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DennisvanEngelsdorp_2008P-_为蜜蜂们求情_
What I'd like you to do is, just really quickly, is just, sort of, nod to the person on your right, and then nod to the person on your left. 我想请你们仅仅是,迅速地, 稍微,向你右边的人点个头, 然后再向你左边的人点个头。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Now, chances are that over the last winter, if you had been a beehive , either you or one of the two people you just nodded at would have died. 注意啊！假如一个人是一箱蜂的话,去年冬天,(蜜蜂死亡的)可能性就像, 你或你朝着点头的人中的一个 去世了一样。
beehive:n.蜂窝;蜂箱;
Now, that's an awful lot of bees. 大家知道吗！那可是相当多的蜜蜂。
And this is the second year in a row we have lost over 30 percent of the colonies, or we estimate we've lost 30 percent of the colonies over the winter. 而且这才是(蜂群开始死亡的)第二年我们就已经损失了超过30%蜂群, 或者我们看成在一个冬天内我们损失了30%的蜂群。
estimate:v.估计;估算;估价;n.估价;(对大小、数量、成本等的)估计;估计的成本;
Now, that's a lot, a lot of bees, and that's really important. 天哪！那是许多,许多蜜蜂,那损失很大。
And most of those losses are because of things we know. 大部分损失是我们知道的原因造成的。
We know that there are these varroa mites that have introduced and caused a lot of losses, and we also have this new phenomenon , which I talked about last year, Colony Collapse Disorder . 我们知道这些蜂螨导致 和造成了大量损失,我们还有新的问题 就是去年我介绍过的蜂群崩溃失调症。
varroa:瓦螨属(Varroa),是蜜蜂的体外寄生螨之一。; mites:n.螨虫类(mite的复数); phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); Colony:n.殖民地;移民队; Collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭; Disorder:n.混乱;骚乱;vt.使失调;扰乱;
And here we see a picture on top of a hill in Central Valley last December. 我们看一张去年12月中央峡谷的一个小山顶上的照片。
And below, you can see all these out yards, or temporary yards, where the colonies are brought in until February, and then they're shipped out to the almonds . 你能看到照片下部这些(房)外庭院, 或者说临时庭院,2月份之前蜂群被运到这里, 后被船送到杏树园中。
temporary:adj.暂时的,临时的;n.临时工,临时雇员; almonds:n.[食品]杏仁;杏仁粉(almond的复数);
And one documentary writer, who was here and looked at this two months after I was here, described this not as beehives but as a graveyard , with these empty white boxes with no bees left in them. 在我到这儿以后,一位纪实作家来到这儿做了两个月的调查, 他/她笔下这些不是蜂箱 这里是摆满没有蜜蜂的空空的白盒子的(蜜蜂的)墓地。
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) beehives:n.蜂房(beehive的复数形式); graveyard:n.墓地;
Now, I'm going to sum up a year's worth of work in two sentences to say that we have been trying to figure out what the cause of this is. 现在,我来用两句话总结一下一年来的工作, 告诉大家我们一直在努力寻找 造成这种结果的原因。
And what we know is that it's as if the bees have caught a flu. 就我们所知蜜蜂好像是得了一场流感。
And this flu has wiped through the population of bees. 并且这场流感已经在蜂群中泛滥。
In some cases, and in fact in most cases in one year, this flu was caused by a new virus to us, or newly identified by us, called Israeli Acute Paralysis virus. 有的,不,实际上是一年中的大部分流感 是由一种病毒引起的,这种病毒对我来说是新的 或者说最近近才被我们鉴定的,它叫以色列急性麻痹病毒。
identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词) Israeli:adj.以色列的;以色列人的;n.以色列人; Acute:adj.严重的,[医]急性的;敏锐的;激烈的;尖声的; Paralysis:n.麻痹;无力;停顿;
It was called that because a guy in Israel first found it, and he now regrets profoundly calling it that disease , because, of course, there's the implication . 这一名字的由来是因为以色列的一个家伙首先发现了它, 但是他现在很后悔给这种病起了那个名字,因为, 很显然,名字本身暗含着某种意思。
profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; implication:n.含意;可能的影响(或作用、结果);暗指;(被)牵连;
but we think this virus is pretty ubiquitous . 但是我们认为这种病毒是无处不在的。
ubiquitous:adj.普遍存在的;无所不在的;
It's also pretty clear that the bees sometimes catch other viruses or other flus, and so the question we're still struggling with, and the question that keeps us up at night, 另外,毋庸置疑,蜜蜂有时候也会感染其它病毒 或其它流感,所以我们还在艰难研究的, 还在令我们彻夜难眠的问题是
is why have the bees suddenly become so susceptible to this flu, and why are they so susceptible to these other diseases ? 为什么这些蜜蜂突然变得对这场流感没有抵抗力, 为什么它们在这些其它疾病面前也如此不堪一击？
susceptible:adj.易受影响的;易感动的;容许…的;n.易得病的人; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
And we don't have the answer to that yet, and we spend a lot of time trying to figure that out. 但是我们还没有答案, 虽然已经付出了很多时间来研究。
We think perhaps it's a combination of factors . 我们认为这可能是多种因素共同造成的。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
We know from the work of a very large and dynamic working team that, you know, we're finding a lot of different pesticides in the hive, and surprisingly , sometimes the healthiest hives 我们从一个庞大而活跃的工作组得知, 蜂巢中有很多种杀虫剂, 不可思议的是,有时候最健康的蜂巢
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; pesticides:n.[农药]农药;[农药]杀虫剂(pesticide的复数); surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地
have the most pesticides. And so we discover all these very strange things that we can't begin to understand. 有最多杀虫的剂种类。我们发现的所有这些 非常奇怪的现象令我们费解。
And so this opens up the whole idea of looking at colony health. 因此我们想到综合研究蜂群健康状况。
Now of course, if you lose a lot of colonies, beekeepers can replace them very quickly. 毫无疑问,如果损失了很多群蜂, 养蜂人当然能很快进行补充。
beekeepers:n.养蜂人;
And that's why we've been able to recover from a lot of loss. 因此我们有能力从大量损失中恢复过来。
If we lost one in every three cows in the winter, you know, the National Guard would be out. 大家知道,如果我们在冬天损失三分之一的奶牛, 应急部队就要出动了。
National Guard:n.国民警卫队;后备役军人;
But what beekeepers can do is, if they have one surviving colony, they can split that colony in two. 但是养蜂人怎么办呢,即使他们只剩下一个蜂群, 他们还能将那个蜂群分成两个。
split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的;
And then the one half that doesn't have a queen, they can buy a queen. 然后,给没有蜂后的那半群蜂买一个蜂后。
It comes in the mail; it can come from Australia or Hawaii or Florida, and you can introduce that queen. 蜂后是邮寄来的;而且不管它是来自澳大利亚还是夏威夷还是佛罗里达, 你都可以把它变成那半群蜂的蜂后。
And in fact, America was the first country that ever did mail-delivery queens and in fact, it's part of the postal code that you have to deliver queens by mail in order to make sure that we have enough bees in this country. 实际上,美国是第一个 通过邮件运送蜂后的国家,而且, 必须要通过邮件邮寄蜂后是邮政法的一部分 这可以保证我们国家有足够的蜜蜂。
postal code:un.邮政编码;
If you don't just want a queen, you can buy, actually, a three-pound package of bees, which comes in the mail, and of course, the Postal Office is always very concerned when they get, you know, your three-pound packages of bees. 如果你不只是想要一只蜂后,你还可以买到 一包三磅重的蜜蜂。当然, 邮局会很小心的 处理你的三磅蜜蜂的。
concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词)
And you can install this in your hive and replace that dead-out. 你可以把这包蜜蜂放入蜂箱中更新死光的蜂群。
install:v.安装;设置;安置;建立(程序);
So it means that beekeepers are very good at replacing dead-outs, and so they've been able to cover those losses. 这意味着养蜂人非常擅长更新死光的蜂群, 所以他们有承受那些损失的能力。
So even though we've lost 30 percent of the colonies every year, the same number of colonies have existed in the country, at about 2.4 million colonies. 所以即使我们每年都损失30%的蜂群, 我们国家还依然会有 相同数量的蜂群,
Now, those losses are tragic on many fronts, and one of those fronts is for the beekeeper. 大约2,400,000群蜜蜂。 虽然如此,那些损失在很多方面还是惨痛的,
tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的;
And it's really important to talk about beekeepers first, because beekeepers are among the most fascinating people you'll ever meet. 其中一方面就是养蜂人的损失。 首先说说养蜂人是很重要的,
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
If this was a group of beekeepers, you would have everyone from the card-carrying NRA member who's, you know, live free or die, to the, you know, the self-expressed quirky San Francisco backyard pig farmer. 因为他们将会是你遇到的最让人着迷的人之一。 如果这儿有一群养蜂人,你会(从中)找到各种各样的人, 从来福枪协会会员 到圣-佛朗西斯科后院中看起来怪怪的的猪倌儿。
card-carrying:adj.持有正式成员证的;正式的; quirky:adj.古怪的;离奇的;诡诈的; backyard:n.后院;后庭;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And you get all of these people in the same room, and they're all engaged and they're getting along, and they're all there because of the passion for bees. 他们在同一屋檐下, 他们都很投入而且相处的很好, 他们是因为喜欢蜜蜂而到一起的。
engaged:adj.已订婚的; v.吸引住; (engage的过去分词和过去式) passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒;
Now, there's another part of that community which are the commercial beekeepers, the ones who make their livelihood from beekeeping alone. 现在谈谈,养蜂人中另外一部分人 他们是商业养蜂人, 也就是那些仅靠养蜂来养家糊口的养蜂人。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; livelihood:n.生计,生活;营生; beekeeping:n.养蜂;养蜂业;
And these tend to be some of the most independent , tenacious , intuitive , you know, inventive people you will ever meet. 他们将可能是你碰到的人当中一些最独立、最顽强、 最感性、最富创造性的人。
independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等); tenacious:adj.顽强的;坚韧的;固执的;紧握的;黏着力强的; intuitive:adj.直觉的;凭直觉获知的; inventive:adj.发明的;有发明才能的;独出心裁的;
They're just fascinating. And they're like that all over the world. 他们很迷人,而且全世界的商业养蜂人都是那样的。
I had the privilege of working in Haiti just for two weeks earlier this year. 今年早些时候我很荣幸在海地(Haitii)工作了两周。
privilege:n.特权;优待;v.给与…特权;特免; Haiti:n.海地;
And Haiti, if you've ever been there, is just a tragedy . 海地,如果你去过那里,你就知道他简直是个悲剧。
tragedy:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品;
I mean, there may be 100 explanations for why Haiti is the impoverished nation it is, but there is no excuse to see that sort of squalor . 我是说,即使有100条理由解释 为什么海地是那样贫穷, 它也没有理由那样的破败不堪。
impoverished:adj.穷困的;用尽了的,无创造性的;v.使贫困(impoverish的过去分词); squalor:n.肮脏;悲惨;卑劣;道德败坏;
But you meet this beekeeper, and I met this beekeeper here, and he is one of the most knowledgeable beekeepers I've ever met. 但是你会碰到这个养蜂人,我在那儿遇到了他, 他是我曾经遇到过的最有知识的养蜂人中的一个。
