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EliPariser_2019T-_社交媒体平台对公众利益有什么义务？_-
I was talking to a guy at a party in California about tech platforms and the problems they're creating in society. 在加利佛尼亚的一个派对上, 我和一个伙计在谈论 科技平台, 以及它们在当今社会带来的问题。
platforms:n.平台; v.把…放在台上;
And he said, "Man, if the CEOs just did more drugs and went to Burning Man, we wouldn't be in this mess ." 他说:“兄弟,如果 CEO们都多磕点药, 然后去火人节转转, 我们就不会陷入这类麻烦了。”
mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺;
(Laughter) （笑声）
I said, "I'm not sure I agree with you." 我回道,“我不确定我是不是赞同你。”
For one thing , most of the CEOs have already been to Burning Man. 除了大部分CEO 确实都曾去过火人节。
For one thing:首先;一则;
(Laughter) （笑声）
But also, I'm just not sure that watching a bunch of half-naked people run around and burn things is really the inspiration they need right now. 但同时,我不确定 看着一群半裸的人 四处乱跑,焚烧东西 真的可以给他们 带来现在所需的灵感。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; half-naked:adj.半裸的; run around:n.遁词;借口;
(Laughter) （笑声）
But I do agree that things are a mess. 但是我确实赞同 现在事情都是一团糟。
And so, we're going to come back to this guy, but let's talk about the mess. 我们等会儿再回到这伙计身上, 我们先谈谈这团混乱。
Our climate's getting hotter and hotter. 我们的气候正日渐变暖,
It's getting harder and harder to tell truth from fiction. 真实和谎言变得难以辨别,
And we've got this global migratory crisis . 同时,我们还面对 全球性的移民危机,
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; migratory:adj.迁移的;流浪的; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
And just at the moment when we really need new tools and new ways of coming together as a society, it feels like social media is kind of tearing at our civic fabric and setting us against each other. 就在我们正迫切需要新的工具, 以及团结新社会的方式时, 社交媒体的闯入有点 像是在撕裂我们的城市结构, 让我们互相攻击。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; civic:adj.市的;公民的,市民的; fabric:n.织物;布料;(社会,机构等的)结构;
We've got viral misinformation on WhatsApp , bullying on Instagram and Russian hackers on Facebook. 在WhatsApp上, 我们看到病毒似扩散的假消息, Instagram上的网络欺凌, 还有脸书（Facebook）上的 俄罗斯黑客。
viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的; misinformation:n.误报;错误的消息; WhatsApp:智能手机;联络电话; bullying:n.仗势欺人者;横行霸道者;v.恐吓;伤害;胁迫;(bully的现在分词) Instagram:照片分享(一款运行在iPhone平台上的应用程序); hackers:n.黑客,骇客;电脑黑客(hacker的复数);
And I think this conversation that we're having right now about the harms that these platforms are creating is so important. 而且我认为我们现在 在进行的这场对话, 关于社交平台所带来的伤害 是非常必要的。
But I also worry that we could be letting a kind of good existential crisis in Silicon Valley go to waste if the bar for success is just that it's a little harder for Macedonian teenagers to publish false news. 但我也担心 我们会使硅谷的善存危机 荒废掉, 如果成功的标准仅是 让马其顿青少年们 更难发布假新闻。
existential:adj.存在主义的;有关存在的;存在判断的; Silicon Valley:n.硅谷(美国加利福尼亚州一处计算机和电子公司聚集地,有时用以指任何计算机公司聚集地); go to waste:浪费掉;白费; publish:v.出版;发表;公布;
The big question, I think, is not just what do we want platforms to stop doing, but now that they've effectively taken control of our online public square, what do we need from them for the greater good? 但我认为真正的问题不只是 我们想要社交平台停止做的事, 而是现在他们正有效地掌控着 我们的在线公共空间, 我们需要他们做什么 才能获得更大的公众利益？
To me, this is one of the most important questions of our time. 对于我而言,这是我们时代 最重要的问题之一,
What obligations do tech platforms have to us in exchange for the power we let them hold over our discourse ? 这些科技平台对于我们 有什么样的义务, 作为交换,我们赋予了 它们掌控我们讨论的力量？
