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EdwardTenner_2019-_如何让低效率为我们服务_-
Who doesn't love efficiency ? 有谁不爱效率呢？
efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效;
I do. 我就很爱效率。
Efficiency means more for less. 效率意味着事半功倍。
More miles per gallon , more light per watt , more words per minute. 每升汽油开更多公里, 每瓦电带来更多光亮, 每分钟写出更多字。
gallon:n.加仑 watt:n.瓦特;
More for less is the next best thing to something for nothing. “无中生有”退而求其次 就是“事半功倍”。
Algorithms, big data, the cloud are giving us more for less. 算法、大数据、云计算 能让我们事半功倍。
Are we heading toward a friction-free utopia or toward a nightmare of surveillance ? 我们正在前往毫无阻力的乌托邦, 还是即将迎来监控的噩梦？
utopia:n.乌托邦(理想中最美好的社会);理想国; nightmare:n.恶梦;梦魇般的经历;adj.可怕的;噩梦似的; surveillance:n.监督;监视;
I don't know. 我不知道。
My interest is in the present. 我感兴趣的是现在。
And I'd like to show you how the past can help us understand the present. 我想为各位展示 过去能如何帮助我们理解现在。
There's nothing that summarizes both the promise and the danger of efficiency like the humble potato. 没有什么能比 平平无奇的土豆更能概括 效率的好处与危险。
summarizes:v.概述;简而说明;摘要而言(summarize的第三人称单数); humble:adj.谦逊的; vt.使谦恭;
The potato originated in the Andes and it spread to Europe from the ancient Inca . 土豆发源于安第斯山脉, 并从古印加帝国 传播到了欧洲。
originated:v.起源;发源;创立;创建;发明;(originate的过去式和过去分词) Andes:n.安第斯山脉; Inca:n.印加;印加人;
The potato is a masterpiece of balanced nutrition . 土豆可谓是均衡营养的集大成者。
masterpiece:n.杰作;名著;代表作 nutrition:n.营养,营养学;营养品;
And it had some very powerful friends. 它还有一些权势显赫的友人。
King Frederick the Great of Prussia was the first enthusiast . 普鲁士的腓特烈大帝 便是第一位土豆爱好者。
enthusiast:n.狂热者,热心家;
He believed that the potato could help increase the population of healthy Prussians. 他相信土豆能帮助 增加健康的普鲁士人口。
And the more healthy Prussians, the more healthy Prussian soldiers. 而健康的普鲁士人越多, 健康的普鲁士士兵也越多。
Prussian:adj.普鲁士的;普鲁士语的;n.普鲁士人;普鲁士语;
And some of those healthy Prussian soldiers captured a French military pharmacist named Parmentier. 有几位健康的普鲁士士兵 抓住了一位名叫帕门蒂埃 的法国随军药剂师。
captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词) military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; pharmacist:n.药剂师;
Parmentier, at first, was appalled by the morning, noon and night diet fed to POWs of potatoes, but he came to enjoy it. 战俘们的一日三餐 顿顿都吃土豆, 帕门蒂埃一开始被 这些土豆餐震惊了, 但他渐渐喜欢上了土豆。
appalled:adj.震惊; v.使大为震惊; (appal的过去分词和过去式) POWs:n.战俘(POW的复数形式);
He thought they were making him a healthier person. 他觉得土豆让他变得更健康。
And so, when he was released , he took it on himself to spread the potato to France. 于是,在出狱之后, 他主动担起了 把土豆引进法国的使命。
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
And he had some powerful friends. 而他有一些权势显赫的友人。
Benjamin Franklin advised him to hold a banquet , at which every dish included potatoes. 本杰明·富兰克林建议他 举办一场宴会, 宴会上的每一道菜里都有土豆。
advised:adj.考虑过的; v.劝告; (advise的过去分词和过去式) banquet:n.宴会,盛宴;宴请,款待;vt.宴请,设宴款待;vi.参加宴会;
And Franklin was a guest of honor. 而富兰克林则是一名荣誉贵宾。
Even the king and queen of France were persuaded to wear potatoes, potato flowers, pardon me. 甚至连法国的国王与王后 都被说服佩戴土豆, 抱歉,我的意思是土豆花。
persuaded:v.劝说;说服;使信服;使相信;(persuade的过去式和过去分词)
(Laughter) （笑声）
The king wore a potato flower in his lapel , and the queen wore a potato flower in her hair. 国王在衣襟上别了土豆花, 王后在头发上戴了土豆花。
lapel:n.西服上的翻领;
That was a truly great public relations idea. 那真是一个出色的公关妙计。
