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DorothyRoberts_2015P-_基于种族的药品的危害_
15 years ago, I volunteered to participate in a research study that involved a genetic test. 我选择哪一个种族身份 基因检测的学术研究。
volunteered:v.自愿做;义务做;自愿参军;(volunteer的过去分词和过去式) participate:v.参加;参与; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的;
When I arrived at the clinic to be tested, 当我到了医院,准备接受检测时,
clinic:n.诊所;临床实习;(医院的)门诊部;门诊时间;
I was handed a questionnaire . 有人给了我一份问卷。
questionnaire:n.问卷;调查表;
One of the very first questions asked me to check a box for my race: 最开头的几个问题中有一个让我选择自己的种族:
White, black, Asian, or Native American . 白人、黑人、亚洲人还是印第安人。
Native American:n.美洲土著居民;
I wasn't quite sure how to answer the question. 我不是很确定如何回答这个问题。
Was it aimed at measuring the diversity of research participants' social backgrounds? 它是为了衡量受试者的社会背景 多样化程度有多高吗？
diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化:
In that case, I would answer with my social identity , and check the box for "black." 这样的话,我就会写上我的社会身份, 在“黑人”那一栏里打个勾。
identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式;
But what if the researchers were interested in investigating some association between ancestry and the risk for certain genetic traits ? 但是假如研究者感兴趣的是 调查血统和某些基因特质之间的关系呢？
what if:如果…怎么办? investigating:v.调查;研究;审查;(investigate的现在分词) association:n.协会;关联;联想;交往; ancestry:n.祖先;血统; for certain:肯定地;确凿地; traits:n.特性,特质,性格(trait的复数);
In that case, wouldn't they want to know something about my ancestry, which is just as much European as African? 那样的话,他们大概就想知道我的血统, 也就是欧洲和非洲血统了吧？
And how could they make scientific findings about my genes if I put down my social identity as a black woman? 那么他们会对我的基因有怎样的研究结果, 如果我写上了 黑人女性 的社会身份？
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; findings:n.调查发现;判决;裁决;(finding的复数) genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
After all, I consider myself a black woman with a white father rather than a white woman with a black mother entirely for social reasons. 毕竟,我把自己当成一个有着白人父亲的黑人女性, 而不是当成一个有着黑人母亲的白人女性。 这完全是因为社会原因。
Which racial identity I check has nothing to do with my genes. 我选择哪一个种族身份 与我的基因是毫无关联的。
racial:adj.种族的;人种的;
Well, despite the obvious importance of this question to the study's scientific validity , 好吧,虽然这个问题 明明对这个研究的科学有效性很重要,
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; validity:n.[计]有效性;正确;正确性;
I was told, "Don't worry about it, just put down however you identify yourself." 但有人告诉我,“别在意这个, 你怎么看待自己,你就怎么选。”
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
So I check "black," 所以我就填上了“黑人”,
but I had no confidence in the results of a study that treated a critical variable so unscientifically. 但是我对这个研究的结果是没有信心的, 因为它以如此不严谨的方式对待一个关键的变量。
confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的; treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式) critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; variable:n.变量;可变因素;可变情况;adj.多变的;易变的;变化无常的;可更改的;
That personal experience with the use of race in genetic testing got me thinking: 这次把种族因素加入基因检测的个人经历 让我不禁思考起来:
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
Where else in medicine is race used to make false biological predictions ? 医药领域还有没有其他地方利用种族差异来做出错误的生物学推测结果？
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; predictions:n.预测,预言(prediction复数形式);
Well, I found out that race runs deeply throughout all of medical practice. 我发现,种族问题在整个医药行业都有很深的影响。
throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
It shapes physicians' diagnoses , measurements , treatments , prescriptions , even the very definition of diseases . 它会影响医生的诊断结果、 检测结果、医疗过程、 处方, 甚至连疾病的定义都有所不同。
