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DollyChugh_2018S-_如何放弃做一个“好人”，从而成为一个更好的人_
So a friend of mine was riding in a taxi to the airport the other day , and on the way, she was chatting with the taxi driver, and he said to her, with total sincerity , "I can tell you are a really good person." 某天,我的一位朋友乘出租车去机场。 在路上,她跟出租车司机闲聊, 他用非常真诚的语气对她说: “我看得出你是个好人。”
airport:n.机场;航空港; the other day:不久前某一天;几天以前; sincerity:n.真实,诚挚;
And when she told me this story later, she said she couldn't believe how good it made her feel, that it meant a lot to her. 当她后来告诉我这个故事时, 她说这让她感到无比的开心, 那句话对她的意义重大。
Now that may seem like a strong reaction from my friend to the words of a total stranger, but she's not alone. 这看起来像是我朋友对陌生人话语的 一种强烈反应, 但她并非特例。
reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
I'm a social scientist . 我是一个社会科学家。
social scientist:n.社会科学家;
I study the psychology of good people, and research in my field says many of us care deeply about feeling like a good person and being seen as a good person. 我研究关于好人的心理学, 这个领域的研究显示, 大家对自认为是“好人”, 和被他人视为”好人“ 的感觉颇为在意。
psychology:n.心理学;心理状态;
Now, your definition of "good person" and your definition of "good person" 你对“好人”的定义, 或是你对“好人”的定义,
definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释;
and maybe the taxi driver's definition of "good person" -- we may not all have the same definition, but within whatever our definition is, that moral identity is important to many of us. 可能跟出租车司机定义的“好人”不同, 我们也许没有相同的定义, 但不管我们的定义是什么, 这种道德认同对我们很多人都很重要。
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式;
Now, if somebody challenges it, like they question us for a joke we tell, or maybe we say our workforce is homogenous , or a slippery business expense , we go into red-zone defensiveness a lot of the time. 如果有人挑战这个事实, 比如他质疑我们讲的笑话, 或者他说我们的劳动是同质的, 或者是一笔狡猾的商业支出, 我们在这些时候会 进入一种“红区警戒”状态。
workforce:n.劳动大军;全体员工; homogenous:adj.[生物]同质的;同类的; slippery:adj.滑的;狡猾的;不稳定的; expense:n.费用;开支;花费;开销; defensiveness:n.防御;防御性;
I mean, sometimes we call out all the ways in which we help people from marginalized groups, or we donate to charity , or the hours we volunteer to nonprofits . 我的意思是,有时候我们会用 各种方式来帮助那些处于社会边缘的人, 或者向慈善组织捐赠, 或者自愿成为非营利组织的义工。
marginalized:使边缘化;忽略;排斥(marginalize的过去式和过去分词); donate:v.赠送;献(血);捐献(器官); charity:n.慈善;施舍;慈善团体;宽容;施舍物; volunteer:n.志愿者;志愿兵;adj.志愿的;v.自愿; nonprofits:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的;
We work to protect that good person identity. 我们努力捍卫这种好人的身份,
It's important to many of us. 这对我们多数人都很重要。
But what if I told you this? 但如果我告诉你们,
what if:如果…怎么办?