obligations:n.[法]义务;债务;承付款项(obligation的复数); in exchange for:作为…的交换; hold over:延期;以…威胁; discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出;
I think this question is so important, because even if today’s platforms go away, we need to answer this question in order to be able to ensure that the new platforms that come back are any better. 我认为这个问题至关重要, 因为即使今天的 一些社交平台不在了, 我们仍然需要这个问题的答案, 以确保回归的新的平台 比原来的更好。
ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全;
So for the last year, I've been working with Dr. Talia Stroud at the University of Texas, Austin. 在去年,我一直在 同德克萨斯大学分校的 塔利亚·斯特劳德博士共事。
We've talked to sociologists and political scientists and philosophers to try to answer this question. 我们与很多社会学家、政治科学家 和哲学家探讨过, 就为了获得这个问题的答案。
sociologists:n.社会学家; philosophers:n.哲学家(philosopher的复数);
And at first we asked, "If you were Twitter or Facebook and trying to rank content for democracy rather than for ad clicks or engagement , what might that look like?" 起初我们试问, “如果你是推特或脸书, 把推送内容以民主的方式 而非为了广告点击率 或关注度进行排序, 那会变得怎么样？”
content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度;
But then we realized, this sort of suggests that this is an information problem or a content problem. 但随后我们意识到, 这样的提议不过是信息问题, 或内容问题。
And for us, the platform crisis is a people problem. 而对于我们而言, 平台面临的危机是“人”的问题,
It's a problem about the emergent weird things that happen when large groups of people get together . 此问题是当无数群人们聚在一起 奇怪的事情就会不断发生。
emergent:adj.紧急的;浮现的;意外的;自然发生的; weird:adj.奇怪的;奇异的;离奇的;n.命运;宿命;命运女神; get together:聚会
And so we turned to another, older idea. 所以我们转而去思考 另一个相对陈旧的观点。
We asked, "What happens when we think about platforms as spaces?" 我们问, “当我们把媒体平台设想成 空间时会发生什么？”
We know from social psychology that spaces shape behavior. 我们知道在社会心理学中 空间改变着社会行为。
social psychology:n.社会心理学;
You put the same group of people in a room like this, and they're going to behave really differently than in a room like this. 当你把同一群人放到这样的房间, 他们的行为会和在这样的房间里 完全不同。
behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用;
When researchers put softer furniture in classrooms, participation rates rose by 42 percent. 当研究员在教室里 放些柔软舒适的家具, 课堂参与度上升了 42%。
furniture:n.家具;设备;储藏物; participation:n.参与;分享;参股;
And spaces even have political consequences . 空间甚至会造成政治后果。
consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
When researchers looked at neighborhoods with parks versus neighborhoods without, after adjusting for socioeconomic factors , they found that neighborhoods with parks had higher levels of social trust and were better able to advocate for themselves politically . 当研究员观察对比 那些紧邻公园的街区, 和没有公园的街区, 在调整了社会经济因素后, 他们发现那些带有公园的街区 社会信任度更高, 且更能在政治上为自己辩护。
versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; adjusting:v.调整;调节;适应;习惯;(adjust的现在分词) socioeconomic:adj.社会经济学的; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; advocate:v.拥护;支持;提倡;n.支持者;提倡者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人; politically:adv.政治上;
So spaces shape behavior, partly by the way they're designed and partly by the way that they encode certain norms about how to behave. 所以,空间改变行为, 部分取决于它们的设计, 部分由于它们产生了 特定的行为准则。
by the way:顺便说一下; encode:vt.(将文字材料)译成密码;编码,编制成计算机语言; norms:n.[标准]标准,规范;基准(norm复数形式);
We all know that there are some behaviors that are OK in a bar that are not OK in a library, and maybe vice versa . 我们都知道有些行为只适合在酒吧, 却不适合图书馆, 诸如此类。
