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EOWilson_2012P-_给年轻科学家的忠告_
What I'm going to do is to just give a few notes, and this is from a book I'm preparing called "Letters to a Young Scientist."
I'd thought it'd be appropriate to present it, on the basis that I have had extensive experience in teaching, counseling scientists across a broad array of fields. 因为我在许多领域有教育和辅导科学家的
appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出; extensive:adj.广泛的;大量的;广阔的; counseling:n.咨询服务;v.建议;劝告;商讨;(counsel的现在分词形式) array:n.数组,阵列;排列,列阵;大批,一系列;衣服;v.排列,部署;打扮;
And you might like to hear some of the principles that I've developed in doing that teaching and counseling. 总结出的一些原则.
principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
So let me begin by urging you, particularly you on the youngsters' side, on this path you've chosen, to go as far as you can. 走的尽可能的远一些
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; as far as:至于…;
The world needs you, badly. 这个世界非常需要你.
Humanity is now fully into the techno-scientific age.
Humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
There is going to be no turning back. 这一趋势不可扭转.
Although varying among disciplines -- say, astrophysics , molecular genetics , the immunology , the microbiology , the public health, to the new area of the human body as a symbiont , to public health, environmental science. 分子遗传学, 免疫学, 微生物学, 公共卫生学, 还有将人体看作共生有机体的新的领域的学科, 以及环境科学,
varying:adj.不同的;变化的;v.变化,改变(vary的现在分词); disciplines:n.[管理]纪律(discipline的复数); v.训导; astrophysics:n.天体物理学; molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; genetics:n.遗传学; immunology:n.[免疫]免疫学; microbiology:n.微生物学; symbiont:n.[生态]共生者;共生有机体(等于symbiote);
Knowledge in medical science and science overall is doubling every 15 to 20 years. 每15到20年都会增加一倍.
overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的;
Technology is increasing at a comparable rate. 科技发展的速度也是如此.
Technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; comparable:adj.可比较的;比得上的;
Between them, the two already pervade , as most of you here seated realize, every dimension of human life.
pervade:vt.遍及;弥漫; dimension:n.方面;[数]维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸;adj.规格的;
So swift is the velocity of the techno-scientific revolution , so startling in its countless twists and turns, that no one can predict its outcome even a decade from the present moment. 技术科学的进步速度是如此之快, 其变化是如此令人应接不暇,
swift:n.[鸟]雨燕; adj.飞快的; velocity:n.[物]速度; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; startling:adj.惊人的;让人震惊的;极鲜亮的;v.使惊吓;使吓一跳;(startle的现在分词) countless:adj.无数的;数不尽的; twists:n.[力]扭曲,一扭(twist的复数形式);v.[力]扭曲,拧(twist的三单形式); predict:v.预报;预言;预告; outcome:n.结果,结局;成果;
There will come a time, of course, when the exponential growth of discovery and knowledge, which actually began in the 1600s, has to peak and level off , but that's not going to matter to you. 会到达顶峰并开始减缓 不过这和你关系不大,
exponential:adj.指数的;n.指数; peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的; level off:n.达到同一水准;
The revolution is going to continue for at least several more decades. 因为这个革命
It'll render the human condition radically different from what it is today. 人们那时所处的环境
render:v.提供;给予;提交;翻译;n.粉刷;[建](墙壁的)初涂;抹灰;精制油; radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式;
Traditional fields of study are going to continue to grow and in so doing, inevitably they will meet and create new disciplines. 它们将不可避免的相互交叉而产生新的学科.
Traditional:传统的,惯例的, inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地;
In time, all of science will come to be a continuum of description , an explanation of networks, of principles and laws. 成为一个对其所形成网络的解释.
continuum:n.[数]连续统;[经]连续统一体;闭联集; description:n.说明;形容;描写(文字);类型;
That's why you need not just be training in one specialty , but also acquire breadth in other fields, related to and even distant from your own initial choice. 所以你不应该只学习一门专业, 而应该获取其它领域广博的知识. 这些领域可能和你最初的选择很接近但也可能相距甚远
specialty:n.专业,专长;特产;特性;招牌菜;adj.特色的;专门的;独立的; acquire:v.获得;取得;学到;捕获; breadth:n.宽度;(知识、兴趣等)广泛; distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的; initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于;
Keep your eyes lifted and your head turning.
