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DrewBerry_2011X-_不可视生物学的动画_
What I'm going to show you are the astonishing molecular machines that create the living fabric of your body. 我要展示给大家的 是创造了你们身体活组织 的惊人的分子机器
astonishing:adj.令人十分惊讶的;v.使十分惊讶;使吃惊;(astonish的现在分词) molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; fabric:n.织物;布料;(社会,机构等的)结构;
Now molecules are really, really tiny. 分子实在是很小
molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
And by tiny, 说到小呢,
I mean really. 我的意思是真小
They're smaller than a wavelength of light, so we have no way to directly observe them. 它们比光的波长还小, 所以,我们无法直接观察它们
wavelength:n.[物]波长; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视;
But through science, we do have a fairly good idea of what's going on down at the molecular scale . 但是,通过科学,我们有一个很好的概念 分子比例是怎么回事
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
So what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules, but we don't really have a direct way of showing you the molecules. 我们能做到真实地告诉你分子的情况, 但我们不能有一个直接的方法把分子展示给你们
One way around this is to draw pictures. 有一种方法就是画图
And this idea is actually nothing new. 实际上这已不是个新方法
Scientists have always created pictures as part of their thinking and discovery process . 科学家们总是在创造图片 作为他们思考和发现过程的一部分
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
They draw pictures of what they're observing with their eyes, through technology like telescopes and microscopes , and also what they're thinking about in their minds. 他们借助望远镜和显微镜之类的技术, 以及他们大脑思考的 画出他们所观察到的
observing:adj.观察的;注意的;观察力敏锐的;v.观察;遵守(observe的现在分词); technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; telescopes:n.望远镜; v.套叠; (telescope的第三人称单数) microscopes:n.[光]显微镜(microscope的复数);
I picked two well-known examples, because they're very well-known for expressing science through art. 我举两个众所周知的例子, 因为他们以通过艺术来表达科学而著名
well-known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的; expressing:v.表示;表达;表露;显而易见;(express的现在分词)
And I start with Galileo who used the world's first telescope to look at the Moon. 我先从伽利略开始 伽利略用过世界上第一台望远镜 来看月亮
And he transformed our understanding of the Moon. 他改变了我们对月亮的理解
transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式)
The perception in the 17th century was the Moon was a perfect heavenly sphere . 17世纪的感知 月亮是个完美的天球
perception:n.感知;知觉;看法;洞察力; heavenly:adj.天上的;神圣的;天国似的;adv.无比;极其; sphere:n.球;领域;球体;球形;v.使成球形;包围;把…放在球内;使处于天体之间;
But what Galileo saw was a rocky , barren world, which he expressed through his watercolor painting. 可是,伽利略所看到的是坚硬的,贫瘠的世界, 他通过他的水彩画表达了出来
rocky:adj.岩石的;多岩石的;困难的;难以维持的; barren:n.不毛之地;adj.贫瘠的;不毛的;不结果实的;不育的; expressed:v.表示;表达;显而易见;不言自明;(express的过去分词和过去式) watercolor:n.水彩画,水彩;水彩颜料;adj.水彩的,水彩画的;
Another scientist with very big ideas, the superstar of biology , is Charles Darwin. 另一位的科学家有一个很大的想法, 他就是生物学界的超级明星-查尔斯·达尔文
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
And with this famous entry in his notebook, he begins in the top left-hand corner with, "I think," 在他的笔记里,那著名的开始语, 他从左上角开始写道:“我认为,”
left-hand:adj.左手的;左侧的;
and then sketches out the first tree of life, which is his perception of how all the species , all living things on Earth, are connected through evolutionary history -- the origin of species through natural selection and divergence from an ancestral population. 接着呢,画出了第一棵生命树, 那就是他的见解 地球上所有的物种及生物, 如何通过进化的历史而连接起来 物种的起源来自物竞天择 并分歧于一个祖先群体
sketches:n.[测]草图; v.素描,写生(sketch的第三人称单数); species:n.[生物]物种;种类; evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的; origin:n.起源;起因;源头;出身; natural selection:n.自然选择;物竞天择; divergence:n.分歧; ancestral:adj.祖先的;祖传的;