diagnoses:n.诊断;调查分析;评价(diagnosis的复数形式); measurements:n.测量值,尺寸(measurement的复数); treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) prescriptions:n.医药处方,[医]药方(prescription复数形式); definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
And the more I found out, the more disturbed I became. 当我发现得越多,我就变得越不安。
disturbed:adj.不安的; v.干扰; (disturb的过去分词和过去式)
Sociologists like me have long explained that race is a social construction . 我们社会学家一直以来 都把种族解释为一种社会架构。
Sociologists:n.社会学家; construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句;
When we identify people as black, white, Asian, Native American, Latina, we're referring to social groupings with made up demarcations that have changed over time and vary around the world. 当我们把人们分为黑人、白人、亚洲人、 我们指的是一种社会团体, 它们有划定的界限,但也随时间推移而改变, 而且界限在世界各地有所不同。
referring:v.引用;提到;将…归因于…;把…提交;(refer的现在分词) groupings:n.组群(grouping的复数); demarcations:n.划分;划界;限界; vary:vi.变化;变异;违反;vt.改变;使多样化;变奏;
As a legal scholar , I've also studied how lawmakers , not biologists , have invented the legal definitions of races. 作为一个法学学者,我同样研究了 立法者,而不是生物学家, 是如何发明出种族的法律定义的。
legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; scholar:n.学者;奖学金获得者;聪颖勤奋的学生; lawmakers:立法者(lawmaker的复数); biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); definitions:n.[数]定义(definition的复数形式);
And it's not just the view of social scientists. 这还不只是社会科学家的观点。
You remember when the map of the human genome was unveiled at a White House ceremony in June 2000? 大家还记得人类基因组图 在2000年6月在白宫的一次典礼上初次展出的时候吗？
genome:n.基因组;染色体组; unveiled:adj.裸露的;公布于众的;v.公开(unveile的过去分词);原形毕露; White House:n.白宫(美国总统官邸,位于首都华盛顿); ceremony:n.典礼,仪式;礼节,礼仪;客套,虚礼;
President Bill Clinton famously declared, "I believe one of the great truths to emerge from this triumphant expedition inside the human genome is that in genetic terms, human beings, regardless of race, are more than 99.9 percent the same." 比尔·克林顿总统的那句着名的声明, “我相信,从这次对人类基因组的成功探索中 得出的一个伟大真理, 就是在基因的角度上, 全人类,不论种族的差异, 有超过99.9%是完全相同的。”
famously:adv.著名地;极好地; emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相; triumphant:adj.成功的;得意洋洋的;狂欢的; expedition:n.远征;探险队;迅速; regardless:adj.不管的; v.不顾后果地;
And he might have added that that less than one percent of genetic difference doesn't fall into racial boxes. 其实他本应该加一句, 那不到0.1%的基因组差异 并不属于种族的范畴。
Francis Collins, who led the Human Genome Project and now heads NIH, echoed President Clinton. 弗朗西斯·柯林斯,人类基因组计划的领导者, 现在是美国国家卫生研究院院长, 也附和了克林顿总统。
echoed:重复;
'"I am happy that today, the only race we're talking about is the human race ." “我非常高兴, 我们今天讨论的唯一种族是人类这个种族。”
human race:n.人类;
Doctors are supposed to practice evidence-based medicine, and they're increasingly called to join the genomic revolution . 医生们应该提供基于客观事实的诊疗方案, 越来越多医生也加入了基因组研究的革命。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) evidence-based:adj.基于证据的; increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; genomic:adj.基因组的;染色体的; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
But their habit of treating patients by race lags far behind. 但是他们依据种族差异对待病人的坏习惯拖了后腿。
treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) lags:n.延迟支付进口货款; v.落后于(lag的第三人称单数形式);
Take the estimate of glomerular filtration rate, or GFR. 举个例子, 肾小球滤过率,简称GFR。
estimate:v.估计;估算;估价;n.估价;(对大小、数量、成本等的)估计;估计的成本; glomerular:小球的;血管小球的; filtration:n.过滤;筛选;
Doctors routinely interpret GFR, this important indicator of kidney function, by race. 医生们常常把GFR的数值, 这个反映肾功能的重要指标,用种族加以解读。
routinely:adv.例行公事地;老一套地; interpret:v.诠释;说明;口译;把…理解为; indicator:n.指示器;[试剂]指示剂;[计]指示符;压力计; kidney:n.[解剖]肾脏;腰子;个性;