vice versa:反之亦然;
And this gives us a little bit of a clue , because there are online spaces that encode these same kinds of behavioral norms. 这为我们提供了一些线索, 因为这些是在线的空间, 它们同样产生了类似的行为准则。
a little bit of a:一点点了; clue:n.提示;迹象;(纵横填字谜、游戏或问题的)提示词语;v.提示;为…提供线索; behavioral:adj.行为的;
So, for example, behavior on LinkedIn seems pretty good. 所以,比如大家在 领英（LinkedIn）上的行为 似乎还不错。
LinkedIn:人际关系网;邻客音;社交网站;
Why? 为什么？
Because it reads as a workplace . 因为它代表着工作场所,
workplace:n.工作场所;车间;
And so people follow workplace norms. 所以人们跟随着工作场所的准则,
You can even see it in the way they dress in their profile pictures. 你甚至可以从他们头像的着装看出。
in the way:妨碍;挡道; profile:n.轮廓;简介;形象;外形;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So if LinkedIn is a workplace, what is Twitter like? 那么如果领英代表着工作场所, 推特相当于什么呢？
(Laughter) （笑声）
Well, it's like a vast, cavernous expanse , where there are people talking about sports, arguing about politics , yelling at each other, flirting , trying to get a job, 它像一个浩瀚的无底洞, 那里有人在讨论体育运动, 争论政治,互相对骂,调情, 努力找工作,
cavernous:adj.似巨穴的;洞穴状的;凹状的;瓮声的; expanse:n.宽阔;广阔的区域;苍天;膨胀扩张; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) flirting:v.调情,打情骂俏;(flirt的现在分词)
all in the same place, with no walls, no divisions , and the owner gets paid more the louder the noise is. 全部都混在一起, 没有墙,没有界限, 里面的吵闹声越大 所有者就赚得越多。
divisions:n.分开;分隔;分配;除(法);不和;差异;(division的复数)
(Laughter) （笑声）
No wonder it's a mess. 怪不得成了一团糟。
And this raises another thing that become obvious when we think about platforms in terms of physical space. 而当我们从物理空间的 角度考虑平台, 另一件事也变得显而易见了。
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
Good physical spaces are almost always structured . 良好的物理空间 几乎总是结构化的,
structured:adj.有结构的;有组织的;v.组织;构成(structure的过去分词);建造;
They have rules. 它们有自己的规则。
Silicon Valley is built on this idea that unstructured space is conducive for human behavior. 硅谷建立在这样一个理念之上, 即非结构化空间有利于 人类行为。
unstructured:adj.无社会组织的;松散的;非正式组成的; conducive:adj.有益的;有助于…的;
And I actually think there's a reason for this myopia built into the location of Silicon Valley itself. 我其实认为硅谷本身的位置 造成了这种缺乏远见的 理念是有原因的。
myopia:n.[眼科]近视;目光短浅,缺乏远见; location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位
So, Michele Gelfand is a sociologist who studies how norms vary across cultures. 米歇尔·盖尔芬德 是一位社会学家, 他研究不同文化之间的规范 是如何变化的。
vary:vi.变化;变异;违反;vt.改变;使多样化;变奏;
And she watches how cultures like Japan -- which she calls "tight" -- is very conformist , very rule-following, and cultures like Brazil are very loose . 她观察日本的文化—— 她称之为“紧”—— 很循规蹈矩,很守规则, 而像巴西这样的文化则非常放松。
conformist:n.英国国教徒;遵奉者; Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家); loose:adj.宽松的; v.释放; v.松散地; n.放纵;
You can see this even in things like how closely synchronized the clocks are on a city street. 你甚至可以在一些 事情上看到这一点像 城市街道上的时钟同步得有多近。
synchronized:adj.同步的;同步化的;v.使协调(synchronize的过去分词);同时发生;校准;
So as you can see , the United States is one of the looser countries. 所以,如你所见, 美国是比较宽松的国家之一。
as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) looser:adj.未固定牢的;可分开的;未固定的;不受约束;(loose的比较级)
And the loosest state in the United States is, you got it, California. 而在美国最放松的州之一, 你猜到了,就是加州。
loosest:松的;散漫的;不牢靠的(loose的最高级);
And Silicon Valley culture came out of the 1970s Californian counterculture . 硅谷文化源于上世纪 70 年代 加州的反主流文化。
