off the tumor, get into the saliva . |
我们认为癌细胞 从肿瘤进入唾液 |
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saliva:n.唾液;涎;
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| When the devil bites another devil, it actually physically implants living cancer cells into the next devil, so the tumor continues to grow. |
当袋獾相互撕咬时 癌细胞就被植入另一个袋獾体内 从而肿瘤得以继续生存 |
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implants:n.移植物;埋植剂(implant的复数);v.灌输(implant的第三人称单数);
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| So this Tasmanian devil cancer is perhaps the ultimate cancer. |
所以袋獾癌症 可能是终极版癌症 |
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ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则;
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| It's not constrained by living within the body that gave rise to it. |
它不受产生个体的限制 |
| It spreads through the population, has mutations that allow it to evade the immune system , and it's the only cancer that we know of that's threatening an entire species with extinction. |
可以在群体中传播 并通过突变侵入免疫系统 这是唯一一个我们目前知道的 能导致一个物种整体灭绝的癌症 |
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evade:vt.逃避;躲避;逃脱;回避;想不出 immune system:n.免疫系统;
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| But if this can happen in Tasmanian devils, why hasn't it happened in other animals or even humans? |
但是如果这种癌症见于袋獾 为什么没有发生在其他动物身上 甚至是人类？ |
| Well the answer is, it has. |
答案是,确实有过。 |
| This is Kimbo. |
这是金波 |
| He's a dog that belongs to a family in Mombasa in Kenya. |
它的主人住在肯尼亚的蒙巴萨 |
| Last year, his owner noticed some blood trickling from his genital region . |
去年,它的主人发现 它的生殖器官区域开始滴血 |
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trickling:n.油画底色含油太多而成泡沫状突起;v.流出;使滴下(trickle的ing形式); genital:adj.生殖的;生殖器的;n.生殖器;外阴部; region:n.地区;范围;部位;
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| She took him to the vet and the vet discovered something quite disgusting . |
她带着金波去看兽医 兽医发现些很恶心的东西 |
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vet:n.兽医;兽医诊所;v.审查;仔细检查,审查(内容、质量等); disgusting:adj.令人不快的;令人厌恶的;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感;(disgust的现在分词)
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| And if you're squeamish , please look away now. |
如果你比较敏感,请转头看别处 |
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squeamish:adj.易呕吐的;易生气的;神经质的;过于拘谨的;洁癖的;
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| He discovered this, a huge bleeding tumor at the base of Kimbo's penis . |
兽医发现了这个 一个很大的滴血的肿瘤 长在金波的阴茎上 |
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bleeding:n.出血;渗色;adj.流血的;同情的;v.出血;渗出;(bleed的现在分词) penis:n.阴茎;
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| The vet diagnosed this as transmissible venereal tumor, a sexually transmitted cancer that affects dogs. |
兽医诊断为一种传染性生殖道肿瘤 一种犬类间传染的 性病 |
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diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式) transmissible:adj.能传送的;能透射的;可传达的; venereal:adj.性病的;性交的;由性交传染的; sexually:adv.性,性欲 transmitted:v.传送;输送;发射;播送;传播;传染;(transmit的过去分词和过去式)
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| And just as the Tasmanian devil cancer is contagious through the spread of living cancer cells, so is this dog cancer. |
正如同袋獾的癌症 通过癌细胞活体传播 这只狗的癌症也是 |
| But this dog cancer is quite remarkable , because it spread all around the world. |
但这只狗的更厉害 因为它已经传播到全世界 |
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remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的;
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| And in fact, these same cells that are affecting Kimbo here are also found affecting dogs in New York City, in mountain villages in the Himalayas and in Outback Australia. |
事实上,金波感染的 这种癌细胞 也出现于 纽约的狗身上 喜马拉雅山区村子里狗的身上 还有澳大利亚的内陆 |
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Outback:n.内地;adv.在内地;往内地;adj.内地的;
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| We also believe this cancer might be very old. |
我们认为这种癌症很久历史了 |
| In fact, genetic profiling tells that it may be tens of thousands of years old, which means that this cancer may have first arisen from the cells of a wolf that lived alongside the Neanderthals . |
基因图谱告诉我们 它有几万年之久 这意味着它可能 最初来自 一个生活在 尼安德特人年代的狼身上 |
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arisen:v.出现;发生;兴起;(人早上)起来;(arisen是arise的过去分词) Neanderthals:n.穴居人(Neanderthal的复数);尼安德塔人;