As you can see in this lab test, the exact same creatinine level, the concentration in the blood of the patient, automatically produces a different GFR estimate depending on whether or not the patient is African-American . 正如你们在这次实验报告里看到的, 完全一样的肌酸酐水平, 也就是病人血液中肌酸酐的浓度, 会自动产生不同的GFR估计值, 取决于病人是否是非裔美国人。
As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; creatinine:n.[生化]肌酸酐; concentration:n.浓度;含量;集中;专心; automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地;adj.不经思索的; whether or not:是否…; African-American:非洲裔美国人(指美国黑人);
Why? 为什么啊？
I've been told it's based on an assumption that African-Americans have more muscle mass than people of other races. 有人告诉过我,这是基于一种假设, 非裔美国人的肌肉总质量 比其他种族的人要多。
assumption:n.假定;设想;担任;采取; muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出; mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集;
But what sense does it make for a doctor to automatically assume 但是这又是什么道理？ 一个医生自然而然地就假设
assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现;
I have more muscle mass than that female bodybuilder ? 我比一个女健身爱好者有更多的肌肉？
female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; bodybuilder:n.健美运动者;锻炼肌肉者;
Wouldn't it be far more accurate and evidence-based to determine the muscle mass of individual patients just by looking at them? 要想以更准确、更基于客观事实的方式 来判断每个病人的肌肉质量, 直接看一眼不就可以了吗？
accurate:adj.精确的; determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
Well, doctors tell me they're using race as a shortcut . 医生们告诉我,他们把种族当作一种捷径。
shortcut:n.近路;捷径;快捷方式(图标);
It's a crude but convenient proxy for more important factors , like muscle mass, enzyme level, genetic traits they just don't have time to look for. 这是一个相对粗糙但很方便的替代方式, 它可以代表其它更重要的因素,比如肌肉质量、 酶水平、基因特质, 而这些都是他们没时间去检测的。
crude:adj.粗略的;简略的;大概的;粗糙的;n.原油;石油; convenient:adj.实用的;便利的;方便的; proxy:n.代理人;委托书;代用品; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商; enzyme:n.[生化]酶;
But race is a bad proxy. 但是种族是个很差的替代品。
In many cases, race adds no relevant information at all. 在很多情况下,种族根本不能提供任何相关的信息。
relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的;
It's just a distraction . 这只是个分散注意力的东西罢了。
distraction:n.注意力分散;消遣;心烦意乱;
But race also tends to overwhelm the clinical measures. 但是种族倾向于取代临床检测的数据。
overwhelm:v.压倒;难以禁受;击败;征服;淹没; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的;
It blinds doctors to patients' symptoms , family illnesses, their history, their own illnesses they might have -- all more evidence-based than the patient's race. 它让医生对病人的症状视而不见, 还包括家族疾病、 病人病史,还有自身可能患有的疾病的问题—— 这些都比病人的种族要更加客观。
symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数)
Race can't substitute for these important clinical measures without sacrificing patient well-being . 种族是不可以代替这些重要的临床数据的, 否则牺牲的是病人的健康。
substitute:v.取代;(以…)代替;n.代用品;代替物;代替者;替补(运动员); sacrificing:v.牺牲;献出;以(人或动物)作祭献;(sacrifice的现在分词) well-being:n.幸福;康乐;
Doctors also tell me race is just one of many factors they take into account , but there are numerous medical tests, like the GFR, that use race categorically to treat black, white, Asian patients differently just because of their race. 医生同样告诉我,种族只是 他们考虑的许多因素中的一个, 但是仍有很多的医学检测, 正如GFR一样, 是利用种族作为分类标准, 以不同方式诊疗黑人、白人、亚洲病人, 唯独因为他们种族不同。
take into account:考虑;重视;体谅; numerous:adj.许多的,很多的; categorically:adv.绝对地;直截了当地;
Race medicine also leaves patients of color especially vulnerable to harmful biases and stereotypes . 基于种族的药物也让有色人种特别容易受到 偏见与陈规陋习的伤害。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式); stereotypes:n.模式化观念(或形象); v.对…形成模式化(或类型化)的看法; (stereotype的第三人称单数和复数)