The search for knowledge is in our genes . 对知识的追寻就在我们的基因里.
genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
It was put there by our distant ancestors who spread across the world, and it's never going to be quenched . 那是我们散布在世界各个角落的遥远的祖先
quenched:adj.淬火的;猝熄的(quench过去式);
To understand and use it sanely, as a part of the civilization yet to evolve requires a vastly larger population of scientifically trained people like you. 由于人类的一部分文明还需要进化, 需要大量的像你们一样受到科技教育的人,
civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明; evolve:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成; vastly:adv.极大地;广大地;深远地; scientifically:adv.系统地;合乎科学地;学问上;
In education, medicine, law, diplomacy , government, business and the media that exist today. 包括今天存在的教育, 医学, 法律, 外交,
diplomacy:n.外交;外交手腕;交际手段; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
Our political leaders need at least a modest degree of scientific literacy , which most badly lack today -- no applause , please. 我们的政治领袖至少需要一定程度的科学知识, 但现在极其缺乏 --
modest:adj.些许的;谦虚的; literacy:n.读写能力;精通文学; applause:n.欢呼,喝采;鼓掌欢迎;
It will be better for all if they prepare before entering office rather than learning on the job. 如果他们能在就职之前就做好这些准备 而不是边做边学 那么对于所有人来说都是有好处的
Therefore you will do well to act on the side, no matter how far into the laboratory you may go, to serve as teachers during the span of your career . 在你的职业生涯当中
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; span:n.持续时间; v.持续; career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
I'll now proceed quickly, and before else, to a subject that is both a vital asset and a potential barrier to a scientific career. 但也可能成为一个障碍.
proceed:n.收入;卖得金额;收益;v.继续;接着做;行进;前往; vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的; asset:n.资产;优点;有用的东西;有利条件;财产;有价值的人或物; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; barrier:n.屏障;障碍;障碍物;关口;v.用栅围住;
If you are a bit short in mathematical skills, don't worry. 如果你数学能力不太强, 不用太担心.
mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的;
Many of the most successful scientists at work today are mathematically semi-literate . 数学能力都比较一般.
mathematically:adv.算术地,数学上地; semi-literate:半文盲;
A metaphor will serve here:
metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法;
Where elite mathematicians and statisticians and theorists often serve as architects in the expanding realm of science, the remaining large majority of 但其他大部分的基础应用科学家,
elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物; mathematicians:n.[数]数学家(mathematician的复数形式); statisticians:n.统计学家,统计员; theorists:理论家; architects:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者;(architect的复数); expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词) realm:n.领域,范围;王国; majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
basic applied scientists, including a large portion of those who could be said to be of the first rank, are the ones who map the terrain , they scout the frontiers, they cut the pathways , they raise the buildings along the way. 其中有很多可称为一流水平, 他们的工作则是, 测量疆土, 开发前线, 并一路盖起栋栋高楼.
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) portion:n.部分;(食物的)一份;分担的责任;v.把…分成若干份(或部分); terrain:n.[地理]地形,地势;领域;地带; scout:n.童子军活动; v.侦察,搜寻(某处); pathways:n.小路;小径(pathway的复数);
Some may have considered me foolhardy , but it's been my habit to brush aside the fear of mathematics when talking to candidate scientists. 有些人或许会觉得我不太明智, 但我在和未来科学家交谈时,
foolhardy:adj.有勇无谋的;蛮干的; brush aside:v.扫除;漠视;不理,不顾; mathematics:n.数学;数学运算;
During 41 years of teaching biology at Harvard , 在我41年哈佛生物教学的职业生涯中,
Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生;
I watched sadly as bright students turned away from the possibility of a scientific career or even from taking non-required courses in science because they were afraid of failure. 我很痛心地看到,
These math-phobes deprive science and medicine of immeasurable amounts of badly needed talent. 这些对于数学的恐惧让科学和医学领域 丧失了无数急切需要的人才
deprive:vt.使丧失,剥夺; immeasurable:adj.无限的;[数]不可计量的;不能测量的;
Here's how to relax your anxieties, if you have them:
relax:v.放松,休息;松懈,松弛;变从容;休养;
Understand that mathematics is a language ruled like other verbal languages, or like verbal language generally , by its own grammar and system of logic . 数学是一门语言, 它就像其它口头语言一样 由它们自己的语法和逻辑系统来支配
verbal:adj.口头的;言语的;动词的;照字面的;n.动词的非谓语形式; generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; logic:n.逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性;adj.逻辑的;