knowledgeable:adj.知识渊博的,有知识的;有见识的;聪明的;
No formal education, but very knowledgeable. 没受过正规教育,,但是却有很多知识。
formal:adj.适合正式场合的; n.(美)须穿礼服的社交集会; (口)夜礼服;
We needed beeswax for a project we were working on; he was so capable , he was able to render the nicest block of beeswax I have ever seen from cow dung , tin cans and his veil , which he used as a screening, right in this meadow . And so that ingenuity is inspiring . 我们的一个项目需要蜂蜡;他非常能干, 他做出了我所见过的最好的一块儿蜂蜡, 使用了牛粪、锡罐和他的盖头,他把盖头当作纱网使用, (他)就在这片草甸上(做蜂蜡块的)。他的技术让人很受启发。
beeswax:v.涂蜜蜡;n.蜂蜡; capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; render:v.提供;给予;提交;翻译;n.粉刷;[建](墙壁的)初涂;抹灰;精制油; dung:vt.施粪肥于;n.粪; veil:n.面纱;面罩;遮蔽物;托词;v.遮蔽;掩饰;以面纱遮掩;用帷幕分隔; meadow:n.草地;牧场; ingenuity:n.心灵手巧,独创性;精巧;精巧的装置; inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词)
We also have Dave Hackenberg, who is the poster child of CCD. 我们还有戴维-海肯伯格(Dave Hackenberg),他是蜂群崩溃失调症的代表人物。
poster child:n.(为慈善等目的)出现在海报上的儿童;代表人物;典型;
He's the one who first identified this condition and raised the alarm bells. 是他首先发现了蜂群崩溃失调症 并敲响了警钟。
And he has a history of these trucks, and he's moved these bees up and down the coast. 他很早就使用这些卡车 沿着海岸线上下转运这些蜜蜂。
And a lot of people talk about trucks and moving bees, and that being bad, but we've done that for thousands of years. 虽然许多人认为转运蜜蜂 不好,但是转运蜜蜂已经有数千年的历史了。
The ancient Egyptians used to move bees up and down the Nile on rafts , so this idea of a movable bee force is not new at all. 古埃及人就曾就用筏子沿着尼罗河上下转运蜜蜂, 这说明运动的蜜蜂大军一点儿也不新鲜。
Egyptians:n.埃及人;埃及语;(Egyptian的复数) rafts:n.救生艇(raft的复数形式);皮筏;竹排;v.乘筏;划筏(raft的三单形式); movable:adj.动产的;可移动的;不固定的;n.动产;可移动的东西;
And one of our real worries with Colony Collapse Disorder is the fact that it costs so much money to replace those dead-out colonies. 蜂群崩溃失调症让我们真正忧心的原因之一 是更新那些死亡的蜂群要花费大量的钱财。
And you can do that one year in a row, you may be able to do it two years in a row. 我们有能力更新一年, 也许还能连着更新两年。
But if you're losing 50 percent to 80 percent of your colonies, you can't survive three years in a row. And we're really worried about losing this segment of our industry. 但是如果损失50-80%的蜂群, 连续三年就垮了。我们确实很担心 损失掉这部分产业。
segment:n.段;部分;片;弓形;v.分割;划分;
And that's important for many fronts, and one of them is because of that culture that's in agriculture. 因为养蜂业在很多方面都很重要, 其中之一就是在农业上。
And these migratory beekeepers are the last nomads of America. 这些迁徙的养蜂人是美国最后的游牧者。
migratory:adj.迁移的;流浪的; nomads:n.游牧民,牧游者(nomad的复数形式);流浪者;
You know, they pick up their hives; they move their families once or twice in a year. 大家知道,他们带着蜂箱, 一年内搬一次或两次家。
And if you look at Florida, in Dade City, Florida, that's where all the Pennsylvania beekeepers go. 你们看佛罗里达州,达迪市(Dade city) 是宾夕法尼亚州养蜂人的去处。
Pennsylvania:n.宾夕法尼亚州(美国州名);
And then 20 miles down the road is Groveland, and that's where all the Wisconsin beekeepers go. 然后从达迪市(Dade city)顺着这条路往下20英里是哥如福兰德(Grovelan), 那里是所有威斯康辛州养蜂人的去处。
down the road:只要沿着这条路;将来;在路上; Wisconsin:n.威斯康星州(美国州名);
And that's where all the beekeepers come after a night of moving bees into the almond groves. 那里是所有养蜂人在忙了一夜将蜜蜂 移到杏树林