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| This cancer is remarkable. |
这个癌症十分厉害 |
| It's the oldest mammalian-derived life form that we know of. |
这是我们目前所之的最古老的哺乳动物源性生命体 |
| It's a living relic of the distant past. |
这是从遥远上古 活下来的遗迹 |
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relic:n.遗迹,遗物;废墟;纪念物; distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的;
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| So we've seen that this can happen in animals. |
我们了解到动物感染的情况 |
| Could cancers be contagious between people? |
那在人类间传播的癌症呢？ |
| Well this is a question which fascinated Chester Southam, a cancer doctor in the 1950s. |
这个问题 引起切斯特?索伦医生的极大兴趣 他是50年代的一个癌症医生 |
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Chester:n.切斯特(美国港口城市);切斯特(英国一城市);
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| Ad he decided to put this to the test by actually deliberately inoculating people with cancer from somebody else. |
他决定通过对人体 进行实际注射癌细胞 来进行试验 |
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deliberately:adv.故意地;谨慎地;慎重地; inoculating:[医]接种;灌输(inoculate的现在分词);
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| And this is a photograph of Dr. Southam in 1957 injecting cancer into a volunteer , who in this case was an inmate in Ohio State Penitentiary . |
这是索伦医生于1957的照片 他正给一个志愿者注射癌细胞 这个志愿者是俄亥俄州管教所的 一个犯人 |
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injecting:v.(给…)注射(药物等);(给…)添加,增加(某品质);(inject的现在分词) volunteer:n.志愿者;志愿兵;adj.志愿的;v.自愿; inmate:n.(尤指)同院病人;同狱犯人;同被(收容所)收容者; Penitentiary:adj.应处监禁的; n.监狱;
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| Most of the people that Dr. Southam injected did not go on to develop cancer from the injected cells. |
索伦医生注射过的大部分人 并没有因为注射的癌细胞 患上癌症 |
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injected:v.(给…)注射(药物等); (inject的过去分词和过去式)
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| But a small number of them did, and they were mostly people who were otherwise ill -- whose immune systems were probably compromised . |
但是一小部分得了 患癌这些人大部分也会生病 因为他们的免疫系统估计早败下阵来 |
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compromised:v.妥协,折中,让步; (compromise的过去分词和过去式)
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| What this tells us, ethical issues aside, is that ... |
这告诉我们 不追究道德问题的话 就是 |
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ethical:adj.伦理的;道德的;凭处方出售的;n.处方药;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| it's probably extremely rare for cancers to be transferred between people. |
是人之间传播的癌症 是非常罕见的 |
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transferred:v.(使)转移,搬迁;(使)调动;(transfer的过去分词和过去式)
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| However, under some circumstances , it can happen. |
但是,在某些情况下 仍然可能发生 |
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circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数)
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| And I think that this is something that oncologists and epidemiologists should be aware of in the future. |
我认为这是 肿瘤学家和流行病学家 将来要关注的问题 |
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oncologists:n.肿瘤学家;肿瘤医师; epidemiologists:n.流行病学家(epidemiologist的复数);
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| So just finally , cancer is an inevitable outcome of the ability of our cells to divide and to adapt to their environments. |
最后 癌症是 细胞分化 并适应环境的 必然结果 |
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finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的; outcome:n.结果,结局;成果;
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| But that does not mean that we should give up hope in the fight against cancer. |
但是这不意味着我们在与癌症的斗争中 毫无希望 |
| In fact, I believe, given more knowledge of the complex evolutionary processes that drive cancer's growth, we can defeat cancer. |
我相信,在掌握更多的 关于癌细胞生长的复杂进化过程的知识后 我们可以打败癌症 |
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complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
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| My personal aim is to defeat the Tasmanian devil cancer. |
我的个人目标是 打败袋獾癌症 |
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personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
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| Let's prevent the Tasmanian devil from being the first animal to go extinct from cancer. |
让我们共同努力 不让袋獾成为第一个 因癌症灭绝的物种 |
| Thank you. |
谢谢 |
| (Applause) |
（掌声） |