What if I told you that our attachment to being good people is getting in the way of us being better people? 我们对做好人的向往 会阻止我们成为更好的人呢？
attachment:n.附件;依恋;连接物;扣押财产; in the way of:妨碍;关于…方面;
What if I told you that our definition of "good person" is so narrow , it's scientifically impossible to meet? 如果我告诉你们, 我们对“好人”的定义很狭隘, 在科学角度上是无法实现的呢？
narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分; scientifically:adv.系统地;合乎科学地;学问上;
And what if I told you the path to being better people just begins with letting go of being a good person? 又如果我告诉们,你成为更好的人的路径 只需从抛弃做一个好人开始呢？
Now, let me tell you a little bit about the research about how the human mind works to explain. 那么,让我告诉你们一些 有关人类大脑是如何运作的研究, 来解释我的说法。
The brain relies on shortcuts to do a lot of its work. 大脑依靠捷径完成很多工作,
relies:信任; shortcuts:n.近路;捷径;快捷方式(图标);(shortcut的复数)
That means a lot of the time, your mental processes are taking place outside of your awareness , like in low-battery, low-power mode in the back of your mind. 这意味着大部分时间, 你的思维过程发生在你的意识之外, 就像大脑处于低电量、低功耗模式下。
mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道;
That's, in fact, the premise of bounded rationality . 其实,这是“有限理性”的前提。
premise:n.前提;假定;v.假定;预述(条件等);引导(论述等);; rationality:n.合理性;合理的行动;
Bounded rationality is the Nobel Prize-winning idea that the human mind has limited storage resources , limited processing power, and as a result , it relies on shortcuts to do a lot of its work. “有限理性”是诺贝尔奖得主的观点, 人类大脑的存储资源是有限的, 处理能力是有限的, 因此,它依靠捷径来完成很多工作。
Prize-winning:获奖的; limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词) as a result:结果;
So for example, some scientists estimate that in any given moment ... 所以举个例子, 有些科学家估计在任何时刻…
estimate:v.估计;估算;估价;n.估价;(对大小、数量、成本等的)估计;估计的成本;
Better, better click, right? There we go. 比如打个响指的瞬间, 再来一次,这下打响了吧?
(Laughter) （笑声）
At any given moment, 11 million pieces of information are coming into your mind. 在任意一个瞬间, 数以千万计的信息会涌入你的大脑。
Eleven million. 整整1100万。
And only 40 of them are being processed consciously . 而其中只有四十个被有意识地处理。
processed:v.加工,处理;审核;列队行进;(process的过去式和过去分词) consciously:adv.自觉地;有意识地;
So 11 million, 40. 所以 1100万 和 40 做下对比。
I mean, has this ever happened to you? 你有没有经历过这样的事？
Have you ever had a really busy day at work, and you drive home, and when you get in the door, you realize you don't even remember the drive home, like whether you had green lights or red lights. 在工作超忙的一天, 你开车回家, 到家门口时, 发现你甚至不记得驾车时的事, 比如是否过了红灯或绿灯。
You don't even remember. You were on autopilot . 你甚至不记得这些。 你当时相当于是在“自动驾驶”模式下。
autopilot:n.[航]自动驾驶仪(等于automaticpilot);
Or have you ever opened the fridge, looked for the butter, swore there is no butter, and then realized the butter was right in front of you the whole time? 或者你有没有开过冰箱, 寻找黄油, 发誓没有黄油的痕迹, 然后才意识到黄油一直就在你面前？
These are the kinds of " whoops " moments that make us giggle , and this is what happens in a brain that can handle 11 million pieces of information coming in with only 40 being processed consciously. 这些都是回想起来 让我们觉得好笑的时刻, 这就是大脑为了应付 1100万条涌进来的信息, 但只有 40 条被有意识处理时所发生的事。
whoops:n.高喊,大叫;v.高喊,喊叫;(whoop的第三人称单数和复数) giggle:v.傻笑;咯咯地笑;n.吃吃的笑; handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸;
That's the bounded part of bounded rationality. 这就是“有限理性 的有限部分。
This work on bounded rationality is what's inspired work I've done with my collaborators 这个关于有限理性的研究 提供了我和我的搭档
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数);