They all have their breakfast and complain about everyone right there. And it's a great experience, and I really encourage you to drop in at that diner during that time, because that's quite essential American experience. 他们在那里一边吃早餐 一边互相抱怨。那种经历很棒, 我真的鼓励大家那时候去那个小餐馆, 因为那是必不可少的美国体验。
complain:v.投诉;发牢骚;诉说; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
And we see these families, these nomadic families, you know, father to son, father to son, and these guys are hurting. 我们再来看那些家庭,那些游牧家庭, 从父母到子女都在忙着侍弄蜜蜂。
nomadic:adj.游牧的;流浪的;游动的;
And they're not people who like to ask for help, although they are the most helpful people ever. 他们不喜欢求人, 但却最乐于助人。
If there's one guy who loses all his bees because of a truck overhaul , everyone pitches in and gives 20 hives to help him replace those lost colonies. 比如有人因为卡车大修而损失了所有蜜蜂, 养蜂人们都会过来送给他20群蜂 帮他弥补损失。
overhaul:vt.分解检查,大修;追上并超过;n.彻底检修,详细检查; pitches:pitch的变形;
And so, it's a very dynamic, and I think, historic and exciting community to be involved with. 所以,我觉得这是一个很有活力、 历史而且让人振奋的社区,很值得交往。
historic:adj.有历史意义的;历史上著名的; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
Of course, the real importance for bees is not the honey. 当然,蜜蜂真正的重要性并不是蜂蜜。
And although I highly encourage you, all use honey. 虽然我大力支持你们使用蜂蜜。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地;
I mean, it's the most ethical sweetener , and you know, it's a dynamic and fun sweetener. 因为它是最“道德”的甜味剂, 它是有生命的好甜味剂。
ethical:adj.伦理的;道德的;凭处方出售的;n.处方药; sweetener:n.甜料;好处;脱硫设备;
But we estimate that about one in three bites of food we eat is directly or indirectly pollinated by honeybees . 而且据估计差不多在我们的每三口食物中就有一口 是直接或是间接由蜜蜂传粉的。
indirectly:adv.间接地;不诚实;迂回地; pollinated:vt.对...授粉; honeybees:[蜂]蜜蜂;
Now, I want to just illustrate that in the fact that if we look at the breakfast I had yesterday morning -- a little cranberry juice, some fruits, some granola , 现在,我想用事实证明它, 看一下我昨天的早餐: 一点红莓汁、一些水果和一些格兰诺拉麦片,
illustrate:v.解释;加插图于;给(书等)做图表;表明…真实; cranberry:n.蔓越橘; granola:n.(早餐营养食品)格兰诺拉燕麦卷;
I should have had wholewheat bread, I realized, but you know, jam on my Wonderbread, and some coffee -- and had we taken out all those ingredients , 我也意识到我应该吃全麦面包,但是, 面包加果酱还有一些咖啡, 如果我们把那些食物拿走
ingredients:n.成分;(尤指烹饪)原料;(成功的)要素;(ingredient的复数)
- except for the almonds I wasn't going to pick out from the granola -- if we had taken out all those ingredients the bees had indirectly or directly pollinated, we wouldn't have much on our plate. 只有杏肉我没有从格兰诺拉麦片中拿出去— 如果我们拿走那些 直接或间接由蜜蜂授粉的东西, 我们的餐盘上就没有多少东西了。
So if we did not have bees, it's not like we would starve, but clearly our diet would be diminished . 所以,如果没有蜜蜂,我们好像还不至于挨饿, 但毫无疑问的是我们的食谱将会缩小。
diminished:adj.减少的; v.减少; (diminish的过去式和过去分词)
It's said that for bees the flower is the fountain of life, and for flowers bees are the messengers of love. 人们说花是蜜蜂的生命之源, 而蜜蜂是花爱的使者。
fountain:n.喷泉,泉水;源泉; messengers:n.东京速递(电视剧);
And that's a really great expression , because really, bees are the sex workers for flowers. They are, you know -- they get paid for their services. 说的真是太好了,因为蜜蜂的确 是花的“性工作者”。它们,要知道, 它们的服务是有偿的。
expression:n.表现,表示,表达;