public relations:n.公共关系;公关工作(或活动);
But there was a catch. 但其中藏有玄机。
The potato was too efficient for Europe's good. 土豆在欧洲的传播效率过高, 以至于适得其反。
efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
In Ireland, it seemed a miracle . 在爱尔兰,土豆就像奇迹一样。
miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例;
Potatoes flourished , the population grew. 土豆茁壮成长,人口随之繁盛。
flourished:v.繁荣;昌盛;兴旺;茁壮成长;(flourish的过去式和过去分词)
But there was a hidden risk. 但其中暗藏风险。
Ireland's potatoes were genetically identical . 爱尔兰的土豆 在基因上全都相同。
genetically:adv.从遗传学角度;从基因方面; identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物;
They were a very efficient breed , called the Lumper. 它们是一种叫做 Lumper 的非常高产的品种。
breed:v.繁殖;孕育;培育(动植物);导致;以…方式教育;n.品种;
And the problem with the Lumper was that a blight from South America that affected one potato would affect them all. 而 Lumper 土豆的问题是, 从南美洲传来的疫病 只要感染一颗土豆, 就会感染所有土豆。
blight:n.枯萎病;荒芜;vt.破坏;使…枯萎;vi.枯萎; South America:n.南美洲;
Britain's exploitation and callousness played a role, but it was because of this monoculture that a million people died and another two million were forced to emigrate . 不列颠的剥削与冷酷 固然扮演了重要的角色, 但主要还是因为 对单一品种的依赖, 导致 100 万人死亡, 另外 200 万人被迫移民。
exploitation:n.开发,开采;利用;广告推销; callousness:n.麻木不仁; monoculture:n.单作;单一栽培; emigrate:vi.移居;移居外国;vt.移民;
A plant that was supposed to end famine created one of the most tragic ones. 这种本应结束饥荒的作物 反而造成了最为惨烈的饥荒。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) famine:n.饥荒; tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的;
The problems of efficiency today are less drastic but more chronic . 今日的效率问题 没有那么急剧, 但是更加长期。
drastic:adj.激烈的;猛烈的;n.烈性泻药; chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的;
They can also prolong the evils that they were intended to solve. 它们还能延长 那些本意解决的恶行。
prolong:v.延长;拖延; intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式)
Take the electronic medical records. 比如说电子医疗记录。
electronic:adj.电子的;电子器件的;电子设备的;
It seemed to be the answer to the problem of doctors' handwriting, and it had the benefit of providing much better data for treatments . 它似乎可以解决 医生笔迹潦草难辨的问题, 还有个益处是 可以为治疗提供更好的数据。
treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
In practice , instead, it has meant much more electronic paperwork and physicians are now complaining that they have less, rather than more time to see patients individually . 而实际上,事与愿违, 它意味着更多电子文书工作, 医生们现在抱怨 他们能单独为病人诊疗 的时间没有增加,反而减少了。
In practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上; paperwork:n.文书工作; physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数); complaining:adj.抱怨的;v.抱怨;控诉;(complain的现在分词) patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) individually:adv.个别地,单独地;
The obsession with efficiency can actually make us less efficient. 对效率的执迷其实 反而会降低我们的效率。
obsession:n.痴迷;困扰;[内科][心理]强迫观念;
Efficiency also bites back with false positives . 效率也会用假阳性倒打一耙。
positives:n.实在的事物;阳极板(positive的复数);
Hospitals have hundreds of devices registering alarms. 医院有几百件设备 能发出警报,
devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); registering:v.登记;注册;发表意见,提出主张;显示(读数);记录;(register的现在分词)
Too often, they're crying wolf. 但往往都是“狼来了”（假警报）。
It takes time to rule those out. 排除假警报需要花时间,
And that time results in fatigue , stress and, once more, the neglect of the problems of real patients. 而花费的时间会导致 疲劳、压力,以及 对真正有需求的病人的忽视。