counterculture:n.反主流文化(60和70年代美国青少年中盛行的一种思想);
So, just to recap : the spaces that the world is living in came out of the loosest culture in the loosest state in one of the loosest countries in the world. 简单地概括下: 这个世界正处在的空间 来自于最宽松的州里 最宽松的文化, 还来自世界上最宽松的国家之一,
recap:n.翻新的轮胎;vt.翻新胎面;扼要重述;
No wonder they undervalue structure. 难怪他们低估了规则的重要性。
undervalue:vt.低估...之价值;看轻;
And I think this really matters, because people need structure. 我觉得这很重要, 因为人们需要规则。
You may have heard this word " anomie ." 你或许听说过这个词“失范”。
anomie:n.无规范状态(社会准则或价值观的崩溃);
It literally means "a lack of norms" in French. 在法语中,它的字面意思就是 “缺乏规范约束”,
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
It was coined by émile Durkheim to describe the vast, overwhelming feeling that people have in spaces without norms. 是由埃米尔·杜克希姆率先提出, 用以描述当人们处于 毫无规范可言的空间时 一种广泛的、难以控制的感觉。
describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词)
Anomie has political consequences. 失范也有着政治后果,
Because what Gelfand has found is that, when things are too loose, people crave order and structure. 因为盖尔芬德发现, 当一切都太松懈时, 人们会渴望秩序和体系。
crave:v.渴望;恳求;
And that craving for order and structure correlates really strongly with support for people like these guys. 而对秩序和体系的渴望与 对人们的支持息息相关, 就像这些家伙。
craving:n.渴望;热望;v.渴望;恳求;(crave的现在分词); correlates:相关;
(Laughter) （笑声）
I don't think it's crazy to ask if the structurelessness of online life is actually feeding anxiety that's increasing a responsiveness to authoritarianism . 我觉得问这样的问题并不过分: 毫无规则的在线生活 是否正在加剧我们的不安, 进一步增加了 我们对独裁主义的反应？
anxiety:n.焦虑;渴望;挂念;令人焦虑的事; responsiveness:n.响应能力;有同情心; authoritarianism:n.独裁主义;权力主义;
So how might platforms bring people together in a way that creates meaning and helps people understand each other? 那么这些平台是怎样 把人们聚集起来 从而创造价值, 以及帮助人们相互理解的？
And this brings me back to our friend from Burning Man. 这把我带回了 来自火人节的那位朋友,
Because listening to him, I realized: it's not just that Burning Man isn't the solution -- it's actually a perfect metaphor for the problem. 因为他的话让我意识到: 火人节不但不是解决办法—— 它其实是对问题最好的隐喻。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法;
(Laughter) （笑声）
You know, it's a great place to visit for a week, this amazing art city, rising out of nowhere in the dust. 那是去度过一周的完美去处, 这令人惊叹的艺术之城, 像是沙尘中诞生的奇迹,
nowhere:v.无处; n.无处; adj.不存在的;
But you wouldn't want to live there. 但你不会想要住在那里。
(Laughter) （笑声）
There's no running water, there's no trash pickup . 那里没有自来水, 没有垃圾回收,
trash:n.垃圾;废物;v.丢弃;修剪树枝; pickup:n.收集,整理;小卡车;拾起;搭车者;偶然结识者;
At some point, the hallucinogens run out, and you're stuck with a bunch of wealthy white guys in the dust in the desert. 到某时,要是迷幻药用完了, 你会发现自己困在一堆 有钱的白人中,被沙漠中的 灰尘团团困住。
hallucinogens:n.致幻剂;迷幻药;迷幻剂(hallucinogen的复数形式);
(Laughter) （笑声）
Which, to me, is sometimes how social media feels in 2019. 这对我来说,有时就像是 2019 年的社交媒体带给我的感受。
(Laughter) （笑声）
A great, fun, hallucinatory place to visit has become our home. 一个伟大的、有趣的,充满幻想 的地方已经成为我们的家。
hallucinatory:adj.引起幻觉的;
And so, if we look at platforms through the lens of spaces, we can then ask ourselves: 所以, 如果当我们透过空间 看待这些平台, 我们可以试问自己:
lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影;
Who knows how to structure spaces for the public good? 谁知道如何为公众利益构建空间？
And it turns out, this is a question people have been thinking about for a long time about cities. 结果,这是一个 人们思考了很长时间的 关于城市的问题。
Cities were the original platforms. 城市是最初的平台,