Any person with average quantitative intelligence who learns to read and write mathematics at an elementary level will, as in verbal language, have little difficulty picking up most of the fundamentals if they choose to master the mathspeak of most disciplines of science. 只要他有小学水平的数学的读写能力, 学习很多基础内容都不会太困难 就如同学习口头语言一样
quantitative:adj.定量的;量的,数量的; intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; elementary:adj.基本的;初级的;[化学]元素的; fundamentals:n.基本面;基本原理(fundamental的复数);
The longer you wait to become at least semi-literate the harder the language of mathematics will be to master, just as again in any verbal language, but it can be done at any age. 掌握难度就会越大,　同样就象任何一门口语一样． 只不过对于前者 不管你年龄多大,　都是可以做到的．
I speak as an authority on that subject, because I'm an extreme case. 因为我就是这方面的一个极端例子．
authority:n.权威;权力;当局; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物;
I didn't take algebra until my freshman year at the University of Alabama . 学习代数．
algebra:n.代数学; Alabama:n.阿拉巴马州(美国州名);
They didn't teach it before then. 在那之前他们没有这门课．
I finally got around to calculus as a 32-year-old tenured professor at Harvard, where I sat uncomfortably in classes with undergraduate students, little more than half my age. 我才和比我年龄一半多点的本科生很不舒服地坐在一起, 学习微积分．
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; calculus:n.[病理]结石;微积分学; tenured:adj.(美)享有终身职位的;v.授予…终身职位(tenure的过去分词); uncomfortably:adv.不舒适地;不自在地;令人不快地; undergraduate:n.本科生;
A couple of them were students in a course I was giving on evolutionary biology.
evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的;
I swallowed my pride, and I learned calculus. 我收敛了我的骄傲 学习了微积分
swallowed:v.吞下;咽下;吞没;淹没;侵吞(swallow的过去分词和过去式)
I found out that in science and all its applications, what is crucial is not that technical ability, but it is imagination in all of its applications. 我发现对于科学和所有其应用来说, 重要的不是技术能力 而是应用科学过程中的想象力
crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的; imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物;
The ability to form concepts with images of entities and processes pictured by intuition . 形成概念的能力
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) entities:n.实体;存在(entity的复数形式);字符实体; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); intuition:n.直觉;直觉力;直觉的知识;
I found out that advances in science rarely come upstream from an ability to stand at a blackboard and conjure images from unfolding mathematical propositions and equations . 通过解释数学命题和公式
rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地; upstream:adv.逆流地;向上游;adj.向上游的;逆流而上的;n.上游部门; conjure:v.变魔术;变戏法;使…变戏法般地出现(或消失); unfolding:v.(使)展开;打开;展示;透露;(unfold的现在分词) propositions:[数]命题; equations:n.方程式;等式;均等;均势(equation的复数形式);
They are instead the products of downstream imagination leading to hard work, during which mathematical reasoning may or may not prove to be relevant . 相反 它们往往是下游的想象以及由这些想象引发的努力工作的结果．
downstream:adv.下游地;顺流而下;adj.下游的;顺流的; relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的;
Ideas emerge when a part of the real or imagined world is studied for its own sake .
emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相; sake:n.目的;利益;理由;日本米酒;
Of foremost importance is a thorough , well-organized knowledge of all that is known of the relevant entities and processes that might be involved in that domain you propose to enter. 这包括所有和这个领域相关的所有已知的实体和流程
foremost:adj.最重要的;最先的;adv.首先;居于首位地; thorough:adj.彻底的;十分的;周密的; well-organized:adj.有序的;很有条理的; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) domain:n.领域;域名;产业;地产; propose:v.建议;提议;求婚;打算;
When something new is discovered, it's logical then that one of the follow-up steps is to find the mathematical and statistical methods to move its analysis forward. 很自然接下来要做的一件事 就是用数学和统计方法来做进一步分析．
logical:adj.合逻辑的,合理的;逻辑学的; follow-up:adj.后续的;增补的;n.随访;跟进;后续行动; statistical:adj.统计的;统计学的; analysis:n.分析;分解;验定;
If that step proves too difficult for the person or team that made the discovery, a mathematician can then be added by them as a collaborator . 来说过于困难, 那可以增加一个数学家,
collaborator:n.[劳经]合作者;勾结者;通敌者;
Consider the following principle, which I will modestly call Wilson's Principle Number One: 我很谦虚地称之为Wilson的第一原则:
modestly:adv.谨慎地;适当地;
It is far easier for scientists including medical researchers, to require needed collaboration in mathematics and statistics than it is for mathematicians and statisticians to find scientists able to make use of their equations. 科学家,包括医学研究人员 更容易得到数学和统计方面 相反如果数学家和统计学家想找到 科学家来使他们的数学公式能派上用处的话,那要更困难一些．
collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌; statistics:n.统计数字;统计资料;统计学;(statistic的复数) make use of:使用,利用;