fatigue:n.疲劳;劳累;厌倦;(金属或木材的)疲劳;v.疲劳;使疲乏;(士兵)担任杂役; neglect:v.忽视;忽略;疏忽;疏于照顾;n.忽视;忽略;未被重视;
There are also false positives in pattern recognition . 在模式识别中也存在假阳性。
recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可;
A school bus, viewed from the wrong angle, can resemble a punching bag . 如果视角错误, 校车可能被（计算机视觉算法） 误认为拳击沙包。
resemble:v.看起来像;显得像;像; punching bag:n.出气筒;沙袋;(练习拳击用的)吊袋;
So precious time is required to eliminate misidentification . 于是宝贵的时间不得不被用来 排除这些错判。
precious:adj.宝贵的;珍贵的;矫揉造作的; eliminate:v.消除;排除; misidentification:n.[计]错误识别;
False negatives are a problem, too. 假阴性同样是个问题。
negatives:n.[摄]底片; v.否定;
Algorithms can learn a lot -- fast. 算法可以迅速学习大量讯息。
But they can tell us only about the past. 但它们只能告诉我们 关于过去的事情。
So many future classics get bad reviews , like " Moby Dick ," 许多将来会被奉为经典的作品 在当时反响很差,比如《白鲸记》;
classics:n.经典;名著;杰作;(classic的复数) reviews:n.综述; v.回顾; Moby:adj.大的,巨大的; Dick:n.阴茎,鸡巴;侦探;誓言;
or are turned down by multiple publishers , like the "Harry Potter" series . 又或者曾被不少出版社拒绝, 比如《哈利·波特》系列。
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; publishers:n.出版商,出版公司;出版社(publisher的复数); series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
It can be wasteful to try to avoid all waste. 为了试图避免全部次品, 可能会错过真正的宝物。
wasteful:adj.浪费的,不经济的;奢侈的;
Efficiency is also a trap when the opposition copies it. 当被敌对势力模仿时, 效率也能成为陷阱。
trap:v.使陷入困境;卡住;夹住;收集;吸收;n.陷阱;圈套;捕捉器;诡计; opposition:n.反对党;对立;在野党;对抗;
Take the late 19th-century 比方说,19 世纪末期
French 75-millimeter artillery piece. 法国的 75 毫米口径火炮。
artillery:n.火炮;大炮;炮队;炮术;
It was a masterpiece of lethal design. 它的致命性是设计上的杰作。
lethal:adj.致命的,致死的;n.致死因子;
This piece could fire a shell every four seconds. 这台火炮每四秒钟 能发射一枚炮弹。
shell:n.壳;炮弹;壳层;骨架;v.脱壳;剥壳;采集贝壳;用壳体包被;short.shewill;
But that wasn't so unusual. 但那并算不上别致。
What was really brilliant was that because of the recoil mechanism , it could return to the exact same position without having to be reaimed. 它真正的不同凡响之处 在于其反后座机制, 在射击后能自动复位, 不需要重新瞄准。
recoil:vi.畏缩;弹回;报应;n.畏缩;弹回;反作用; mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧;
So the effective rate of firing was drastically increased. 于是射击的有效速率 便大幅提升了。
effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; drastically:adv.彻底地;激烈地;
Now, this seemed to be a way for France to defeat Germany the next time they fought. 这似乎是法国 在下次与德国交战时 的制胜法宝。
But, predictably , the Germans were working on something very similar. 但可以预想到, 德国人也在开发类似的武器。
predictably:adv.可预言地;
So when the First World War broke out, the result was the trench warfare that lasted longer than anybody had expected. 于是当第一次世界大战爆发时, 结果便是持续时间 超乎任何人想象的壕沟战。
First World War:n.第一次世界大战(1914至1918年间,主战场在欧洲); trench:n.沟,沟渠;战壕;堑壕;vt.掘沟;vi.挖战壕;侵害; warfare:n.战争;冲突;
A technology that was designed to shorten the war, prolonged it. 原本意在缩短战争的科技, 反而延长了战争。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; shorten:vt.缩短;减少;变短;vi.缩短;变短; prolonged:adj.长期的;持久的;v.延长(prolong的过去分词和过去式);
The biggest cost of all may be missed opportunities. 最大的代价 或许是错过的机遇。
The platform economy connecting buyers and sellers can be a great investment , and we have seen that in the last few weeks. 连接买家与卖家的平台经济 可以是一项出色的投资, 我们在过去几个星期也见识到了。
platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处; economy:n.经济;节约;理财; buyers:n.[贸易]买主;买方市场;采购者;购货者(buyer的复数); investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
Companies that are still losing hundreds of millions of dollars may be creating billionaires with initial public offerings . 某些公司仍在亏损数亿美元, 但它们的首次公开募股（IPO） 却能让人一跃成为亿万富翁。
billionaires:亿万富翁(billionaire的复数); initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; offerings:n.供品,供奉祖先神佛的菜等;奉献(物);样片;提供之物(offering的复数形式);
But the really difficult inventions are the physical and chemical ones. 然而真正艰难的发明 是物理与化学上的发明。
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的;
They mean bigger risks. 它们意味着更大的风险,
They may be losing out, because hardware is hard. 可能会蒙受损失, 因为硬件研发很难。
hardware:n.计算机硬件;五金器具;
It's much harder to scale up a physical or chemical invention than it is a software-based invention. 比起基于软件的发明, 基于物理或化学的发明 更难扩大规模。
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
Think of batteries . 比如说电池。
batteries:n.电池;炮组;炮列;[法]殴打;(batteries是battery的复数)
Lithium-ion batteries in portable devices and electric cars are based on a 30-year-old principle . 可移动设备与电动车中的锂电池 的制造原理已有 30 年历史。
Lithium-ion:n.锂离子; portable:adj.便携式的;手提的;轻便的;n.便携机;(尤指)手提电脑; electric:n.供电;adj.电的;用电的;电动的;发电的; principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉;
How many smartphone batteries today will last a full day on a single charge? 今天有多少智能手机电池 能不充电地撑过一整天？
smartphone:n.智能手机;
Yes, hardware is hard. 没错,硬件很难。
It took over 20 years for the patent on the principle of dry photocopying , by Chester Carlson in 1938, to result in the Xerox 914 copier introduced in 1959. 切斯特·卡尔逊在 1938 年 发现了静电复印的原理, 而其专利经过 20 多年 才在 1959 年催生了 施乐（Xerox）914 复印机。
patent:vt.授予专利; adj.专利的; n.专利权; photocopying:n.复印,照相复制;v.复印;影印(photocopy的ing形式); Chester:n.切斯特(美国港口城市);切斯特(英国一城市); Xerox:n.施乐(商标名,美国办公设备制造公司); vt.用静电复印法复印; copier:n.复印机(等于copyingmachine);抄写员;模仿者;
The small, brave company, Haloid in Rochester , NY had to go through what most corporations would never have tolerated . 这家位于纽约州罗彻斯特市 的勇敢的小公司哈洛德, 不得不经受了大多数公司 永远无法容忍的难关。
Haloid:n.卤素盐;卤化物;卤素衍生物;adj.卤素的; Rochester:n.罗契斯特市(美国明尼苏达州一城市); corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式); tolerated:v.容许;忍受;包容;有耐受性;(tolerate的过去式和过去分词)
There was one failure after another, and one of the special problems was fire. 失败接踵而来, 而其中一个特殊问题是火灾。
In fact, when the 914 was finally released, it still had a device that was called a scorch eliminator but actually it was a small fire extinguisher built in. 事实上,当 914 复印机最终问世时, 它还配有一个叫做“除焦器”的装置, 实际上就是一个 内置的小型灭火器。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; scorch:vt.烧焦;使枯萎;挖苦;vi.烧焦;枯萎;n.烧焦;焦痕; eliminator:n.消除器;消除者; fire extinguisher:n.灭火器;
My answer to all these questions is: inspired inefficiency . 我对所有这些问题的解答是: “激发式低效率”。
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) inefficiency:n.效率低;无效率;无能;
Data and measurement are essential , but they're not enough. 数据与测量至关重要, 但只有它们是不够的。
measurement:n.测量;度量;长度; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
Let's leave room for human intuition and human skills. 让我们为人类的直觉 和技术留出空间。
intuition:n.直觉;直觉力;直觉的知识;
There are seven facets of inspired inefficiency. 激发式低效率有七个方面。
facets:n.面状,[材]刻面;切面或瓣面(facet的复数形式);
First, take the scenic route , say yes to serendipity . 首先,选择风景独好的路径吧, 对偶然性欣然应允。