Even as a scientist, 即使作为一名科学家,
I used to go to lectures by molecular biologists and find them completely incomprehensible , with all the fancy technical language and jargon that they would use in describing their work, 我曾参加过分子生物学家们的演讲 发现完全无法理解, 他们使用所有时髦的技术语言和行话 来描述他们的作品,
biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); incomprehensible:adj.费解的;不可思议的;无限的; fancy:n.幻想; adj.想象的; v.想象; technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的; jargon:n.行话,术语;黄锆石; describing:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的现在分词)
until I encountered the artworks of David Goodsell, who is a molecular biologist at the Scripps Institute . 知道我遇到大卫 古德塞尔的艺术作品, 他是斯克里普斯研究所的分子生物学家
encountered:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的过去分词和过去式) artworks:艺术品(artwork的名词复数); Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院;
And his pictures, everything's accurate and it's all to scale. 他的图画, 样样都精确,并且都按比例
accurate:adj.精确的;
And his work illuminated for me what the molecular world inside us is like. 他的作品对我释明 我们内在的分子世界是什么样
illuminated:adj.被照明的;v.照明;启发;兴奋(illuminate的过去分词);
So this is a transection through blood. 这是通过血液的一个横断面
transection:n.横断;横切;横断面;
In the top left-hand corner, you've got this yellow-green area. 在左上角,你看到这个黄绿色的区域
The yellow-green area is the fluids of blood, which is mostly water, but it's also antibodies , sugars, hormones , that kind of thing. 这个黄绿区血液的流体,大部分是水分, 但它也是抗体,糖分, 和激素类的东西
fluids:n.液体;流体;液;(fluid的复数) antibodies:n.[免疫]抗体(antibody的复数); hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数);
And the red region is a slice into a red blood cell . 这个红色区是一个红血球的切片
region:n.地区;范围;部位; slice:n.片; v.切成片; (很容易地)切开; red blood cell:n.红细胞;红血球;
And those red molecules are hemoglobin . 这些红分子是血红蛋白
hemoglobin:n.[生化]血红蛋白(等于haemoglobin);血红素;
They are actually red; that's what gives blood its color. 它们实际就是红色,也就是血液的颜色
what gives:出了什么事;
And hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge to soak up the oxygen in your lungs and then carry it to other parts of the body. 血红蛋白像是一个分子海绵 在你的肺里面浸透氧气 再带到身体的其他部位
sponge:v.抹掉;用海绵擦拭;讨得;n.海绵;海绵状物; soak:v.浸泡;浸湿;浸透;湿透;n.浸泡;浸渍;湿透;洗澡;
I was very much inspired by this image many years ago, and I wondered whether we could use computer graphics to represent the molecular world. 很多年前,我就很被这个图像所激励, 我就想是否能够使用电脑绘图 来描绘分子世界
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) graphics:n.[测]制图学;制图法;图表算法; represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送;
What would it look like? 它会是个什么样子呢？
And that's how I really began. So let's begin. 就这样我就开始了。现在让我们来看,
This is DNA in its classic double helix form. 这是传统的DNA的双螺旋结构,
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; double helix:双螺旋;
And it's from X-ray crystallography , so it's an accurate model of DNA. 它来自X射线晶体学, 所以它是一个精确的DNA模型
crystallography:n.[晶体]结晶学;
If we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands , you see these things that look like teeth. 如果我们把双螺旋展开,把两股拉开, 你们看到它们像牙齿一样
unwind:vt.放松;解开;[计]展开;vi.放松;解开;松开; unzip:v.拉开拉链;释放; strands:n.线; v.搁浅;
Those are the letters of genetic code , the 25,000 genes you've got written in your DNA. 这些就是遗传密码的字母, 在你的DNA上有25,000个基因
genetic code:n.遗传密码; genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
This is what they typically talk about -- the genetic code -- this is what they're talking about. 这就是他们通常谈论的 -- 遗传密码--大家都这样讲的
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地;
But I want to talk about a different aspect of DNA science, and that is the physical nature of DNA. 我想从不同的角度来谈论DNA科学, 那是DNA的物理性质
aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