Max Bazerman and Mahzarin Banaji, on what we call bounded ethicality . 马克斯 · 巴泽曼 和 马扎林 · 巴纳吉 研究“有限道德”的灵感来源。
ethicality:n.伦理性;
So it's the same premise as bounded rationality, that we have a human mind that is bounded in some sort of way and relying on shortcuts, and that those shortcuts can sometimes lead us astray . 这和“有限理性”的前提是一样的, 我们的大脑是受束缚的, 它需要依赖捷径, 并且这个捷径有时候会让我们误入歧途。
relying:v.依赖;信任;指望(rely的现在分词); astray:adv.误入歧途地;迷途地;迷路;adj.迷路的;离开正道的;不对头的;
With bounded rationality, perhaps it affects the cereal we buy in the grocery store, or the product we launch in the boardroom . 考虑到人的有限理性, 可能它会影响我们在杂货店买的麦片, 或者我们在会议室推出的产品。
cereal:n.谷物;谷类植物;adj.谷类制成的; grocery:n.食品杂货店;食品杂货; launch:v.发射(导弹,火箭等); n.发射; boardroom:n.会议室;交换场所;
With bounded ethicality, the human mind, the same human mind, is making decisions, and here, it's about who to hire next, or what joke to tell or that slippery business decision. 当“有限道德”发生时,人类的大脑, 如同有限理性一样, 在做出决策。 比如 要雇佣谁？ 去讲什么笑话？ 或是那个狡猾的商业决策。
So let me give you an example of bounded ethicality at work. 那么让我给你们一个有限道德 体现在工作中的案例。
Unconscious bias is one place where we see the effects of bounded ethicality. “无意识偏见”是 “有限道德”体现出的一个方面。
Unconscious:adj.无意识的;失去知觉的;未发觉的; bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的;
So unconscious bias refers to associations we have in our mind, the shortcuts your brain is using to organize information, very likely outside of your awareness, not necessarily lining up with your conscious beliefs. “无意识偏见”指我们大脑中的联想, 那些大脑用来组织信息的捷径, 很可能在你的意识之外, 不一定会符合你的意识信念。
refers:v.谈及;提到;提及;涉及;描述;(refer的第三人称单数) associations:n.协会,[遗]关联(association复数);关联分析,协会组织; organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
Researchers Nosek, Banaji and Greenwald have looked at data from millions of people, and what they've found is, for example, most white Americans can more quickly and easily associate white people and good things than black people and good things, 研究者 诺斯,巴纳吉 和 格林沃尔德 看过了数百万人的数据, 他们发现的是,例如: 多数美国白人能够更快和更轻松地 把白人和好事联系起来, 而非黑人和好事,
associate:v.联合:联想:交往:adj.非正式的:副的:联合的:n.伙伴:同事:
and most men and women can more quickly and easily associate men and science than women and science. 而且多数人更倾向于 把男性跟科学家联系起来, 而不是把女性和科学家联系起来。
And these associations don't necessarily line up with what people consciously think. 而这些联系不一定 与人们有意识的想法一致。
They may have very egalitarian views, in fact. 事实上,他们可能有非常平等的观点。
egalitarian:adj.平等主义的;n.平等主义;平等主义者;
So sometimes, that 11 million and that 40 just don't line up. 所以有时候,1100万与40 的 对比并不是很合理。
And here's another example: conflicts of interest. 这是另外一个例子: 利益冲突。
conflicts:n.冲突; v.抵触;
So we tend to underestimate how much a small gift -- imagine a ballpoint pen or dinner -- how much that small gift can affect our decision making. 我们往往会低估一个小礼物的作用—— 比如一支圆珠笔或一顿晚餐—— 这个小礼物能对我们的决策 产生多大的影响。
underestimate:v.低估;看轻;n.低估; ballpoint:n.圆珠笔;
We don't realize that our mind is unconsciously lining up evidence to support the point of view of the gift-giver, no matter how hard we're consciously trying to be objective and professional . 我们意识不到自己的大脑 会无意识地收集证据 来支持送礼人的观点, 无论我们多么努力地保持客观和专业。
unconsciously:adv.不知不觉;无意识地; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; point of view:观点;见地;立场; objective:n.目标; adj.客观的; professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员;