scenic:adj.风景优美的;舞台的;戏剧的;n.风景胜地;风景照片; route:n.路线;路途;固定线路;途径;v.按某路线发送; serendipity:n.意外发现珍奇事物的本领;有意外发现珍宝的运气;
Wrong turns can be productive . 错误的拐弯可能也意味着生产力。
productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的;
Once, when I was exploring the east bank of the Mississippi, 有次,我在探索 密西西比河的东岸时
exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词)
I took the wrong turn. 拐错了弯。
I was approaching a toll bridge crossing the great river, and the toll collector said I could not turn back . 我接近了横跨大河的收费大桥, 收费员告诉我说我无法回头了。
approaching:v.靠近,接近;接洽;建议;要求;(approach的现在分词) toll:n.伤亡人数; v.(缓慢而有规律地)敲(钟); (尤指)鸣(丧钟); turn back:往回走;阻挡;翻回到;
So I paid my 50 cents -- that's all it was at the time -- and I was in Muscatine, Iowa. 于是我付了 50 美分—— 当时只需要这么点过桥费—— 然后我来到了爱荷华州马斯卡廷。
I had barely heard of Muscatine, but it proved to be a fascinating place. 我几乎没听说过马斯卡廷, 但我发现它是个引人入胜的地方。
barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地; fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
Muscatine had some of the world's richest mussel beds. 马斯卡廷有世界上 最丰饶的贻贝河床。
mussel:n.蚌;贻贝;淡菜;
A century ago, a third of the world's buttons were produced in Muscatine, 1.5 billion a year. 一个世纪以前, 世界上三分之一的纽扣 都是在马斯卡廷生产的。 一年 15 亿颗。
The last plants have closed now, but there is still a museum of the pearl button industry that's one of the most unusual in the world. 最后几家纽扣工厂现在已经关闭了, 但这里仍有一家 珍珠纽扣产业的博物馆, 是世界上最别致的博物馆之一。
pearl:n.珍珠; v.使成小圆粒; adj.珍珠(制)的;
But buttons were only the beginning. 不过纽扣只是一个开始。
This is the house in Muscatine where China's future president stayed in 1986, as a member of an agricultural delegation . 在马斯卡廷有一座房子, 中国未来的国家主席 在 1986 年进行农业考察时 曾在这里住过。
agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; delegation:n.代表团;授权;委托;
It is now the Sino-US Friendship House, and it's a pilgrimage site for Chinese tourists. 它现在成为了中美友谊屋, 是中国旅客的巡礼圣地。
pilgrimage:n.漫游;朝圣之行;vi.朝拜;漫游; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址;
How could I have foreseen that? 我怎么可能预见这一点呢？
(Laughter) （笑声）
Second, get up from the couch . 第二,从座位上起来。
couch:n.睡椅,长沙发;床;卧榻;v.蹲伏,埋伏;躺着;
Sometimes it can be more efficient to do things the hard way. 有时用费力的方式做事 反而效率更高。
Consider the internet of things. 比如说物联网（IoT）。
It's wonderful to be able to control lights, set the thermostat , even vacuum the room without leaving one's seat. 呆在座位上就能控制电灯、 调节温度,甚至给房间吸尘, 感觉非常棒。
thermostat:n.恒温器;温度自动调节器 vacuum:n.真空; adj.真空的; v.用真空吸尘器清扫;
But medical research has shown that actually fidgeting , getting up, walking around is one of the best things you can do for your heart. 但医学研究显示, 其实动来动去, 起身四处走走 是对心脏最有益的事情之一。
fidgeting:vi.烦躁;坐立不安;玩弄;n.烦躁;坐立不安;烦躁不安的人;vt.使不安;使烦乱;
It's good for the heart and the waistline . 对你的心脏和腰围都好。
waistline:n.腰围;腰身部分;
Third, monetize your mistakes. 第三,从你的错误中获利。
monetize:vt.定为货币,使成为合法货币;铸造成货币;
Great forms can be created by imaginative development of accidents. 对意外进行富有想象力的拓展, 可以从中诞生出伟大的形态。
imaginative:adj.虚构的;富于想象的;有创造力的;
Tad Leski, an architect of the Metropolitan Opera at Lincoln Center, was working on a sketch and some white ink fell on the drawing. 泰德·雷斯基是纽约林肯中心 大都会歌剧院 的一位建筑师。 他在画草稿时,一些 白色墨水洒在了稿纸上。
architect:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者; Metropolitan:adj.大都市的;大主教辖区的;宗主国的;n.大城市人;大主教;宗主国的公民; Opera:n.歌剧;歌剧院;歌剧艺术;歌剧剧本; sketch:n.素描;草图;速写;概述;v.概述;简述;画素描;画速写;