Black and Latino patients are twice as likely to receive no pain medication as whites for the same painful long bone fractures because of stereotypes that black and brown people feel less pain, exaggerate their pain, and are predisposed to drug addiction . 黑人和拉丁美洲病人, 不被给予止痛药物的几率是白人的两倍, 即便都要承受同样的长骨骨折的痛苦。 这都是因为一种成见, 认为黑人和棕色皮肤的人痛感相对更弱, 而且会夸大自己的痛感, 或者是容易对药物产生依赖性。
Latino:adj.拉丁美洲的;拉丁美洲人的;n.拉丁美洲人; medication:n.药;药物; painful:adj.痛苦的;疼痛的;令人不快的; fractures:v.(使)断裂,折断,破裂;(使)分裂;(fracture的第三人称单数) exaggerate:v.夸大;夸张;言过其实; predisposed:adj.先有倾向的,先有意向的; v.预先有倾向的; addiction:n.瘾;嗜好;入迷;
The Food and Drug Administration has even approved a race-specific medicine. 美国食品药监局甚至通过了一种针对特定种族的药品。
approved:adj.被正式接受的,被正式认可的; v.赞成; (approve的过去分词和过去式)
It's a pill called BiDil to treat heart failure in self-identified African-American patients. 它是一种叫做BiDil的胶囊, 专门治疗自我认定为非裔美国人心脏衰竭的问题。
pill:n.[医]药丸;药品; heart failure:n.心力衰竭;
A cardiologist developed this drug without regard to race or genetics , but it became convenient for commercial reasons to market the drug to black patients. 一位心脏学家开发出这种药品 但是从商业角度来看,这样做很方便, 可以更容易地把药品销售给黑人。
cardiologist:n.心脏病学家;心脏病科医师; genetics:n.遗传学; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告;
The FDA then allowed the company, the drug company, to test the efficacy in a clinical trial that only included African-American subjects. 食品药监局后来又同意了 那个制药公司, 在临床试验中测试药品的功效, 但是受试对象只有非裔美国人。
efficacy:n.功效,效力;
It speculated that race stood in as a proxy for some unknown genetic factor that affects heart disease or response to drugs. 根据实验结果推测, 种族可作为替代品是因为存在某种未知的基因因素 会影响心脏疾病, 或者是让人对药品产生不同反应。
speculated:v.推测;猜测;推断;投机;做投机买卖;(speculate的过去分词和过去式) response:n.响应;反应;回答;
But think about the dangerous message it sent, that black people's bodies are so substandard , a drug tested in them is not guaranteed to work in other patients. 但是想想,这传递的是多么危险的信号: 黑人的身体标准是如此的低, 在他们身上测试过的药品 都不能保证能在其他人身上起作用。
substandard:adj.不合规格的;标准以下的; guaranteed:adj.必然的; v.保证;
In the end, the drug company's marketing scheme failed. 结果,那个制药公司的营销策略失败了。
scheme:n.计划;方案;体系;体制;阴谋;v.密谋;图谋;想;认为;
For one thing , black patients were understandably wary of using a drug just for black people. 原因就是,黑人们对一种只有黑人能用的药品 是非常警惕的,这很容易理解。
For one thing:首先;一则; understandably:adv.可理解地; wary:adj.谨慎的;机警的;惟恐的;考虑周到的;
One elderly black woman stood up in a community meeting and shouted, "Give me what the white people are taking!" 有一位年长的黑人女性在社区集会上站起来大喊, “把白人吃的药给我拿过来！”
elderly:adj.上了年纪的;过了中年的;稍老的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
(Laughter) (笑声)
And if you find race-specific medicine surprising, wait until you learn that many doctors in the United States still use an updated version of a diagnostic tool 如果你觉得针对种族的药品很令人惊讶, 那么你还要知道 美国有很多的医生 都仍在使用一种改进版的 诊断方法,
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) updated:adj.更新的;现代化的;v.使现代化;更新;(update的过去分词和过去式) diagnostic:adj.诊断的;特征的;n.诊断法;诊断结论;
that was developed by a physician during the slavery era, a diagnostic tool that is tightly linked to justifications for slavery. 最早是由奴隶社会时期的一位外科医生所发明的, 这种诊断方法跟奴役的合法化 有着非常紧密的联系。
physician:n.[医]医师;内科医师; slavery:n.奴隶制;奴隶身份;蓄奴;adj.流口水的;被口水弄脏的; tightly:adv.紧紧地;坚固地; justifications:n.理由;辩护;认为有理,认为正当;释罪;
Dr. Samuel Cartwright graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. 塞缪尔·卡特赖特医生毕业于 宾夕法尼亚大学医学院。
Cartwright:n.车匠;修车工; Pennsylvania:n.宾夕法尼亚州(美国州名);
He practiced in the Deep South before the Civil War, and he was a well-known expert on what was then called " Negro medicine." 他在美国内战之前在美国东南部工作, 是当时称作“黑奴药品”领域的一位着名专家。