We also see bounded ethicality -- despite our attachment to being good people, we still make mistakes, and we make mistakes that sometimes hurt other people, that sometimes promote injustice , despite our best attempts , and we explain away our mistakes rather than learning from them. 我们也能看到有界的道德—— 即便我们希望当一个好人, 我们仍会犯错, 我们犯的错误有时候会伤害他人, 有时候会促进不公, 尽管我们尽了最大的努力, 我们还为自己的错误辩解, 而不是从中学习。
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升; injustice:n.不公正;不讲道义; attempts:n.企图,试图;尝试(attempt的复数);v.试图;努力去做(attempt的三单形式); explain away:搪塞,辩解;
Like, for example, when I got an email from a female student in my class saying that a reading I had assigned , a reading I had been assigning for years, was sexist . 比如说, 有天我收到了班上女同学的电邮, 说我布置的阅读材料, 这个我指定了好些年的阅读材料, 有性别歧视。
female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; assigned:v.分配(某物);分派;指定;委派;(assign的过去分词和过去式) assigning:v.分派;设定(assign的ing形式); sexist:n.性别歧视者;男性至上主义者;adj.性别主义者的;性别歧视者的;
Or when I confused two students in my class of the same race -- look nothing alike -- when I confused them for each other more than once, in front of everybody. 或者当我把班上同种族的 两个学生弄混时—— 他们俩看起来一点也不像—— 当我在大家面前, 不止一次把他们弄混时。
confused:adj.困惑的; v.使糊涂; (confuse的过去分词和过去式)
These kinds of mistakes send us, send me, into red-zone defensiveness. 这些类型的错误让我们……让我, 进入了”红色警戒区“。
They leave us fighting for that good person identity. 它们让我们为好人的身份而战。
But the latest work that I've been doing on bounded ethicality with Mary Kern says that we're not only prone to mistakes -- that tendency towards mistakes depends on how close we are to that red zone. 但是我最近和 玛丽 · 克恩 做的关于有限道德的研究 发现我们不仅容易犯错, 犯错的倾向还取决于 我们离红色区域的距离。
Kern:vi.使铅字上下突出;将…做平;n.仁,核;颗粒;(铅字面之)上下的突出部分; prone:adj.俯卧的;有…倾向的,易于…的; tendency:n.倾向,趋势;癖好;
So most of the time, nobody's challenging our good person identity, and so we're not thinking too much about the ethical implications of our decisions, and our model shows that we're then spiraling towards less and less ethical behavior most of the time. 大多数时候, 没人质疑我们的好人身份。 所以我们也没有想太多 关于我们决定的伦理意义, 我们的模型显示我们大部分时间 都在朝着越来越少的道德行为发展。
implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数); spiraling:adj.盘旋的; v.盘旋着上升或下降; (spiral的现在分词)
On the other hand , somebody might challenge our identity, or, upon reflection , we may be challenging it ourselves. 另一方面,有人可能会 质疑我们的身份。 或者,经过反思后我们会挑战自己。
On the other hand:另一方面; reflection:n.反映;沉思;映像;深思;
So the ethical implications of our decisions become really salient , and in those cases, we spiral towards more and more good person behavior, or, to be more precise , 所以我们决定的伦理意义变得非常突出, 在这些情况下,我们会 越来越倾向于好人的行为, 或者,更准确地说,
salient:adj.显著的;突出的;跳跃的;n.凸角;突出部分; precise:adj.准确的;确切的;精确的;明确的;
towards more and more behavior that makes us feel like a good person, which isn't always the same, of course. 越来越倾向于使我们 感觉像个好人的行为, 当然,有时候两者并不一样。
The idea with bounded ethicality is that we are perhaps overestimating the importance our inner compass is playing in our ethical decisions. 有限道德的观点是, 我们可能高估了 我们内在的指南针 在道德决策中的重要性。
overestimating:v.高估;(overestimate的现在分词) inner:n.内部;射中接近靶心部分的一发;adj.里面的;向内的;内部的;接近中心的; compass:n.罗盘;指南针;圆规;范围;界限;v.理解;领悟;将…包围;成功办到
We perhaps are overestimating how much our self-interest is driving our decisions, and perhaps we don't realize how much our self-view as a good person is affecting our behavior, 我们可能高估了我们的自身利益 驱使我们做出决策的程度, 也许我们没有意识到 身为一个好人的自我认同感 对我们的行为有多大的影响,
self-interest:n.私利;利己主义;
that in fact, we're working so hard to protect that good person identity, to keep out of that red zone, that we're not actually giving ourselves space to learn from our mistakes and actually be better people. 事实上,我们如此努力地去 捍卫我们的好人身份, 远离红区, 以致于我们没有足够的 空间从错误中学习, 去真正做一个更好的人。
