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EdselSalvana_2017G-_艾滋病毒的危险演变_
The Philippines : an idyllic country with some of the clearest water and bluest skies on the planet. 菲律宾:一个田园般的国家, 这里拥有着这个星球上最清澈的水,最蓝的天。
Philippines:n.菲律宾; idyllic:牧歌的;田园诗的;悠闲的;
It is also the epicenter of one of the fastest-growing HIV epidemics in the world. 但是它也是这个世界上, 艾滋病蔓延最快的地区之一。
epicenter:n.震中;中心; HIV:n.艾滋病病毒; epidemics:n.流行病;蔓延(epidemic的复数);时疫;
On the surface, it seems as if we are just a late bloomer . 表面上看,我们似乎只是在这个方面还不成熟。
bloomer:n.[机]初轧机;从前女用灯笼裤;纰漏;开花植物;
However, the reasons for our current epidemic are much more complicated and may foreshadow a global resurgence of HIV. 但其实,造成我们目前流行病的原因 远比我们所想的要复杂得多, 还有可能预示着艾滋病毒的全球性复苏。
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) foreshadow:vt.预示;成为…的前兆;n.预兆; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; resurgence:n.复活;再现;再起;
While overall new cases of HIV continue to drop in the world, this trend may be short-lived when the next wave of more aggressive and resistant viruses arrive. 虽然世界上新感染的艾滋病毒病例在持续下降, 但当下一波更具有侵略性和抵抗力的病毒到来时, 这种趋势有可能是短暂的。
overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的; trend:n.趋势;动向;趋向;动态;v.走向;趋向; short-lived:adj.短暂的,短期的;短命的;无常的; aggressive:adj.侵略性的;好斗的;有进取心的;有闯劲的; resistant:adj.抵抗的,反抗的;顽固的;n.抵抗者;
HIV has a potential to transform itself into a new and different virus every time it infects a cell. 艾滋病毒有可能在每次感染细胞时, 转变成一种不同的新型病毒。
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式; infects:vt.感染,传染;
Despite the remarkable progress we've made in reversing the epidemic, the truth is that we are just a few viral mutations away from disaster . 尽管我们在扭转这一流行病方面取得了显著的进展, 但事实上,我们离灾难只有几个病毒变异。
Despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; reversing:v.颠倒;彻底转变;使完全相反;(reverse的现在分词) viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的; mutations:n.[遗]突变;变化;转变(mutation的复数形式); disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸;
To appreciate the profound way in which HIV transforms itself every time it reproduces , let's make a genetic comparison . 想要理解艾滋病毒在每次繁殖过程中, 是如何改变自身的, 我们可以来做一个基因比较。
appreciate:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解; profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; transforms:v.[数][电]变换; n.语法转化规则; reproduces:vt.复制;再生;生殖;使…在脑海中重现;vi.复制;繁殖; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; comparison:n.比较;对比;相比;
If we look at the DNA variation among humans of different races from different continents , the actual DNA difference is only 0.1 percent. 如果我们观察来自不同大陆, 不同人种之间的DNA变异, 实际DNA差异仅为百分之0.1。
variation:n.变异;变体;变奏;变种; continents:n.[地理]大陆,大洲(continent复数);
If we look at the genetic difference between humans, great apes , and rhesus macaques , that number is seven percent. 如果我们观察人类, 类人猿和猕猴之间的基因差异, 差异值为百分之7。
apes:n.[脊椎]猿;猩猩;类人猿(ape的复数);v.模仿;仿效(ape的三单形式); rhesus:n.恒河猴; macaques:n.[脊椎]猕猴,恒河猴;短尾猿;
In contrast , the genetic difference between HIV subtypes from different patients may be as much as 35 percent. 相比之下,不同患者的艾滋病毒亚型之间, 基因差异值, 可能高达百分之35。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; subtypes:n.[计]子类型;图表类型(subtype的复数); patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数)
Within a person infected with HIV, the genetic difference between an infecting mother virus and subsequent daughter viruses has been shown to be as much as five percent. 在感染艾滋病毒的人中, 感染母病毒的人, 与随后感染子病毒的人, 基因差异值高达百分之5。
infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式) infecting:v.传染;使携带病菌;使感染;(infect的现在分词) subsequent:adj.后来的,随后的;
This is the equivalent of a gorilla giving birth to a chimpanzee , then to an orangutan , then to a baboon , then to any random great ape within its lifetime. 这就好比一只大猩猩生下了一只黑猩猩, 然后生下一只猩猩, 然后又生下一只狒狒, 生下任何可能的猿类动物。
equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; gorilla:大猩猩 chimpanzee:n.[脊椎]黑猩猩; orangutan:n.[脊椎]猩猩(等于orangoutang); baboon:n.[脊椎]狒狒; random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地; great ape:n.猩猩科动物;
There are nearly 100 subtypes of HIV, with new subtypes being discovered regularly . 艾滋病毒有将近100种亚型, 新的亚型被定期发现。
regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的
HIV in the developed world is almost all of one subtype: subtype B. 在发达国家,艾滋病毒大多都是一种亚型: 亚型B.