They get paid by pollen and nectar , to move that male sperm , the pollen, from flower to flower. 它们“收取”花粉和花蜜, 才来把雄性配子,也就是花粉, 从一朵花传给另一朵花。
pollen:v.传授花粉给;n.[植]花粉; nectar:n.[植]花蜜;甘露;神酒;任何美味的饮料; sperm:n.精子;精液;鲸蜡油;
And there are flowers that are self-infertile. That means they can't -- the pollen in their bloom can't fertilize themselves. 有些花不能自我受精。就是说它们不能……, 同一朵花的花粉不能使自己的受精。
bloom:v.盛开;开花;繁殖;繁盛;n.水华;风华正茂;霜;青春; fertilize:vt.使受精;使肥沃;
So in an apple orchard , for instance , you'll have rows of 10 apples of one variety , and then you have another apple tree that's a different type of pollen. 如果在一个苹果园里,你有10行 同一个品种的苹果树,然后还有一棵苹果树 它有不同的花粉型。
orchard:n.果园;果树林; instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
And bees are very faithful . 蜜蜂会非常忠诚。
faithful:n.信徒;adj.忠于;忠实的;正确的;忠贞的;
When they're out pollinating or gathering pollen from one flower, they stay to that crop exclusively , in order to help generate . 当它们出去传粉或从某种花上采集花粉时, 它们会专门针对那种植物来帮助它结果。
pollinating:vt.对...授粉; exclusively:adv.唯一地;专有地;排外地; generate:v.产生;引起;
And of course, they're made to carry this pollen. 当然,它们生下来就是搬运花粉的。
They build up a static electric charge and the pollen jumps on them and helps spread that pollen from bloom to bloom. 它们在身上积累静电,这样花粉就会跳到它们身上, 它们就帮着把那个花粉丛一朵花带到另一朵花。
static:adj.静止的; n.[物]静电(干扰); electric:n.供电;adj.电的;用电的;电动的;发电的;
However, honeybees are a minority . 尽管如此,蜜蜂只是少数派。
minority:n.少数民族;少数派;未成年;adj.少数的;属于少数派的;
Honeybees are not native to America; they were introduced with the colonialists . 蜜蜂的老家不是美国;它们 是被殖民者带来的。
native:adj.本国的;土著的;天然的;与生俱来的;天赋的;n.本地人;土产;当地居民; colonialists:n.殖民主义者;adj.殖民主义者的;
And there are actually more species of bees than there are mammals and birds combined. 实际上蜂的种类比 哺乳动物和鸟类加起来种类还多。
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数)
In Pennsylvania alone, we have been surveying bees for 150 years, and very intensely in the last three years. 单单在宾夕法尼亚州,我们已经对蜂类尽行了150年的调查, 并且最近这三年的调查非常详细。
surveying:n.(土地)测量;考察; intensely:adv.强烈地;紧张地;热情地;
We have identified over 400 species of bees in Pennsylvania. 在宾夕法尼亚州我们鉴定的蜂类已经超过400种。
32 species have not been identified or found in the state since 1950. 其中32种是在1950年以后鉴定或发现的。
Now, that could be because we haven't been sampling right, but it does, I think, suggest that something's wrong with the pollinator force. And these bees are fascinating. 那可能是因为以前采集方法不当, 但是,我想这确实让人觉得 传粉者们出了什么问题。这些蜂类们让人着迷。
pollinator:n.传粉者,传粉媒介,传粉昆虫;授花粉器;
We have bumblebees on the top. 上面是熊蜂。
bumblebees:n.[昆]大黄蜂;
And bumblebees are what we call eusocial : they're not truly social, because only the queen is, over winter. 熊蜂是群居性的,但是它们不是真正的社会性昆虫, 因为只有蜂后活过冬天。
eusocial:adj.(昆虫)完全社会性的;完全群居的;
We also have the sweat bees, and these are little gems flying around. 还有汗蜂,它们就像是飞来飞去的小宝石。
gems:n.[宝]宝石(gem的复数形式);
They're like tiny little flies and they fly around. 它们就像小苍蝇一样到处飞。
And then you have another type of bee, which we call kleptoparasites, which is a very fancy way of saying, bad-minded, murdering -- what's the word I'm looking for? Murdering -- 另外我们还有另外一类蜂,叫做偷寄生蜂, 它还有个很有创意的名字:坏脾气的谋杀…… 我在想那个词呢？
fancy:n.幻想; adj.想象的; v.想象;
Audience: Bee? 听众:蜂?