It's these two strands that run in opposite directions for reasons I can't go into right now. 这两条线走向不同的方向 我现在先不讲什么原因
But they physically run in opposite directions, which creates a number of complications for your living cells, as you're about to see, most particularly when DNA is being copied. 它们实际上就是在走向不同的方向, 这就给你们的活细胞制作了大量的混乱, 你会看到, 大多数特别是在DNA复制过程中
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
And so what I'm about to show you is an accurate representation of the actual DNA replication machine that's occurring right now inside your body, at least 2002 biology. 我就要给你们看的是 是一个精确的描述 有关DNA在你身体内部的实际复制, 至少是2002的生物学
representation:n.表现;代表;描述;陈述 replication:n.复制;回答;反响; occurring:n.事件;事故;事变;
So DNA's entering the production line from the left-hand side, and it hits this collection, these miniature biochemical machines, that are pulling apart the DNA strand and making an exact copy. DNA从左手边进入生产线, 撞倒这一堆小型的生化机器, 这些生化机器把DNA线拉开,重新复制
production line:n.流水作业线;产品线; miniature:adj.微型的,小规模的;n.缩图;微型画;微型图画绘画术;vt.是…的缩影; biochemical:adj.生物化学的;
So DNA comes in and hits this blue, doughnut-shaped structure and it's ripped apart into its two strands. DNA进来 碰到这个蓝色的,圆圈状的结构 把两条线扯开
doughnut-shaped:环形的; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
One strand can be copied directly, and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there. 一条线可以直接复制, 你能看到这些放在底部
spooling:n.[计]假脱机; v.把…绕在卷轴上;
But things aren't so simple for the other strand because it must be copied backwards. 但另一条线就没有这么简单 因为它要反向复制
So it's thrown out repeatedly in these loops and copied one section at a time, creating two new DNA molecules. 它要反复在这些圈里被推出 一次复制一段, 创造两个新的DNA分子
repeatedly:adv.反复地;再三地;屡次地; loops:n.[计]循环(loop复数); v.使...成环,以圈结,以环连结(loop的第三人称单数形式);
Now you have billions of this machine right now working away inside you, copying your DNA with exquisite fidelity . 现在你有成千上亿的机器 此时此刻就在你里面工作, 忠实细致地复制着你的DNA
exquisite:adj.精致的;细腻的;优美的,高雅的;异常的;剧烈的;n.服饰过于讲究的男子; fidelity:n.保真度;忠诚;精确;尽责;
It's an accurate representation, and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you. 这是个很精确的描述, 它的速度和你体内发生的正在进行的一样
I've left out error correction and a bunch of other things. 我没提一些更正和其它的
error correction:un.纠错;错误校正;误差校正;误差修正; a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆;
This was work from a number of years ago. 这是几年前的作品
Thank you. 谢谢！
This is work from a number of years ago, but what I'll show you next is updated science, it's updated technology. 这个是几年前的作品, 接下来我要给你们看的是最新的科学,最新的技术
updated:adj.更新的;现代化的;v.使现代化;更新;(update的过去分词和过去式)
So again, we begin with DNA. 我们再次从DNA开始
And it's jiggling and wiggling there because of the surrounding soup of molecules, which I've stripped away so you can see something. 因为周围被分子包围,它就不停摇摆扭动, 我揭开了所以你们看得到
jiggling:n.振动;抖动;v.急速移动;抖动;轻摇(jiggle的ing形式); wiggling:v.(使)扭动,摆动,起伏;(wiggle的现在分词) stripped:adj.剥去的;v.剥夺;脱衣;把…剪成条状;(strip的过去式和过去分词)
DNA is about two nanometers across, which is really quite tiny. DNA大约有两个纳米宽, 真的是非常小
nanometers:n.[计量]毫微米(即十亿分之一米);
But in each one of your cells, each strand of DNA is about 30 to 40 million nanometers long. 在你的每一个细胞里, 每条DNA大约是3至4千万纳米长
So to keep the DNA organized and regulate access to the genetic code, it's wrapped around these purple proteins -- or I've labeled them purple here. 为了保持DNA有组织有规律地到达遗传密码, 它是被这些紫色的蛋白质包着-- 这是我是用了紫色
organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) regulate:v.调节;控制; wrapped:adj.极高兴的;十分满意的;v.用…包裹;用…缠绕;(wrap的过去分词和过去式) purple:n.紫色;紫袍;v.变紫;使成紫色;adj.紫色的;华丽的文辞; proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); labeled:adj.有标签的; v.示踪; (label的过去分词和过去式)
It's packaged up and bundled up. 它打好包,打好捆
