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DianeKelly_2012P-_我们过去不知道的阴茎解剖结构_
When I go to parties, it doesn't usually take very long for people to find out that I'm a scientist and I study sex. 我去参加聚会时 人们常常很快 就会发现 我是一个科学家, 我研究性学
And then I get asked questions. 人们会向我提问
And the questions usually have a very particular format. 这些问题通常有特定的格式
They start with the phrase, "A friend told me," 它们开头是这样的 有个朋友和我说过
and then they end with the phrase, "Is this true?" 然后了,结尾是这样的 这是真的吗?
And most of the time 多数情况下
I'm glad to say that I can answer them, but sometimes I have to say, "I'm really sorry, but I don't know because I'm not that kind of a doctor." 我很高兴我能回答这些问题 但有时候我不得不说 很抱歉 但我真的不知道 因为我不是那一行的医生
That is, I'm not a clinician , 事实就是, 我不是一个临床医生
clinician:n.临床医生;
I'm a comparative biologist who studies anatomy . 我是研究解剖学的比较生物学家
comparative:adj.比较的;相当的;n.比较级;对手; biologist:n.生物学家; anatomy:n.解剖;解剖学;剖析;解析;
And my job is to look at lots of different species of animals and try to figure out how their tissues and organs work when everything's going right, rather than trying to figure out how to fix things when they go wrong, like so many of you. 我的工作是观察很多不同物种的动物 尝试理解当生物体一切正常时 它们的组织和器官是如何工作的 而不是致力于在它们不正常时 找出解决问题的办法 像在座的很多人所做的一样
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数) organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数);
And what I do is I look for similarities and differences in the solutions that they've evolved for fundamental biological problems. 我所做的是寻找不同物种 在进化过程中, 遇到基本生物问题时 所采取进化方式的异同点
similarities:n.相仿性;类似性;相像处;(similarity的复数) evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
So today I'm here to argue that this is not at all an esoteric Ivory Tower activity that we find at our universities, but that broad study across species, tissue types and organ systems can produce insights that have direct implications for human health. 所以今天我要说的是 这不只是一个 在象牙塔内进行的 我们在大学里看到的高深研究 还是一个广义研究 它跨越物种, 组织类型和器官系统 能够提供 对人类健康有直接影响的信息
not at all:毫无;一点也不;不用谢; esoteric:adj.秘传的;限于圈内人的;难懂的; Ivory Tower:n.象牙塔(指远离问题、脱离现实的小天地); insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数); implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数);
And this is true both of my recent project on sex differences in the brain, and my more mature work on the anatomy and function of penises . 对于我新近的 研究大脑中性别差异的项目 和我做得较为成熟的 关于阴茎解剖和功能的项目来说, 都是如此
mature:v.成熟; adj.明白事理的; penises:n.阴茎;(penis的复数)
And now you know why I'm fun at parties. 现在你们知道我为什么在聚会中很受欢迎了吧
(Laughter) (笑声)
So today I'm going to give you an example drawn from my penis study to show you how knowledge drawn from studies of one organ system provided insights into a very different one. 今天我要向你们介绍一个 从我的阴茎研究中得到的例子 它将告诉你们 从一个器官研究中得到的知识 如何为另一个器官的研究提供信息
provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式)
Now I'm sure as everyone in the audience already knows -- 在座的各位一定已经知道——
I did have to explain it to my nine-year-old late last week -- penises are structures that transfer sperm from one individual to another. 上周我需要向我的9岁的小孩解释的—— 阴茎是把精子从某一个体 传送到另一个体的器官
structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); transfer:n.转移;调任;调离;[体]转会球员;v.调任;调走;转学;转移; sperm:n.精子;精液;鲸蜡油; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