Dennis vanEngelsdorp: Bee. Okay, thanks. 丹尼斯-范-恩格勒斯多普(Dennis vanEngelsdorp):蜂!是的,谢谢！
(Laughter) （笑声）
What these bees do is, they sit there. These solitary bees, they drill a hole in the ground or drill a hole in a branch, and they collect pollen and make it into a ball, and they lay an egg on it. 这些蜂的做法就是守株待兔。这些独居蜂, 它们在地面或者树枝上打好洞, 收集来花粉做成花粉球, 然后在花粉球上产一枚卵。
solitary:adj.孤独的;独居的;n.独居者;隐士;
Well, these bees hang out at that hole, and they wait for that mother to fly away, they go in, eat the egg, and lay their own egg there. So they don't do any work. 那么,这些呆在洞外面的谋杀蜂, 等到蜂妈妈飞走后跑到洞里吃掉里面的卵, 并在那儿产下自己的卵。 所以它们是不劳而获。
And so, in fact, if you know you have these kleptoparasitic bees, you know that your environment is healthy, because they're top-of-the-food-chain bees. 然而,实际上,如果你发现周围有这些偷寄生蜂 就说明环境是健康的, 因为它们是食物链顶端的蜂类。
And in fact, there is now a red list of pollinators that we're worried have disappeared , and on top of that list are a lot of these kleptoparasites, but also these bumblebees. 目前,我们有一份红色名录 记录着我们担心可能已经消失了的传粉动物种类,并且在那份名单的开头 有很多种这些偷寄生蜂,和这些熊蜂。
pollinators:n.[植][农学]传粉者(pollinator的复数); disappeared:adj.消失的;消失了的;v.消失,失踪;(disappear的过去式和过去分词)
And in fact, if you guys live on the West Coast , go to these websites here, and they're really looking for people to look for some of these bumblebees, because we think some have gone extinct . Or some, the population has declined . 并且,如果你们生活在西海岸, 去浏览一下这些网站,它们在找人 去寻找一些种类的熊蜂,因为我们认为 某些种类已经灭绝了。 有些种群已经变小了。
West Coast:n.美国西海岸(尤指加利福尼亚州); extinct:adj.灭绝的,绝种的;熄灭的;vt.使熄灭; declined:v.减少;下降;衰弱;婉言拒绝;(decline的过去分词和过去式)
And so it's not just honeybees that are in trouble, but we don't understand these native pollinators or all those other parts of our community. 所以有麻烦的并不仅仅是蜜蜂, 我们对这些本土的传粉者 或者我们人类以外的东西都缺乏了解。
And of course, bees are not the only important factor here. 当然,蜂类并不是这里唯一重要的要素。
There are other animals that pollinate, like bats, and bats are in trouble too. 还有其它传粉动物,比如蝙蝠, 蝙蝠也有麻烦了。
And I'm glad I'm a bee man and not a bat man, because there's no money to research the bat problems. 我很庆幸我是个“蜂人”而不是“蝙蝠人”, 因为没有资金支持蝙蝠问题的研究。
And bats are dying at an extraordinary rate. 但是蝙蝠的死亡速度非常快。
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
White-nose syndrome has wiped out populations of bats. 白鼻子综合症已经消灭了成群成群的蝙蝠。
syndrome:n.[临床]综合征;综合症状;并发症状;校验子;并发位;
If there's a cave in New York that had 15,000 bats in it, and there are 1,000 left. That's like San Francisco becoming the population of half of this county in three years. 如果纽约的一个山洞里的15,000只蝙蝠, 只剩下1,000只了。 那(蝙蝠死亡的速度)就好像是圣-佛朗西斯科 的人口在三年内变成这个县城人口的一半。