bundled:v.捆绑(bundle的过去分词);包;归拢;把…撵走;adj.捆绑的;附带的;
All this field of view is a single strand of DNA. 这里看到的是单条的DNA
This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome . 这一大包的DNA叫做染色体
chromosome:n.[遗][细胞][染料]染色体(形容词chromosomal,副词chromosomally);
And we'll come back to chromosomes in a minute. 我们过会再回来讲染色体
chromosomes:n.[遗][细胞][染料]染色体(chromosome的复数形式);
We're pulling out, we're zooming out, out through a nuclear pore , which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA called the nucleus . 我们拉出来,拉远缩小, 通过核膜孔拉出来, 核膜孔是通往储存DNA包厢的通道 称为细胞核
nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的; pore:vi.细想;凝视;熟读;n.气孔;小孔;vt.使注视; compartment:n.[建]隔间;区划;卧车上的小客房;vt.分隔;划分; nucleus:n.核,核心;原子核;
All of this field of view is about a semester's worth of biology, and I've got seven minutes. 这里所看到的 够上一个学期的生物课,我把它压缩成7分钟
So we're not going to be able to do that today? 所以今天我们能不能讲那么细呢？
No, I'm being told, "No." 不能的,我被告知,不能的
This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope. 这里是在光学显微镜下看到的活细胞
And it's been filmed under time-lapse , which is why you can see it moving. 因为是採用慢速摄影,所以你们能看到它在动
time-lapse:adj.延时的;定时的;
The nuclear envelope breaks down. 核膜打开了
envelope:n.信封,封皮;包膜;[天]包层;包迹;
These sausage-shaped things are the chromosomes, and we'll focus on them. 这些形状像香肠的是染色体,我们集中讲一下他们
They go through this very striking motion that is focused on these little red spots. 它们通过非常明显的运动 集中在这些小红点上
motion:n.动作;移动;手势;请求;意向;议案;v.运动;打手势;
When the cell feels it's ready to go, it rips apart the chromosome. 当细胞准备好了, 它就脱离染色体
rips:v.撕破;突然拉开;割开;(rip的第三人称单数)
One set of DNA goes to one side, the other side gets the other set of DNA -- identical copies of DNA. 一组DNA去这一边, 另一组DNA就去另一边 DNA的复制一模一样
identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物;
And then the cell splits down the middle. 接下来,细胞在中间分裂
And again, you have billions of cells undergoing this process right now inside of you. 同样,你有成千上亿的细胞 此时此刻在你体内正在做这个工序
undergoing:v.经历,经受(变化、不快的事等);(undergo的现在分词)
Now we're going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes and look at its structure and describe it. 我们再回来看染色体 看看它的结构来讲述一下
rewind:n.重绕;倒带器;vt.倒回;重绕;vi.倒回;重绕; describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;
So again, here we are at that equator moment. 我们现在是赤道时刻
The chromosomes line up. 染色体们排着队
And if we isolate just one chromosome, we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure. 如果我们分出一条染色体, 我们把它拿出来看看它的结构
isolate:v.孤立; n.[微]分离菌; have a look at:看一看,看一眼;
So this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have, at least as far as we've discovered so far inside of us. 这是你拥有的最大分子结构之一, 至少是至今我们发现的我们体内的
structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); as far as:至于…;
So this is a single chromosome. 这是个单条染色体
And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome. 每条染色体有两条DNA
One is bundled up into one sausage . 一条卷起来进到一条香肠里
sausage:香肠,腊肠,
The other strand is bundled up into the other sausage. 另一条卷起来进到另一条香肠里
These things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell. 这些像胡须的东西从另一头伸出来 它们是细胞的动态支架
whiskers:n.胡须,腮须(whisker的复数); v.使…有须; dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; scaffolding:n.脚手架;搭脚手架的材料;
They're called mircrotubules. That name's not important. 他们称作微管。名字并不重要
But what we're going to focus on is this red region -- I've labeled it red here -- and it's the interface between the dynamic scaffolding and the chromosomes. 我们要集中在这个红色区域,我把它标成红色 这是个接口 介于动态支架和染色体之间
interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接;
It is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes. 很显然,它是染色体运动的中枢