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
Two-sided marketplace ? 双边市场？
Two-sided:adj.有两边的;两方面的; marketplace:n.市场;集市;
Check. 符合。
Place to keep up with old friends and distant relatives ? 一个可以让老朋友 和远亲保持联系的地方？
keep up with:赶得上;和…保持联系; distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的; relatives:n.亲戚;亲属;同类事物;(relative的复数)
Check. 符合。
Vector for viral sharing? 病毒共享载体？
Vector:n.矢量;带菌者;航线;vt.用无线电导航;
Check. 符合。
In fact, cities have encountered a lot of the same social and political challenges that platforms are now encountering . 事实上,城市遇到了 很多同样的社会和政治挑战, 也正是现在的平台所碰到的。
encountered:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的过去分词和过去式) encountering:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的现在分词)
They've dealt with massive growth that overwhelmed existing communities and the rise of new business models. 他们已经处理了 淹没了现有社区的巨大增长, 以及不断兴起的新商业模式。
massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; overwhelmed:v.受打击,压倒;淹没;(overwhelm的过去分词和过去式) communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
They've even had new, frictionless technologies that promised to connect everyone together and that instead deepened existing social and race divides. 他们甚至有了新的无缝技术, 以保证让所有人保持联系, 这也反而加深了 现存的社会种族分裂。
frictionless:adj.无摩擦的;光滑的; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); deepened:v.加强,变强烈;(使)变糟,恶化,严重;(使)变深;(deepen的过去分词和过去式)
But because of this history of decay and renewal and segregation and integration , cities are the source of some of our best ideas about how to build functional , thriving communities. 但是因为这段 曾经衰落又再度兴起、 不断分裂又融合的历史, 城市给我们的一些 最好想法带来了灵感, 关于如何建立 功能性的、繁荣的社区。
decay:v.(使)腐烂;破败;(力量、影响等)衰弱;n.腐烂;腐朽;衰退; renewal:n.更新,恢复;复兴;补充;革新;续借;重申; segregation:n.隔离,分离;种族隔离; integration:n.集成;综合; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; functional:adj.功能的; thriving:v.兴旺发达;繁荣;旺盛;茁壮成长;(thrive的现在分词)
Faced with a top-down , car-driven vision of city life, pioneers like Jane Jacobs said, let’s instead put human relationships at the center of urban design. 面对着一个自上而下的、 汽车驱动的城市生活愿景, 像是简·雅各布斯这样的先驱说, 让我们把人际关系 置于城市设计的核心。
top-down:adj.[计]自顶向下;组织管理严密的; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的;
Jacobs and her fellow travelers like Holly Whyte, her editor, were these really great observers of what actually happened on the street. 雅各布斯和她的旅伴, 比如她的编辑霍莉·怀特, 她们真的很善于观察 街上发生的事。
Holly:n.[植]冬青;[名]霍莉; observers:n.观察者(observer的复数);
They watched: Where did people stop and talk? 她们观察:人们在哪里停留交谈？
When did neighbors become friends? 邻里之间是何时起成为了朋友？
And they learned a lot. 从中她们学到了很多。
For example, they noticed that successful public places generally have three different ways that they structure behavior. 比如,他们注意到 成功的公共场所 通常都有三种不同的方式 来规范行为。
generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地;
There's the built environment, you know, that we're going to put a fountain here or a playground there. 首先要有人造的环境, 我们会在这里放一个喷泉 或那里放一个嬉戏地。
fountain:n.喷泉,泉水;源泉;
But then, there's programming, like, let's put a band at seven and get the kids out. 其次,要有设定的程序, 比如 7 点有乐队表演, 把孩子们都请出去。
band:n.带;波段;频带;箍;v.加彩条(或嵌条等);(将价格、收入等)划分档次;
And there's this idea of mayors , people who kind of take this informal ownership of a space to keep it welcoming and clean. 然后,还有关于市长的想法, 就是有人对这个空间 享有非正式的所有权, 为了确保它的欢迎度和整洁。
mayors:市长; informal:adj.非正式的;不拘礼节的;通俗的;日常使用的;