Deep South:n.美国南部诸州(尤指佐治亚、亚拉巴马、密西西比、路易斯安那和南卡罗来纳州); Civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; well-known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的; Negro:n.黑人;adj.黑人的;
He promoted the racial concept of disease, that people of different races suffer from different diseases and experience common diseases differently. 他推广了疾病的种族概念, 声称不同的种族会遭受不同的疾病, 而且对普通疾病的感受也有所不同。
promoted:v.促进:促销:提升:(promote的过去分词和过去式)
Cartwright argued in the 1850s that slavery was beneficial for black people for medical reasons. 卡特赖特在19世纪50年代曾表示, 奴役对黑人来说其实是有益的, 这是有医学依据的。
beneficial:adj.有益的,有利的;可享利益的;
He claimed that because black people have lower lung capacity than whites, forced labor was good for them. 他声称,因为黑人的肺活量低于白人, 所以强制劳动对他们有好处。
claimed:v.宣称;声称;断言;索取;认领;索要(claim的过去分词和过去式) capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力;
He wrote in a medical journal , "It is the red vital blood sent to the brain that liberates their minds when under the white man's control, and it is the want of sufficiency of red vital blood that chains their minds to ignorance and barbarism when in freedom." 他在一本医学日志中写道, “当他们受白人奴役,至关重要的新鲜血液流经大脑时, 他们的思想才能获得解放, 而当他们自由时,大脑得不到充足的新鲜血液, 会让他们变得无知和野蛮。”
journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报; vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的; liberates:vt.解放;放出;释放; sufficiency:n.足量,充足;自满; ignorance:n.无知,愚昧;不知,不懂; barbarism:n.野蛮;原始;未开化;暴虐;
To support this theory, Cartwright helped to perfect a medical device for measuring breathing called the spirometer to show the presumed deficiency in black people's lungs. 为了支持这个理论,卡特赖特协助完善了 一个称为肺活量计的用于监测呼吸的医学仪器, 试图展现黑人肺部所谓的“缺陷”。
device:n.装置;策略;图案; spirometer:n.呼吸量计,[生理]肺活量计; presumed:adj.假定的;推测的;v.假定(presume的过去分词和过去式); deficiency:n.缺陷,缺点;缺乏;不足的数额;
Today, doctors still uphold Cartwright's claim the black people as a race have lower lung capacity than white people. 现在,医生们依然支持卡特赖特的理论, 认为黑人整个种族 都比白人肺活量更低。
uphold:v.支撑;鼓励;赞成;举起;
Some even use a modern day spirometer that actually has a button labeled "race" 有些人使用的一种现代的肺活量计, 仪器上竟然有一个标着“种族”的按钮,
labeled:adj.有标签的; v.示踪; (label的过去分词和过去式)
so the machine adjusts the measurement for each patient according to his or her race. 让仪器根据每个病人的种族 来调整检测的结果。
adjusts:(改变…以)适应,调整,校正(adjust的第三人称单数); according to:根据,据说;
It's a well-known function called "correcting for race." 这是个有名的功能,叫做“种族校正”。
The problem with race medicine extends far beyond misdiagnosing patients. 种族药物的危害远不止对病人的误诊。
extends:v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;延长;使延期;(extend的第三人称单数) misdiagnosing:vt.错误地或判断,断定;vi.错误地诊断;
Its focus on innate racial differences in disease diverts attention and resources from the social determinants that cause appalling racial gaps in health: lack of access to high-quality medical care; food deserts in poor neighborhoods; exposure to environmental toxins; high rates of incarceration; and experiencing the stress of racial discrimination . 它对疾病先天性、种族性差异的强调, 使得对其他社会决定因素的注意力和资源发生了转移, 而这些因素都 导致了种族间医疗水平的惊人差异: 高水平医疗的匮乏; 贫困社区的食物紧缺问题; 与环境中的毒素的接触; 极高的监禁率; 还有种族歧视的种种压力。
innate:adj.先天的;固有的;与生俱来的; diverts:n.呼叫转移;v.转移(divert的第三人称单数); resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); determinants:n.决定因素(determinant的复数);[数]行列式; appalling:adj.可怕的;令人震惊的;v.使惊愕;惊吓;(appal的现在分词) gaps:n.差异,缺口;缝隙(gap的复数形式);v.裂开;使豁裂(gap的第三人称单数形式); high-quality:adj.高质量的; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; discrimination:n.歧视;区别,辨别;识别力;
You see, race is not a biological category that naturally produces these health disparities because of genetic difference. 可以看到,种族不属于生物学分类, 它不会因为基因差异 自然地导致医疗水平的差异。
category:n.种类,分类;[数]范畴; naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; disparities:不一致(disparity的复数);