And the slide behind me barely scratches the surface of how widespread they are in animals. 我身后的这张幻灯片所展示的 只是冰山一角 不同动物其阴茎也千差万别
barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地; scratches:n.划痕(scratch的复数); v.擦,刮; widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的;
There's an enormous amount of anatomical variation . 它解剖学上的差异也是极其巨大的
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; anatomical:adj.解剖的;解剖学的;结构上的; variation:n.变异;变体;变奏;变种;
You find muscular tubes, modified legs, modified fins, as well as the mammalian fleshy , inflatable cylinder that we're all familiar with -- or at least half of you are. 你会看到它会像肌肉质管, 变形的腿, 变形的鳍 还有哺乳动物所具有的,肉质可膨胀海绵体 这当然也是我们所熟悉的—— 至少你们中间的一半很熟悉吧
muscular:adj.肌肉的;肌肉发达的;强健的; modified:adj.改进的,修改的;改良的;v.修改;缓和;(modify的过去分词); as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; mammalian:adj.哺乳类动物的;n.哺乳类; fleshy:adj.肉的;肉质的;丰满的; inflatable:adj.膨胀的,可充气的;得意的; cylinder:n.圆筒;汽缸;[数]柱面;圆柱状物; familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
(Laughter) (笑声)
And I think we see this tremendous variation because it's a really effective solution to a very basic biological problem, and that is getting sperm in a position to meet up with eggs and form zygotes . 我想这些巨大差异的原因 在于这是解决一个非常根本的生物问题的 有效方法 这个问题是,如何让精子能够 遇到卵子使之成为受精卵
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; meet up with:偶遇;碰面;符合标准; zygotes:n.受精卵;接合子;
Now the penis isn't actually required for internal fertiliztion, but when internal fertilization evolves , penises often follow. 现在体内受精并不一定需要阴茎 但是随着体内受精方式的进化 阴茎也随之进化
internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的; fertilization:n.[农]施肥;[胚]受精;肥沃; evolves:v.进化,进展(evolve的第三人称单数形式);
And the question I get when I start talking about this most often is, "What made you interested in this subject?" 当谈及此,人们常常会问我 你为什么对这个课题感兴趣?
And the answer is skeletons . 答案是骨骼
skeletons:n.骷髅;[解剖]骨骼(skeleton的复数);流言(歌曲名);
You wouldn't think that skeletons and penises have very much to do with one another. 你们可能觉得骨骼和阴茎 相互间并没有什么联系
And that's because we tend to think of skeletons as stiff lever systems that produce speed or power. 那是因为我们倾向于认为 骨骼是坚硬的 产生速度和力量的杠杆系统
stiff:adj.呆板的; v.僵硬地; n.死尸; v.诈骗; lever:n.杠杆;控制杆;v.用杠杆撬动;把…作为杠杆;
And my first forays into biological research, doing dinosaur paleontology as an undergraduate , were really squarely in that realm . 我第一次踏入生物学研究领略 是在本科时研究恐龙古生物学 刚好就在这个领域中
forays:n.突袭;侵略;攻击;vi.袭击;vt.劫掠; paleontology:n.古生物学; undergraduate:n.本科生; squarely:adv.直角地;诚实地;正好;干脆地;正当地; realm:n.领域,范围;王国;
But when I went to graduate school to study biomechanics , 但是当我在研究生时期学习生物力学时
graduate school:研究所,研究院; biomechanics:n.生物力学;生物机械学;
I really wanted to find a dissertation project that would expand our knowledge of skeletal function. 我非常想找到一个论文课题 来扩展我们对骨骼功能的认识
dissertation:n.论文,专题;学术演讲; expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; skeletal:adj.骨骼的,像骨骼的;骸骨的;骨瘦如柴的;
I tried a bunch of different stuff . 我尝试了各种不同的东西
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
A lot of it didn't pan out. 很多都没成功
But then one day I started thinking about the mammalian penis. 然后有一天我开始考虑 哺乳动物的阴茎