It is important in choosing the direction to take in science to find the subject at your level of competence that interests you deeply, and focus on that. 很重要一点,就是要选择既在你能力之内
competence:n.能力,胜任;权限;作证能力;足以过舒适生活的收入;
Keep in mind , then, Wilson's Second Principle: 然后请注意Wilson第二原则:
Keep in mind:记住;
For every scientist, whether researcher, technician , teacher, manager or businessman, working at any level of mathematical competence, there exists a discipline in science or medicine for which that level is enough to achieve excellence . 对任何一个科学家, 不管是研究人员, 技术人员, 教师,管理者或商人, 无论他们用什么样的数学水平来工作
technician:n.技术员;技师;(艺术、体育等的)技巧精湛者; excellence:n.优秀;美德;长处;
Now I'm going to offer quickly several more principles that will be useful in organizing your education and career, or if you're teaching, how you might enhance your own teaching and counseling of young scientists. 现在我很快的再提供 或者如果你们选择教学,
organizing:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;(organize的现在分词) enhance:v.提高;增强;增进;
In selecting a subject in which to conduct original research, or to develop world-class expertise , take a part of the chosen discipline that is sparsely inhabited . 或成为第一流专家的课题的时候,
conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法; original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; world-class:n.世界级;adj.世界级的; expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见; sparsely:adv.稀疏地;贫乏地; inhabited:adj.有人居住的;v.占据(inhabit的过去分词);居住于;
Judge opportunity by how few other students and researchers are on hand. 涉猎这一部分的学生和研究人员越少,
This is not to de-emphasize the essential requirement of broad training, or the value of apprenticing yourself in ongoing research to programs of high quality. 但这并不是说广泛学习中的基本要求
de-emphasize:vt.不再重视,不再强调; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; apprenticing:n.学徒;生手;vt.使…当学徒;vi.当学徒; ongoing:n.发展; adj.持续存在的;
It is important also to acquire older mentors within these successful programs, and to make friends and colleagues of your age for mutual support. 朋友和同事．
mentors:n.导师,教练(mentor复数); colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); mutual:adj.共同的;相互的,彼此的;
But through it all, look for a way to break out, to find a field and subject not yet popular. 但是无论如何 都要想办法找到一个不常见的领域和学科, 并取得突破．
We have seen this demonstrated already in the talks preceding mine. 在我之前的演讲中我们已经看到这样的例子．
demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) preceding:adj.在前的;前面的;v.在…之前发生;先于;走在…前面(precede的现在分词)
There is the quickest way advances are likely to occur , as measured in discoveries per investigator per year. 那这是最快取得成绩的途径.
occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在; measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) investigator:n.研究者;调查者;侦查员;
You may have heard the military dictum for the gathering of armies:
military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; dictum:n.格言;声明;法官的附带意见;
March to the sound of the guns. 向有枪声的方向前进．
In science, the exact opposite is the case: March away from the sound of the guns.
So Wilson's Principle Number Three: 这就是Wilson的第三原则:
March away from the sound of the guns.
Observe from a distance, but do not join the fray . 在一定距离外观察, 但不要加入战场,
Observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视; fray:n.争吵;打斗,竞争,争辩;v.磨损,磨散;(使)烦躁,恼火
Make a fray of your own.
Once you have settled on a specialty, and the profession you can love, and you've secured opportunity, your potential to succeed will be greatly enhanced if you study it enough to become an expert. 并且已经取得了机会后, 只要你刻苦学习以成为一个专家.
settled:adj.稳定的; v.结束; (settle的过去分词和过去式) profession:n.行业,职业;业内人士;同行; greatly:adv.很,大大地;非常; enhanced:adj.加强的;增大的;v.提高;加强(enhance的过去分词);
There are thousands of professionally delimited subjects sprinkled through physics and chemistry to biology and medicine. 从物理, 化学,
professionally:adv.专业地;内行地; delimited:v.划定…的界限;限定(delimit的过去分词);adj.划定界限的;被限定了的; sprinkled:v.撒:洒:用…点缀:(sprinkle的过去分词和过去式)
And on then into the social sciences, where it is possible in short time to acquire the status of an authority. 以及社会科学的各个领域. 当一门专业里研究人员非常少的时候,
short time:adj.短暂的;快速的(shorttime的变形); status:n.地位;状态;情形;重要身份;
When the subject is still very thinly populated , you can with diligence and hard work become the world authority. 成为一个权威. 而且只要你刻苦努力,
thinly:adv.薄;稀疏地;细;瘦; populated:v.生活于; diligence:n.勤奋,勤勉;注意的程度;
The world needs this kind of expertise, and it rewards the kind of people willing to acquire it. 这个世界需要这样的专业知识, 也会得到丰盛的奖励.