Race is a social category that has staggering biological consequences , but because of the impact of social inequality on people's health. 种族应该是一个社会学分类, 却在生物学领域产生了非常严重的后果, 社会不平等问题会对民众健康造成直接冲击。
staggering:adj.惊人的; v.蹒跚; (stagger的现在分词) consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数); impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
Yet race medicine pretends the answer to these gaps in health can be found in a race-specific pill. 然而种族药品让我们误以为这些健康差异问题 只需一粒指定种族的胶囊来解决。
It's much easier and more lucrative to market a technological fix for these gaps in health than to deal with the structural inequities that produce them. 更简单、更有利可图的方式 是把解决医疗差异的技术问题 通过市场营销来解决, 而不是对付真正产生差异的社会架构不平等问题。
lucrative:adj.有利可图的,赚钱的;合算的; technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; structural:adj.结构的;建筑的; inequities:n.不公平待遇(inequity的复数形式);
The reason I'm so passionate about ending race medicine isn't just because it's bad medicine. 我如此热衷于禁止种族药物的工作, 绝不仅是因为它是一种不好的药物。
passionate:adj.热情的;热烈的,激昂的;易怒的;
I'm also on this mission because the way doctors practice medicine continues to promote a false and toxic view of humanity . 我执行这个使命 是因为医生们从事医药行业的方式, 一直在宣传一种错误、有害的人道观念。
mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教; toxic:adj.有毒的;中毒的; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
Despite the many visionary breakthroughs in medicine we've been learning about, there's a failure of imagination when it comes to race. 除去我们所了解的那么多富有远见的医药学突破, 在涉及种族问题的时候, 人们的想象力突然丧失了。
visionary:adj.梦想的;幻影的;n.空想家;梦想者;有眼力的人; breakthroughs:突破; imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物;
Would you imagine with me, just a moment: 大家跟我一起想象一下:
What would happen if doctors stopped treating patients by race? 如果医生不再依据种族来给病人看病,会发生什么事呢？
Suppose they rejected an 18th-century classification system and incorporated instead the most advanced knowledge of human genetic diversity and unity, that human beings cannot be categorized into biological races? 假如,他们不再采用 一个18世纪的分类系统, 而是利用当今最先进的知识, 有关人类基因多样性和统一性的知识, 最终得出人类不能被简单分类成生物学种族的结论？
rejected:adj.被拒的;不合格的;v.拒绝,驳回;(reject的过去式和过去分词) classification:n.分类;分级;分类法;归类; incorporated:adj.合并的; v.合并; advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) categorized:adj.分类的;v.分类(categorize的过去式);
What if, instead of using race as a crude proxy for some more important factor, doctors actually investigated and addressed that more important factor? 假如,我们不再用种族来粗糙地替代 其它更为重要的因素, 而且医生也开始仔细检测和采纳那些更为重要的因素,会怎么样呢？
investigated:v.侦查;调查;研究;(investigate的过去分词和过去式) addressed:v.写(收信人)姓名地址:致函:演说:演讲:向…说话; (address的过去分词和过去式)
What if doctors joined the forefront of a movement to end the structural inequities caused by racism , not by genetic difference? 又假如,医生们都加入了革命的前线, 去终结由种族歧视, 而非基因导致的 社会结构的不平等性,又会如何呢？
forefront:n.最前线,最前部;活动的中心; racism:n.种族主义,种族歧视;人种偏见;
Race medicine is bad medicine, it's poor science and it's a false interpretation of humanity. 种族药品是很拙劣的药品, 它是一种伪科学, 而且是对人道的一种错误解读。
interpretation:n.解释;翻译;演出;
It is more urgent than ever to finally abandon this backward legacy and to affirm our common humanity by ending the social inequalities that truly divide us. 迫在眉睫的是, 要彻底摒弃这些落后的历史遗留产物, 并且让我们的人道主义思想深深扎根, 打破人与人之间真正的壁垒——即社会的不平等现象。
urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; abandon:n.狂热;放任;v.遗弃;放弃; backward:adj.向后的;反向的;发展迟缓的;adv.向后地;相反地; legacy:n.遗赠,遗产; affirm:vt.肯定;断言;vi.确认;断言; inequalities:n.[数]不等式;不均等,不平衡;不平坦(inequality的复数形式);
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) (鼓掌)
Thank you. Thanks. 谢谢大家。谢谢。
Thank you. 谢谢你们。