All three of these things actually have analogues online. 这三件事其实在网上 都有类似的概念。
analogues:类似物;
But platforms mostly focus on code, on what's physically possible in the space. 但是平台主要关注代码, 关注在这个空间里, 在物理上可能存在的东西。
And they focus much less on these other two softer, social areas. 同时,他们很少关注 另外两个更温和的社会领域。
What are people doing there? 人们在那里做什么？
Who's taking responsibility for it? 谁该为它负责？
So like Jane Jacobs did for cities, 就像简·雅各布斯为城市所做的,
Talia and I think we need a new design movement for online space, one that considers not just "How do we build products that work for users or consumers ?" 塔利亚和我认为我们 需要为在线空间 设计一场新的改革运动, 它会不只考虑, “我们如何为用户或消费者 创建可行的产品？“
consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数)
'"How do we make something user-friendly ?" “我们该怎么样制造 便于用户使用的东西？”
user-friendly:adj.容易使用的;
but "How do we make products that are public-friendly?" 但更要考虑“我们怎样 让产品面向所有公众？”
Because we need products that don't serve individuals at the expense of the social fabric on which we all depend. 因为我们需要的产品不仅是为个人, 以牺牲我们赖以生存的 社会结构为代价。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); at the expense of:以…为代价;由…支付费用;
And we need it urgently , because political scientists tell us that healthy democracies need healthy public spaces. 我们迫切地需要它, 因为政治科学家告诉我们, 健康的民主国家 需要健康的公共空间。
urgently:adv.迫切地;紧急地;急切地; democracies:民主;
So, the public-friendly digital design movement that Talia and I imagine asks this question: 所以,塔利亚和我想象的 公众友好的数字设计运动 问出了这样一个问题:
digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键;
What would this interaction be like if it was happening in physical space? 如果这种互动发生 在现实空间,会是什么样子？
interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;
And it asks the reverse question: 它也反问我们:
reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
What can we learn from good physical spaces about how to structure behavior in the online world? 我们可以从好的 现实空间中学到什么, 从而更好的管理在线世界？
For example, I grew up in a small town in Maine , and I went to a lot of those town hall meetings that you hear about. 例如,我在缅因州的 一个小镇上长大, 我参加过很多 你们听说的市政厅会议。
Maine:n.缅因州(美国州名); town hall:n.镇公所;市政厅;(英国)市镇集会所;
And unlike the storybook version, they weren't always nice. 但并非如各位所听说的, 它们其实并不总是好的。
storybook:n.儿童故事书;童话书;
Like, people had big conflicts , big feelings ... 像是,人们总有大矛盾,情绪化……
conflicts:n.冲突; v.抵触;
It was hard sometimes. 有时很难协调。
But because of the way that that space was structured, we managed to land it OK. 但是因为空间带给我们的限制, 让我们得以掌控,让一切顺利进行。
How? 怎么做到的呢？
Well, here's one important piece. 这是重点。
The downcast glance , the dirty look, the raised eyebrow , the cough ... 沮丧的眼神,怒目而视, 扬起的眉角,还有咳嗽声……
downcast:adj.沮丧的;低垂的;气馁的;n.倒台;俯视的目光;向下转换; glance:v.浏览;扫视;瞥一眼;匆匆一看;n.一瞥;扫视;匆匆一看; eyebrow:n.眉;眉毛;
When people went on too long or lost the crowd, they didn't get banned or blocked or hauled out by the police, they just got this soft, negative social feedback . 当人们没完没了的说着, 或者迷失在喧嚣中, 他们不会被禁言或拉黑, 亦或是被警察拖出去, 他们只得到了类似 温和的负面社会反馈。
banned:v.明令禁止;取缔;禁止(某人)做某事;(ban的过去分词和过去式) hauled:v.(用力)拖,拉,拽;强迫(某人)去某处;(haul的过去分词和过去式) negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈;
And that was actually very powerful. 而这其实是相当有力的,
I think Facebook and Twitter could build this, something like this. 我认为脸书和推特可以 建立类似这样的机制。 就像这样。
(Laughter) （笑声）
I think there are some other things that online spaces can learn from offline spaces. 我认为在线空间 还有很多其他东西可以 从线下空间学习的。