Mostly everything we know and do to treat HIV is based on studies on subtype B, even though it only accounts for 12 percent of the total number of cases of HIV in the world. 我们所知与所做的治疗, 都是基于对B型病毒的研究, 尽管这种B型病毒在世界范围内, 只占艾滋病毒病例总数的百分之12。
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
But because of the profound genetic difference among different subtypes, some subtypes are more likely to become drug-resistant or progress to AIDS faster. 但是由于在不同亚型之间, 存在着明显的基因差异, 一些亚型会更具有抗药性, 也有可能更快地发展为艾滋病。
drug-resistant:adj.耐药的;抗药性的;
We discovered that the explosion of HIV cases in the Philippines is due to a shift from the Western subtype B to a more aggressive Southeast Asian subtype AE. 我们发现,菲律宾艾滋病的病例激增的原因, 是因为病毒从西方的B型, 转变为了更具攻击性的东南亚AE型病毒。
explosion:n.爆炸;爆发;激增; shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; Southeast:adj.东南的;来自东南的;n.东南;东南地区;adv.来自东南;
We are seeing younger and sicker patients with high rates of drug resistance . 我们发现那些更年轻,病得更严重的病人, 他们的耐药率很高。
resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力;
Initial encroachment of this subtype is already occurring in developed countries, including Australia, Canada and the United States. 在一些发达国家中, 一些亚型的初始侵害已经在发生, 包括澳大利亚,加拿大,美国。
Initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; encroachment:n.侵入,侵犯;侵蚀; occurring:n.事件;事故;事变; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
We may soon see a similar explosion of cases in these countries. 我们有可能很快就会在这些国家中看到相同病例的增激。
And while we think that HIV is done and that the tide has turned for it, just like with real tides , it can come right back. 当我们认为艾滋病毒已经被遏制, 而且趋势也有所扭转, 就像真的控制住了一样,但它依然有可能再复发。
tides:n.[海洋]潮汐(tide的复数);v.随潮水漂浮(tide的第三人称单数);
In the early 1960s, malaria was on the ropes . 在上世纪六十年代初,疟疾即将绝迹。
malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气; on the ropes:濒于失败;完全无力回击;处于困境;
As the number of cases dropped, people and governments stopped paying attention. 随着病例数量的减少, 人们及政府也对此放松警惕。
The result was a deadly resurgence of drug-resistant malaria. 造成的结果是抗药性疟疾死灰复燃。
deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地;
We need to think of HIV not as a single virus that we think we've figured out, but as a collection of rapidly evolving and highly unique viruses, each of which can set off the next deadly epidemic. 我们不应该把艾滋病毒视为 我们所认为已经发现的单一病毒, 而是应该把它视为一个快速进化, 极其独特的病毒集合体, 每一种病毒都会引发下一个致命的流行病。
evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词) highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
We are incorporating more powerful and new tools to help us detect the next deadly HIV strain , and this needs to go hand in hand with urgent research on the behavior and proper treatment of non-B subtypes. 我们正在研发更有效的新器械, 来帮助我们检测下一个致命的艾滋病毒株, 这需要我们对非B型病毒的特征 , 以及适当的治疗方案同时加紧速度进行研究。
incorporating:v.将…包括在内;包含;吸收;使并入;注册成立;(incorporate的现在分词) detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; strain:n.压力;品系;应力;张力;v.扭伤;拉紧;滤;损伤; hand in hand:adj.并进的;手拉手的;亲密的; urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
We need to convince our governments and our funding agencies that HIV is not yet done. 我们要让我们的政府, 以及资助机构意识到, 艾滋病毒还没有完全遏制。
convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说; funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词) agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数);
Over 35 million people have died of HIV. 有超过3500万的人死于艾滋病,
We are on the verge of an AIDS-free generation. 我们即将迎来无艾滋的时代,
on the verge of:濒临于;接近于;
We need to pay attention. 我们需要关注艾滋病,
We need to remain vigilant and follow through . 并保持警惕, 然后一直坚持到底。
vigilant:adj.警惕的;警醒的;注意的;警戒的; follow through:n.随球动作;持久的贯彻,持续;
Otherwise, millions more will die. 否则,仍会有数以百万计的人因艾滋病死去。
Thank you. 谢谢！
(Applause) （掌声）