It's perhaps because we expect it to be easy. 这可能是因为我们期待它会很容易。
We have this definition of good person that's either-or . 我们对好人的定义是非此即彼的。
either-or:adj.只能二选一的;
Either you are a good person or you're not. 要么你是好人,要么不是。
Either you have integrity or you don't. 要么你诚实,要么不诚实。
integrity:n.完整;正直;诚实;廉正;
Either you are a racist or a sexist or a homophobe or you're not. 要么你是种族主义者,或者性别歧视, 或者恐同者,要么都不是。
racist:n.种族主义者;种族主义的; homophobe:憎恶同性恋的人;
And in this either-or definition, there's no room to grow. 在这个非此即彼的定义中, 没有任何成长的空间。
And by the way , this is not what we do in most parts of our lives. 顺便说一句: 这不是我们在大部分生活中做的事情。
by the way:顺便说一下;
Life, if you needed to learn accounting, you would take an accounting class, or if you become a parent, we pick up a book and we read about it. 生活中,如果你需要学习会计, 你可能会报个会计班, 或者如果你成为父母, 我们会去找本书,学习为人父母之道。
We talk to experts, we learn from our mistakes, we update our knowledge, we just keep getting better. 我们跟专家交流, 我们从错误中学习, 我们更新我们的知识, 我们不断变得更好。
update:vt.使现代化;更新;n.现代化;更新的信息;
But when it comes to being a good person, we think it's something we're just supposed to know, we're just supposed to do, without the benefit of effort or growth. 但当涉及到成为好人时, 我们则认为这是我们应该知道的, 我们应该去做的, 却无需获得努力和成长带来的好处。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
So what I've been thinking about is what if we were to just forget about being good people, just let it go, and instead, set a higher standard , a higher standard of being a good-ish person? 所以我在想的是: 如果我们忘记做一个好人会怎样？ 就这么随它去, 反之,设立一个更高的标准, 一个善良人的更高标准？
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的;
A good-ish person absolutely still makes mistakes. 一个善良的人无疑仍会犯错误。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
As a good-ish person, I'm making them all the time. 作为一个善良的人,我常常都会犯错误。
But as a good-ish person, I'm trying to learn from them, own them. 但作为一个善良人, 我试图从错误中学习,解决问题。
I expect them and I go after them. 不逃避错误,而是直面它们。
I understand there are costs to these mistakes. 我知道这些错误要付出代价,
When it comes to issues like ethics and bias and diversity and inclusion , there are real costs to real people, and I accept that. 当涉及到伦理、偏见、 多样性和包容等问题时, 这对真实的人来说是真实存在的代价, 而我接受这个事实。
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) ethics:n.伦理学;伦理观;道德标准; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: inclusion:n.包含;内含物;
As a good-ish person, in fact, 作为一个好人,事实上,
I become better at noticing my own mistakes. 我变得更善于发现自己的错误。
I don't wait for people to point them out. 我不用等别人指出它们,
I practice finding them, and as a result ... 我锻炼自己去寻找它们, 结果呢？
Sure, sometimes it can be embarrassing , it can be uncomfortable. 当然,这有时候会让人感到很尴尬, 会觉得不舒服。
embarrassing:adj.令人尴尬的; v.使尴尬; (embarrass的现在分词)
We put ourselves in a vulnerable place, sometimes. 有时,我们会变得很脆弱。
vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的;
But through all that vulnerability , just like in everything else we've tried to ever get better at, we see progress. 但克服了所有的弱点后, 就像所有一切我们努力 改进的东西一样, 我们可以看到进步。
vulnerability:n.易损性;弱点;
We see growth. 我们可以看到成长。
We allow ourselves to get better. 我们允许自己变得更好。
Why wouldn't we give ourselves that? 为什么我们不能允许自己变得更好？
In every other part of our lives, we give ourselves room to grow -- except in this one, where it matters most. 在我们生活的其他方面, 我们都给了自己成长的空间, 然而在这个最重要的方面, 却始终无所作为。
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （鼓掌）