offline:n.脱机;挂线;adj.脱机的;离线的,未连线的;adv.未连线地;
Holly Whyte observed that in healthy public spaces, there are often many different places that afford different ways of relating. 霍利·怀特观察到 在健康的公共场所, 通常不同的地方都会 为人们提供不同的社交方式。
observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式); afford:v.给予,提供;买得起;
So the picnic table where you have lunch with your family may not be suited for the romantic walk with a partner or the talk with some business colleagues . 你和家人共用午餐的野炊桌 可能不适合伴侣的浪漫散步, 或者和同事谈论商务事宜。
romantic:adj.浪漫的;爱情的;n.浪漫的人;耽于幻想的人; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
And it's worth noting that in real space, in none of these places are there big, visible public signs of engagement. 值得注意的是在现实空间, 这些地方中都没有一个 明显的公众参与的标识。
visible:adj.明显的;看得见的;现有的;可得到的;n.可见物;进出口贸易中的有形项目;
So digital designers could think about what kind of conversations do we actually want to invite, and how do we build specifically for those kinds of conversations. 因此,数字设计师可以考虑 我们到底想邀请 进行什么样的谈话, 以及我们如何针对这些 对话创建相应的空间。
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地;
Remember the park that we talked about that built social trust? 记得我之前谈到的那个 带来社会信任的公园吗？
That didn't happen because people were having these big political arguments. 那不是因为人们有这些 巨大的政治争论才出现的,
Most strangers don't actually even talk to each other the first three or four or five times they see each other. 大多数陌生人在头三到五次见面, 甚至都没有与彼此交流过。
But when people, even very different people, see each other a lot, they develop familiarity , and that creates the bedrock for relationships. 但是当人们,甚至是非常不同的人, 不断地见到彼此, 他们间会越来越熟悉, 而这就为关系打下了基石。
familiarity:n.熟悉,精通;亲密;随便; bedrock:n.[地质]基岩;根底;基本原理;
And I think, actually, you know, maybe that early idea of cyberspace as kind of this bodiless meeting place of pure minds and pure ideas sent us off in the wrong direction. 事实上,我认为 或许最初的网络空间 是为了打造纯心智和纯想法, 无需面对面的交流方式, 却把我们领向了错误的方向,
cyberspace:n.网络空间;赛博空间; bodiless:adj.无体的;无形的;脱胎; meeting place:n.会场;聚集的地方;
Maybe what we need instead is to find a way to be in proximity , mostly talking amongst ourselves, but all sharing the same warm sun. 也许我们需要的是 找到一种接近的方式, 主要是与彼此交谈, 同时,又共享一个温暖之阳。
proximity:n.接近,[数]邻近;接近;接近度,距离;亲近; amongst:prep.在…之中;在…当中(等于among);
And finally : healthy public spaces create a sense of ownership and equity . 而最后: 健康的公共空间创造了 所有权和公平感,
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; equity:n.公平,公正;衡平法;普通股;抵押资产的净值;
And this is where the city metaphor becomes challenging. 这就是城市隐喻的挑战所在。
Because, if Twitter is a city, it's a city that's owned by just a few people and optimized for financial return. 因为,如果推特是一座城市, 这座城的掌控权仅属于少数人, 为了财务利益而不断优化。
optimized:adj.最佳化的;尽量充分利用; financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的;
I think we really need digital environments that we all actually have some real ownership of, environments that respect the diversity of human existence and that give us some say and some input into the process . 我觉得我们真正需要的电子环境 是在其中,我们每个人 都有一定的权力, 在这个环境中, 尊重彼此存在的多样性, 且赋予每个人以声音, 让每个人都能参与这个进程。
diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: input:n.投入; v.把(数据等)输入计算机; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
And I think we need this urgently. 我相信这种多样性已经迫在眉睫,
Because Facebook right now -- 因为现在的脸书——