Other people might just have thrown it away, but Leski was inspired to produce a starburst chandelier that was probably the most notable of its kind of the 20th century. 换做别人可能直接把稿纸扔了。 但雷斯基从中获得灵感, 设计出了星射线水晶灯, 或许是 20 世纪此类设计中 最为突出的一例。
starburst:n.光芒四射的亮光; chandelier:n.枝形吊灯; notable:adj.值得注意的,显著的;著名的;n.名人,显要人物;
Fourth, sometimes try the hard way. 第四,有时可以试试困难模式。
It can be more efficient to be less fluent . 不够熟练反而可以提高效率。
fluent:adj.流畅的,流利的;液态的;畅流的;
Psychologists call this desirable difficulty. 心理学家将其称为“必要难度”。
Psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); desirable:adj.令人满意的;值得要的;n.合意的人或事物;
Taking detailed notes with a keyboard would seem to be the best way to grasp what a lecturer is saying, to be able to review it verbatim . 用键盘敲下详细的笔记 似乎是掌握老师教授内容 的最佳办法, 以后可以逐字复习。
grasp:n.抓住;理解;控制;v.抓住;领会; verbatim:adv.逐字地;adj.逐字的;
However, studies have shown that when we have to abbreviate , when we have to summarize what a speaker is saying, when we're taking notes with a pen or a pencil on paper, we're processing that information. 然而研究表明, 当我们不得不缩写, 不得不概括演讲者的话, 当我们用纸笔做笔记时, 我们实际上正在处理获得的信息。
abbreviate:vt.缩写,使省略;使简短;vi.使用缩写词; processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词)
We're making that our own, and we are learning much more actively than when we were just transcribing what was being said. 我们在将信息消化成自己的东西, 相比仅仅在誊写 他人的话,我们也在 更加主动地学习。
transcribing:v.记录;抄录;把…转成;用音标标音;改编;(transcribe的现在分词)
Fifth, get security through diversity . 第五,从多样性中获得安全感。
diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化:
Monoculture can be deadly . 单一种植可以是致命的。
deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地;
Remember the potato? 还记得土豆的故事吗？
It was efficient until it wasn't. 它一开始很高产, 直到后面一落千丈。
Diversity applies to organizations , too. 多样性对于组织同样适用。
applies:v.适用;申请;运用;专心;(apply的第三人称单数) organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构;
Software can tell what has made people in an organization succeed in the past. 软件可以判断,过去是什么因素 让组织里的人获得了成功。
And it's useful, sometimes, in screening employees. 这有时候对甄选雇员也有用。
But remember, the environment is constantly changing, and software, screening software, has no way to tell, and we have no way to tell, who is going to be useful in the future. 但请记住,环境一直在改变, 而筛选软件并没有办法辨别, 我们也没有办法辨别 谁在将来会变得有用。
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地;
So, we need to supplement whatever the algorithm tells us by an intuition and by looking for people with various backgrounds and various outlooks . 所以,我们需要通过直觉,通过寻找 拥有不同背景、不同视野的人, 对算法的结果进行补充。
supplement:v.补充;增补;n.补遗;增补(物);补充(物);添加物; outlooks:n.观点;见解;人生观;前景;可能性;景色;(outlook的复数)
Sixth, achieve safety through redundancy and human skills. 第六,通过冗余和 人类的技术实现安全的目的。
redundancy:n.[计][数]冗余(等于redundance);裁员;人浮于事;
Why did two 737 Max aircraft crash? 为什么两架 737 Max 飞机坠毁了？
aircraft:n.飞机,航空器;
We still don't know the full story, but we know how to prevent future tragedies . 我们仍不清楚事情全貌, 但我们知道如何避免未来的悲剧。
tragedies:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品;(tragedy的复数)
We need multiple independent systems. 我们需要多个独立的系统。
independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等);
If one fails, then the others can override it. 如果一个系统失灵, 其它系统便可以凌驾其上。
override:v.凌驾;(以权力)否决;比…更重要;超驰控制;