And it's really an odd sort of structure. 其实它有个很奇怪的结构
odd:adj.古怪的;奇数的;n.奇数;
Before it can be used for internal fertilization, its mechanical behavior has to change in a really dramatic fashion. 在它能被用在体内受精之前 它的力学行为 会发生奇妙的变化
mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的; dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的;
Most of the time it's a flexible organ. 大部分时间它是一个灵活的器官
flexible:adj.灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的;
It's easy to bend. 它很容易弯曲
But before it's brought into use during copulation it has to become rigid , it has to become difficult to bend. 但是在交配行为中 它起作用之前 它必须变得坚硬 变得难以弯曲
copulation:n.交配;交尾;连结; rigid:adj.严格的;僵硬的,死板的;坚硬的;精确的;
And moreover , it has to work. 更重要的是, 它必须正常工作
moreover:adv.而且;此外;
A reproductive system that fails to function produces an individual that has no offspring , and that individual is then kicked out of the gene pool . 一个有功能障碍的生殖系统 产出的都是无法生育后代的个体 于是这个个体会被从基因库中剔除
reproductive:adj.生殖的;再生的;复制的; offspring:n.后代,子孙;产物; gene pool:n.基因库(某物种的全部基因);
And so I thought, "Here's a problem that just cries out for a skeletal system -- not one like this one, but one like this one -- because, functionally , a skeleton is any system that supports tissue and transmits forces. 所以我想到, 这个问题 需要一种骨骼系统来解决—— 不是像这样的骨骼 而是像这样的—— 因为从功能上 一个骨骼是指 可以支持组织并传输动力的系统
functionally:adv.功能地;函数地;职务上地; transmits:v.传送;发射;播送;传播;传染;(transmit的第三人称单数)
And I already knew that animals like this earthworm , indeed most animals, don't support their tissues by draping them over bones. 而我已经知道像蚯蚓一样的动物 事实上大多数动物 并不靠骨骼 来支撑它们的组织
earthworm:n.蚯蚓; draping:n.覆合;隔音材料;隔声材料;[地质]披盖;换网(drape进行式);
Instead they're more like reinforced water balloons. 相反地, 它们强力的水气球
reinforced:adj.加固的;加强的;加筋的;v.加强;增援;(reinforce的过去式和过去分词)
They use a skeleton that we call a hydrostatic skeleton. 它们使用一种我们称之为铃静力骨架的骨骼系统
hydrostatic:adj.流体静力学的;静水力学的;
And a hydrostatic skeleton uses two elements . 一个零静力骨架 有两个要素
elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数)
The skeletal support comes from an interaction between a pressurized fluid and a surrounding wall of tissue that's held in tension and reinforced with fibrous proteins . 骨骼的支撑性来自于 受压液体 与环绕它的组织壁之间的相互作用 这些组织由张力支撑, 并被纤维蛋白加固
interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰; pressurized:adj.加压的; v.逼迫; (pressurize的过去式和过去分词) fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体; tension:n.张力;拉伸;矛盾;紧张局势(或关系,状况);v.绷紧; fibrous:adj.纤维的,纤维性的;纤维状的; proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数);
And the interaction is crucial . 这种相互作用非常重要
crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的;
Without both elements you have no support. 缺少两者中任意一个, 都不会有支撑力
If you have fluid with no wall to surround it and keep pressure up, you have a puddle . 如果你有液体 却没有它周围的管壁 来维持压力 你有的只是水坑
puddle:n.水坑,泥潭; vt.使泥泞,搅浑; vi.搅泥浆;
And if you have just the wall with no fluid inside of it to put the wall in tension, you've got a little wet rag . 如果你只有管壁 其中却没有液体来对管壁施加压力 你只有一块湿抹布
rag:n.抹布;破布;质量低劣的报纸;小报;v.嘲笑;捉弄;
When you look at a penis in cross section , it has a lot of the hallmarks of a hydrostatic skeleton. 当你观察阴茎的横切面时 你能看到它有很多 铃静力骨架的特征
cross section:n.横截面;横断面; hallmarks:印记;