I sort of think of, like, 1970s New York. 让我想到了上个世纪 70 年代的纽约。
(Laughter) （笑声）
The public spaces are decaying , there's trash in the streets, people are kind of, like, mentally and emotionally warming themselves over burning garbage . 公共场所正在腐烂, 街上尽是垃圾, 人们有点像是在精神上、情感上 通过焚烧垃圾来取暖。
decaying:v.(使)腐烂;破败;(力量、影响等)衰弱;(decay的现在分词) mentally:adv.精神上,智力上;心理上; emotionally:adv.感情上;情绪上;令人激动地;情绪冲动地; garbage:n.垃圾;废物;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And -- 而且——
(Applause) （掌声）
And the natural response to this is to hole up in your apartment or consider fleeing for the suburbs . 对此自然的反应是 躲在你的公寓里, 或者考虑逃往郊区。
response:n.响应;反应;回答; fleeing:v.迅速离开;逃避,逃跑;(flee的现在分词) suburbs:n.郊外(suburb的复数);
It doesn't surprise me that people are giving up on the idea of online public spaces the way that they've given up on cities over their history. 很多人正在放弃 这个关于在线空间的想法, 就像历史上人们 放弃了自己的城市, 这一点我完全不感到惊讶。
And sometimes -- I'll be honest -- it feels to me like this whole project of, like, wiring up a civilization and getting billions of people to come into contact with each other is just impossible. 而且有时——我很诚实地说—— 我感到整个项目 就像是在连接人类文明, 让数以亿计的人彼此联系, 简直就难以实现。
civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
But modern cities tell us that it is possible for millions of people who are really different, sometimes living right on top of each other, not just to not kill each other, but to actually build things together, find new experiences, create beautiful, important infrastructure . 但是现代的城市 向我们证明了它有可能 让数百万不同的人们, 有时生活在彼此之上, 不去互相残杀, 而是去共同建立一切, 寻求新的体验, 创造美好的、不可或缺的设施。
infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
And we cannot give up on that promise. 我们不能放弃这样的承诺,
If we want to solve the big, important problems in front of us, we need better online public spaces. 如果我们想要解决我们 眼前这巨大的、重要的问题, 我们需要更好的在线空间,
We need digital urban planners , new Jane Jacobses, who are going to build the parks and park benches of the online world. 我们需要数字城市规划师, 新一代的简·雅各布斯, 那个能在网络世界 建造公园和长椅的人,
planners:n.规划师;规划人员(planner的复数);计划人员;
And we need digital, public-friendly architects , who are going to build what Eric Klinenberg calls "palaces for the people" -- libraries and museums and town halls. 我们需要数字时代的公共建筑师, 他们可以建设 埃里克·克兰纳伯格称之为 “为人民而建的宫殿”—— 图书馆、博物馆和市政厅。
architects:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者;(architect的复数);
And we need a transnational movement, where these spaces can learn from each other, just like cities have, about everything from urban farming to public art to rapid transit . 我们需要一个跨国运动, 使这些空间可以互相学习, 就像今天的城市, 从城市农业到 公共艺术,再到快速交通。
transnational:adj.跨国的;超越国界的; rapid transit:n.(城市)快速交通系统;(尤指)地铁;
Humanity moves forward when we find new ways to rely on and understand and trust each other. 当我们能找到 新的依靠、相互理解 和信任时,人类就在进步。
Humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科; rely:vi.依靠;信赖;
And we need this now more than ever. 此刻,我们对这一愿景 的需要胜过任何时候,
If online digital spaces are going to be our new home, let's make them a comfortable, beautiful place to live, a place we all feel not just included but actually some ownership of. 如果在线数字空间 将成为我们的新家, 让我们把它们打造成 一个舒适、美好的地方, 一个我们不仅能感到被接纳包容, 而且都有一定所有权的地方;
A place we get to know each other. 一个我们能互相了解彼此的地方;
A place you'd actually want not just to visit but to bring your kids. 一个你不仅想去,而且想要 带上孩子们去的地方。
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）