We have no idea really as to how it's achieving that movement. 我们也搞不懂它到底是怎么运动的
We've been studying this thing they call the kinetochore for over a hundred years with intense study, and we're still just beginning to discover what it's all about. 我们一直在研究一种叫动力球的东西 认真研究了上百年, 我们发现它仍处在初级阶段
kinetochore:n.[遗]动粒,[遗]着丝粒; intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的;
It is made up of about 200 different types of proteins, thousands of proteins in total. 它由大约200种不同的蛋白质组成, 总共有上千种蛋白质
made up of:由…组成,由…构成;
It is a signal broadcasting system. 它是一个信号传播系统
It broadcasts through chemical signals telling the rest of the cell when it's ready, when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go for the separation of the chromosomes. 它通过化学信号传播 告诉其它的细胞它准备好了, 当它觉得事情都准备好了 为了染色体的分裂
aligned:adj.对齐的;均衡的;v.结盟(align的过去式);使成一直线; separation:n.分离;分开;分割;隔离;
It is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules . 它能够把成长的和缩小的微管连接起来
shrinking:v.(使)缩水,收缩,缩小,退缩;(shrink的现在分词) microtubules:n.[细胞]微管(microtubule的复数形式);
It's involved with the growing of the microtubules, and it's able to transiently couple onto them. 它也参与微管的成长, 它能暂时连接它们
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) transiently:仅持续片刻地;
It's also an attention sensing system. 它也是个能感觉注意力的系统
It's able to feel when the cell is ready, when the chromosome is correctly positioned. 它能感觉到什么时候细胞准备好了, 什么时候染色体位置正确
It's turning green here because it feels that everything is just right. 这里变成绿色 因为它感觉样样都对
And you'll see, there's this one little last bit that's still remaining red. 你会看到,这里有一点点 还是红色
And it's walked away down the microtubules. 它在微管下面走开了
That is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal. 这是信号传播系统发出停止的信号
And it's walked away. I mean, it's that mechanical . 它走开了,我的意思是,它是机械的
mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的;
It's molecular clockwork . 分子式钟表装置
clockwork:n.发条装置;钟表装置;
This is how you work at the molecular scale. 这就是在分子比例层的工作
So with a little bit of molecular eye candy , we've got kinesins, which are the orange ones. 有点分子式的华而不实, 我们还有驱动蛋白,是这些橙色的
eye candy:华而不实的东西;
They're little molecular courier molecules walking one way. 它们是分子的信差,单向行走
courier:n.导游;情报员,通讯员;送快信的人;
And here are the dynein . They're carrying that broadcasting system. 这里是动力蛋白。它们携带者传播系统
dynein:n.动力蛋白;
And they've got their long legs so they can step around obstacles and so on. 它们有长长的腿,能跨越障碍物
obstacles:n.障碍;障碍物;阻碍;(obstacle的复数形式)
So again, this is all derived accurately from the science. 同样地,从科学的角度来说 所有这些都很精确
derived:adj.导出的;衍生的,派生的;v.得到;推断(derive的过去分词);由…而来; accurately:adv.精确地,准确地;
The problem is we can't show it to you any other way. 问题是我们不能用别的方法展示给你们看
Exploring at the frontier of science, at the frontier of human understanding, is mind-blowing . 用人类的领悟力的前沿, 来探索科学的前沿, 太令人兴奋了
Exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词) mind-blowing:adj.使兴奋的;引起幻觉的;
Discovering this stuff is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science. 去发现这些东西 确实是在科学领域工作的令人愉快的奖励
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: pleasurable:adj.快乐的;心情舒畅的;令人愉快的; incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的;
But most medical researchers -- discovering the stuff is simply steps along the path to the big goals, which are to eradicate disease , to eliminate the suffering and the misery that disease causes and to lift people out of poverty . 但,大多数的医学研究者们, 发现这种东西 只是通往远大目标的简单步骤, 那就是根除疾病, 减少疾病造成的痛苦和不幸 带人脱离贫困
eradicate:vt.根除,根绝;消灭; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; eliminate:v.消除;排除; misery:n.痛苦,悲惨;不幸;苦恼;穷困; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
Thank you. 谢谢！
(Applause) （掌声）