We also need skilled operators to come to the rescue and that means constant training. 我们还需要训练有素的操纵者救场, 这意味着需要不断训练。
skilled:adj.熟练的;有技能的;需要技能的; rescue:n.救援;抢救;营救;获救;v.抢救;营救;援救;
Seventh, be rationally extravagant . 第七,做到合理的奢侈。
rationally:adv.理性地;讲道理地; extravagant:adj.奢侈的;浪费的;过度的;放纵的;
Thomas Edison was a pioneer of the film industry, as well as of camera technology. 托马斯·爱迪生是电影产业 以及摄影技术的先驱。
as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
Nobody has done more for efficiency than Thomas Edison. 爱迪生为效率做出的贡献无人能及。
But his cost cutting broke down. 但他节约成本的做法是失败的。
His manager hired a so-called efficiency engineer, who advised him to save money by using more of the film stock that he'd shot, having fewer retakes . 他的经理雇佣了一位 所谓的效率工程师, 建议他使用更多 拍摄过的素材, 并减少重拍的次数, 从而节约成本。
so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; stock:n.股票; v.库存; adj.老一套的; retakes:vt.再取;重拍;补考;n.重考;重新摄录;重新摄录的照片或录音;
Well, Edison was a genius , but he didn't understand the new rules of feature films and the fact that failure was becoming the price of success. 爱迪生是个天才, 但他并不理解专题片的新规则, 以及失败正在成为 成功的代价这个事实。
genius:n.天才;天资;才能,本领;
On the other hand , some great directors, like Erich Von Stroheim, were the opposite. 另外一方面,一些伟大的导演, 例如埃里希·冯·施特罗海姆, 则刚好相反。
On the other hand:另一方面;
They were superb dramatists , and Stroheim was also a memorable actor. 他们是出类拔萃的剧作家, 施特罗海姆同时也是位 不可多得的演员。
superb:adj.极好的;华丽的;宏伟的; dramatists:n.剧作家;戏剧家群;(dramatist的复数) memorable:adj.显著的,难忘的;值得纪念的;
But they couldn't live within their budgets . 但他们没法限制预算,
budgets:n.[财政]预算(budget复数形式);v.为…做预算(budget的第三人称单数形式);
So that was not sustainable . 因此难以为继。
sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
It was Irving Thalberg, a former secretary with intuitive genius, who achieved rational extravagance . 真正做到“理性的奢侈”的, 是欧文·托尔伯格, 一位具有天才般直觉的前秘书。
intuitive:adj.直觉的;凭直觉获知的; extravagance:n.奢侈,浪费;过度;放肆的言行;
First at Universal , and then at MGM, becoming the ideal of the Hollywood producer. 他先后在环球电影公司 和米高梅公司任职, 成为了好莱坞制片人的模范。
Universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;
Summing up, to be truly efficient, we need optimal inefficiency. 总结来说,为了变得真正高效, 我们需要最优的低效。
Summing:adj.求和的;做加法的;n.求和;v.合计(sum的ing形式); optimal:adj.最佳的;最理想的;
The shortest path may be a curve rather than a straight line. 捷径或许是曲线, 而非直线。
curve:n.曲线;弯曲;曲面;弧线;v.(使)沿曲线移动;呈曲线形;
Charles Darwin understood that. 查尔斯·达尔文深谙其道。
When he encountered a tough problem, he made a circuit of a trail , the sandwalk that he'd built behind his house. 当他遇到难题时, 他便沿着自家屋后 的沙石小径转圈散步。
encountered:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的过去分词和过去式) circuit:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游; trail:v.(被)拖,拉;疲惫地走,磨蹭;落后,失败;n.痕迹;踪迹;小路;路线;
A productive path can be physical, like Darwin's, or a virtual one, or an unforeseen detour from a path we had laid out. 一条富有生产力的道路 可以像达尔文的路一样是实体的, 也可以是无形的,偏离我们预想方向 的一次绕路。
virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认); unforeseen:adj.未预见到的,无法预料的; detour:v.使…绕道而行;绕道;迂回;n.绕道;便道;
Too much efficiency can weaken itself. 过度追求高效可能会降低效率,
weaken:v.削弱;减弱;衰弱;动摇;
But a bit of inspired inefficiency can strengthen it. 而一点点激发式低效 则可以提升效率。
Sometimes, the best way to move forward is to follow a circle. 有时候,前进的最佳方式 是舍近求远。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）