rewards:n.[劳经]奖励; v.[劳经]奖赏;
The existing information and what you self-discover may at first seem skimpy and difficult to connect to other bodies of knowledge. 现有的信息和你的独自的发现 最开始可能让你觉得
skimpy:adj.不足的;吝啬的;
Well, if that's the case, good. Why hard instead of easy? 如果是那样的话, 很好. 那为什么要困难而不要容易呢?
The answer deserves to be stated as Principle Number Four.
deserves:v.值得;应得;应受;(deserve的第三人称单数)
In the attempt to make scientific discoveries, every problem is an opportunity, and the more difficult the problem, the greater will be the importance of its solution . 在进行科学发现的尝试时, 每个问题都是一次机会, 它被解决的意义就越重大.
attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
Now this brings me to a basic categorization in the way scientific discoveries are made. 这把我带到科学发现的 一个基本分类.
categorization:n.分类;分门别类;编目方法; in the way:妨碍;挡道;
Scientists, pure mathematicians among them, follow one or the other of two pathways:
First through early discoveries, a problem is identified and a solution is sought . 第一, 通过早期发现, 一个问题被识别, 解决方法被探索.
identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词) sought:v.seek(寻求、寻找)的过去式和过去分词形式;
The problem may be relatively small; for example, where exactly in a cruise ship does the norovirus begin to spread? 这个问题或许相对很小;
relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; cruise:v.巡航;乘船游览;慢速行驶,巡行;猎艳;n.航行;乘船游览; norovirus:n.诺瓦克病毒;
Or larger, what's the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe?
dark matter:n.暗物质(根据一些理论,指太空中不反射光的物质); expansion:n.扩张;膨胀;扩展;扩大;
As the answer is sought, other phenomena are typically discovered and other questions are asked. 在寻求答案的过程中, 其它现象又会出现, 其它问题又会被提出.
phenomena:n.现象(phenomenon的复数); typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地;
This first of the two strategies is like a hunter, exploring a forest in search of a particular quarry , who finds other quarries along the way. 这个两个策略中的第一个就象一个猎人 在一个森林中寻找一个特定的猎物,
strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词) quarry:n.采石场;猎物;来源;vi.费力地找;vt.挖出;努力挖掘; quarries:n.采石场;猎物(quarry的复数);v.采石;搜寻(quarry的三单形式);
The second strategy of research is to study a subject broadly searching for unknown phenomena or patterns of known phenomena like a hunter in what we call "the naturalist's trance ," 是广泛地研究一个主题,
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地; trance:n.恍惚;出神;着迷,入迷;v.使恍惚;使发呆;
the researcher of mind is open to anything interesting, any quarry worth taking.
The search is not for the solution of the problem, but for problems themselves worth solving.
The two strategies of research, original research, can be stated as follows, in the final principle I'm going to offer you: 这两种原创性研究的策略 可以归纳成为
For every problem in a given discipline of science, there exists a species or entity or phenomenon ideal for its solution.
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; entity:n.实体;存在;本质; phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物);
And conversely , for every species or other entity or phenomenon, there exist important problems for the solution of which, those particular objects of research are ideally suited.
conversely:adv.相反地; ideally:adv.理想地;观念上地;
Find out what they are. 找到这些研究课题
You'll find your own way to discover, to learn, to teach.
The decades ahead will see dramatic advances in disease prevention , general health, the quality of life. 巨大的进步.
dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; prevention:n.预防;阻止;妨碍;
All of humanity depends on the knowledge and practice of the medicine and the science behind it you will master. 所有人类文明都依赖你们即将成为专家的
You have chosen a calling that will come in steps to give you satisfaction , at its conclusion , of a life well lived. 你们回应了一个呼喊,
satisfaction:n.满意,满足;赔偿;乐事;赎罪; conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论;
And I thank you for having me here tonight.
(Applause) (掌声)
Oh, thank you. 哦, 谢谢你们.
Thank you very much. 非常感谢你们.
I salute you.
salute:n.致敬,欢迎;敬礼;v.行礼致敬,欢迎;致意,打招呼;行礼;