It has a central space of spongy erectile tissue that fills with fluid -- in this case blood -- surrounded by a wall of tissue that's rich in a stiff structural protein called collagen . 它中间空间的 海绵状勃起组织 里面充满了液体——在这种情况下是血液—— 周围被富含胶原蛋白的组织包裹 胶原蛋白是一种不易弯曲的结构蛋白
spongy:adj.海绵状的;轻软的;多孔而有弹性的;有吸水性的; erectile:adj.勃起的;[昆]可使直立的; structural:adj.结构的;建筑的; collagen:n.[生化]胶原,胶原质;
But at the time when I started this project, the best explanation I could find for penal erection was that the wall surrounded these spongy tissues, and the spongy tissues filled with blood and pressure rose and voila ! it became erect. 但是在我刚开始着手这个课题的时候 我可以找到的最好的阴茎勃起的理由是 因为它有包围海绵组织的外壁 和充血的海绵组织 随着压力增强, 好, 它勃起了
penal:adj.刑事的;刑罚的; erection:n.勃起;建造;建筑物;直立; voila:int.(法)瞧;可不是;
And that explained to me expansion -- made sense: more fluid, you get tissues that expand -- but it didn't actually explain erection. 这个现象解释了膨胀—— 组织充满液体就会膨胀—— 但它其实并没有解释勃起
expansion:n.扩张;膨胀;扩展;扩大;
Because there was no mechanism in this explanation for making this structure hard to bend. 因为这个解释中不存在 让这个结构变得坚硬的机制
mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧;
And no one had systematically looked at the wall tissue. 而且以前也从没有人系统地观察过构成外壁的组织
systematically:adv.有系统地;有组织地;
So I thought, wall tissue's important in skeletons. 所以我想, 外壁在骨骼中很重要
It has to be part of the explanation. 它肯定在臌胀中起了一定作用
And this was the point at which my graduate adviser said, "Whoa! Hold on. Slow down." 就在这个关头上 我的研究生导师对我说 哇! 等一下, 慢慢来
adviser:n.顾问;劝告者;指导教师(等于advisor);
Because after about six months of me talking about this, 因为在他看到我连续六个月都在谈论这个话题以后
I think he finally figured out that I was really serious about the penis thing. 我认为他终于意识到 我对这个阴茎课题是很认真的
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
(Laughter) (笑声)
So he sat me down, and he warned me. 所以他让我坐下, 提醒我说
He was like, "Be careful going down this path. 做这个项目要小心为好
I'm not sure this project's going to pan out." 我不确定它能不能出结果
Because he was afraid I was walking into a trap . 因为他害怕我会陷入一个困境
trap:v.使陷入困境;卡住;夹住;收集;吸收;n.陷阱;圈套;捕捉器;诡计;
I was taking on a socially embarrassing question with an answer that he thought might not be particularly interesting. 我正要着手一个社会学上尴尬的问题 而他认为这个问题的答案 可能不怎么有趣
embarrassing:adj.令人尴尬的; v.使尴尬; (embarrass的现在分词) particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
And that was because every hydrostatic skeleton that we had found in nature up to that point had the same basic elements. 因为到目前为止 我们在自然界发现的 每个铃静力骨架 都有同样的基本要素
It had the central fluid, it had the surrounding wall, and the reinforcing fibers in the wall were arranged in crossed helices around the long axis of the skeleton. 它的中央有液体 周围有外壁 外壁中有强化纤维 这些纤维以交叉螺旋的形式 排列在骨骼的长轴上
reinforcing:vt.加强(reinforce的ing形式); fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数); arranged:adj.安排的;v.安排;计划;准备(arrange的过去式和过去分词); helices:n.螺旋线(helix的复数); axis:n.轴;轴线;轴心国;
So the image behind me shows a piece of tissue in one of these cross helical skeletons cut so that you're looking at the surface of the wall. 我身后的这张图片 显示的是将这些交叉螺旋骨架 从某一角度切开后可见的组织 你可以看见外壁表面
helical:adj.螺旋形的;
The arrow shows you the long axis. 箭头表示长轴
And you can see two layers of fibers, one in blue and one in yellow, arranged in left-handed and right-handed angles. 你可以看到两层纤维 一层蓝的, 一层黄的 分别以左手方向和右手方向排列
layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) left-handed:adj.左撇的;用左手的;笨拙的; right-handed:adj.用右手的,惯用右手的;向右转的;
And if you weren't just looking at a little section of the fibers, those fibers would be going in helices around the long axis of the skeleton -- something like a Chinese finger trap, where you stick your fingers in and they get stuck. 如果你不只是看到纤维的一小个切断层 这些纤维会以螺旋的形式 环绕着骨架的长轴—— 有点像中国的指套 你把指头伸进去, 它们就被卡住了
And these skeletons have a particular set of behaviors, which I'm going to demonstrate in a film. 这些骨架有一系列特殊的行为 我会在下面的短片中展示它们
demonstrate:vt.证明;展示;论证;vi.示威;
It's a model skeleton that I made out of a piece of cloth that I wrapped around an inflated balloon. 这个骨架模型 是我用一块布料 包裹在一个充气了的气球上做成的
wrapped:adj.极高兴的;十分满意的;v.用…包裹;用…缠绕;(wrap的过去分词和过去式) inflated:adj.通货膨胀的; v.膨胀(inflate的过去式和过去分词);
The cloth's cut on the bias . 布料是斜裁的
bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的;
So you can see that the fibers wrap in helices, and those fibers can reorient as the skeleton moves, which means the skeleton's flexible. 所以你可以看到纤维以螺旋形式缠绕 这些纤维可以随着骨架运动变换方向 这意味着骨骼是柔韧的
reorient:vt.使适应;再调整;
It lengthens , shortens and bends really easily in response to internal or external forces. 它可以轻易地拉伸, 缩短和弯曲 以应对内力或外力的作用
lengthens:vt.使延长;加长;vi.延长;变长; shortens:vt.缩短;减少;变短;vi.缩短;变短; in response to:响应;回答;对…有反应; external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的;
Now my adviser's concern was what if the penile wall tissue is just the same as any other hydrostatic skeleton. 而我导师的担忧是 如果阴茎的外壁组织 和所有其它铃静力骨架结构一样
concern:v.涉及,关系到;使担心;n.关系;关心;关心的事; what if:如果…怎么办? penile:adj.阴茎的,用阴茎的;影响阴茎的;
What are you going to contribute ? 你的研究可以做出什么贡献?
contribute:v.贡献,出力;投稿;捐献;
What new thing are you contributing to our knowledge of biology ? 你可以对生物学知识 可以贡献什么新的东西吗?
contributing:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物);捐助;增加;增进;(contribute的现在分词) biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
And I thought, "Yeah, he does have a really good point here." 我想, 是啊, 他的想法很有道理
So I spent a long, long time thinking about it. 所以我花了很长很长的时间去考虑这个问题
And one thing kept bothering me, and that's, when they're functioning, penises don't wiggle . 有个事实一直在困扰我 那就是, 当阴茎在运作时 它们不会摆动
bothering:v.使某人烦恼或担忧;打扰;(bother的现在分词) wiggle:v.扭动;摆动,起伏;n.摆动,摇动,起伏;
(Laughter) (笑声)
So something interesting had to be going on. 所以其中一定有什么有意思的事情
So I went ahead, collected wall tissue, prepared it so it was erect, sectioned it, put it on slides and then stuck it under the microscope to have a look, fully expecting to see crossed helices of collagen of some variety . 于是我开始着手,收集了外壁组织 把它制备成勃起时的状态 将它横切, 放在玻片上 然后放在显微镜下来观察 一心期望能看到各种胶原蛋白呈交叉螺旋状排列
microscope:n.显微镜; variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
But instead I saw this. 但是我却看到了这个
There's an outer layer and an inner layer. 它有一个外层和一个内层
outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中; inner:n.内部;射中接近靶心部分的一发;adj.里面的;向内的;内部的;接近中心的;
The arrow shows you the long axis of the skeleton. 箭头指出骨架的长轴
I was really surprised at this. 我看到它时非常惊讶
Everyone I showed it was really surprised at this. 每个看到的人 都很惊讶
Why was everyone surprised at this? 为什么每个人都感到惊讶?
That's because we knew theoretically that there was another way of arranging fibers in a hydrostatic skeleton, and that was with fibers at zero degrees and 90 degrees to the long axis of the structure. 因为我们知道在另外一个 在理论上 铃静力骨架的纤维排列方式 那就是纤维在结构的长轴上 以0度和90度交叉排列
theoretically:adv.理论地;理论上; arranging:v.安排;筹备;整理;排列;(arrange的现在分词)
The thing is, no one had ever seen it before in nature. 问题是, 人们还不曾在自然界中见过这种排列
And now I was looking at one. 而现在我正看着它
Those fibers in that particular orientation give the skeleton a very, very different behavior. 这些以特殊方向排列的纤维 使骨骼有非同寻常的行为
orientation:n.方向;定向;适应;情况介绍;向东方;
I'm going to show a model made out of exactly the same materials. 让我来展示 一个用同样材料制作的模型
So it'll be made of the same cotton cloth, same balloon, same internal pressure. 一样的棉布料 一样的气球, 一样的内部压力
But the only difference is that the fibers are arranged differently. 唯一的不同是 纤维以另一种形式排列
And you'll see that, unlike the cross helical model, this model resists extension and contraction and resists bending. 你可以看到, 和交叉螺旋模型不同 这个模型抗拒拉伸, 收缩 还抗拒弯曲
resists:v.抵制;阻挡;反抗;回击;n.防腐剂;防染剂; extension:n.延长;延期;扩大;伸展;电话分机; contraction:n.收缩,紧缩;缩写式;害病;
Now what that tells us is that wall tissues are doing so much more than just covering the vascular tissues. 这告诉我们 外壁组织除了覆盖着血管组织外 还有许多其它功能
vascular:adj.[生物]血管的;
They're an integral part of the penile skeleton. 它们是阴茎骨骼中的重要组成部分
integral:adj.积分的;完整的,整体的;必须的;n.积分;部分;完整;
If the wall around the erectile tissue wasn't there, if it wasn't reinforced in this way, the shape would change, but the inflated penis would not resist bending, and erection simply wouldn't work. 如果不存在环绕勃起组织的外壁组织 如果它是以另外一种方式加强的 它的形状就会发生变化 但是充血的阴茎不会抗拒弯曲 就不能成功勃起
It's an observation with obvious medical applications in humans as well, but it's also relevant in a broad sense, I think, to the design of prosthetics , soft robots, basically anything where changes of shape and stiffness are important. 这个观察发现对人类 也有显著的医疗应用 但我认为它还有广泛的意义 有关义肢的设计, 软机器人 基本上所有的 形状和硬度的改变对它们很重要的东西
observation:n.观察;观测;监视;(尤指据所见、所闻、所读而作的)评论; obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的; prosthetics:n.[外科]修复学,修补学;弥补术; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; stiffness:n.僵硬;坚硬;不自然;顽固;
So to sum up: 所以总的来说
Twenty years ago, 二十年前
I had a college adviser tell me, when I went to the college and said, "I'm kind of interested in anatomy," 我的本科生导师 听到我在进入大学时说 我对解剖学有点感兴趣
they said, "Anatomy's a dead science." 他说, 解部学已经没有生机了
He couldn't have been more wrong. 他错得不能再错了
I really believe that we still have a lot to learn about the normal structure and function of our bodies. 我真心相信我们还要学习很多 有关我们身体的普通结构和功能的东西
Not just about its genetics and molecular biology, but up here in the meat end of the scale . 不仅仅是在它的基因和分子生物学 还在肌肉层面上
genetics:n.遗传学; molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
We've got limits on our time. 我们的时间有限
We often focus on one disease , one model, one problem, but my experience suggests that we should take the time to apply ideas broadly between systems and just see where it takes us. 我们常常专注于一种疾病 一个模型, 一个问题 但我的经验告诉我 我们应该花更多时间 将思路广泛地运用在不同系统间 来看会有什么新发现
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地;
After all, if ideas about invertebrate skeletons can give us insights about mammalian reproductive systems, there could be lots of other wild and productive connections lurking out there just waiting to be found. 毕竟, 如果关于无脊椎骨骼系统的观点 可以给我们 关于哺乳动物生殖系统的启示 那么就可能潜藏着更多的其它奇怪但有用的联系 等待我们去发现
invertebrate:adj.无脊椎的;无骨气的;n.无脊椎动物;无骨气的人; lurking:v.潜伏;潜藏;(lurk的现在分词)
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) (掌声)