county:n.郡,县;
And so that's incredible . And there's no money to do that. 那是多么惊人啊。 我们没钱去解决那个问题。
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
But I'm glad to say that I think we know the cause of all these conditions, and that cause is NDD: 但是我高兴因为我想我们知道 所有这些情况的原因,那就是NDD:
Nature Deficit Disorder. 大自然缺失症。
Deficit:n.赤字;逆差;亏损;不足额;
And that is that I think that what we have in our society is, we forgot our connection with nature. 也就是,我觉得,我们的社会, 我们忽视了和大自然的联系。
And I think if we reconnect to nature, we'll be able to have the resources and that interest to solve these problems. 我想如果重新我们亲近大自然, 我们就会有资源和兴趣 来解决这些问题。
reconnect:v.使再接合; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
And I think that there is an easy cure for NDD. 我认为有一个简单的方法就可以治疗NDD。
And that is, make meadows and not lawns . 那就是,种植草甸而不是草坪。
meadows:n.[畜牧]草地;[地理]草甸(meadow的复数); lawns:n.[建]草地(lawn的复数形式); v.将地修改成草坪(lawn的第三人称单数);
And I think we have lost our connection, and this is a wonderful way of reconnecting to our environment. 我觉得我们已经失去了和大自然的联系, 而这是一种把我们重新和周围的环境联系起来的好方法。
reconnecting:n.重新连线中;正在重新连接;v.再接合(reconnect的现在分词);
I've had the privilege of living by a meadow for the last little while, and it is terribly engaging . 不久前我曾有幸在一片草甸旁生活了 一小段时间,非常迷人。
engaging:adj.有趣的; v.吸引住(注意力、兴趣); (engage的现在分词)
And if we look at the history of lawns, it's actually rather tragic. 让我们审视一下草坪的历史,那简直是个悲剧。
It used to be, two, three hundred years ago, that a lawn was a symbol of prestige , and so it was only the very rich that could keep these green actually, deserts: they're totally sterile . 二三百年前草坪曾经 象征荣誉和地位, 所以那时候只有很富有的人才能享有那些绿色的草坪, 实际上,是绿色沙漠:因为它们没有一点儿生机。
symbol:n.象征;符号;标志; prestige:n.威望,声望;声誉; sterile:adj.不育的;无菌的;贫瘠的;不毛的;枯燥乏味的;
Americans spent, in 2001 -- 11 percent of all pesticide use was done on lawns. 2001年,美国人在草坪上使用的杀虫剂占杀虫剂总使用量的11%。
Five percent of our greenhouse gases are produced by mowing our lawns. 我们释放的温室气体中有5%来源于草坪修剪。
greenhouse:n.温室;暖房; mowing:v.刈;割;修剪;(mow的现在分词)
And so it's incredible the amount of resources we've spent keeping our lawns, which are these useless biosystems. 所以我们花费了大量的资源 来养护我们的草坪 -- 那些没用的生物系统。
And so we need to rethink this idea. 所以我们需要重新审视这一做法。
rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法;
In fact, you know, the White House used to have sheep in front in order to help fund the war effort in World War I, which probably is not a bad idea; it wouldn't be a bad idea. 告诉你们,事实上白宫 前面被用来养羊以资助 第一次世界大战,那可能是个不错的主意; 不是个坏主意。
White House:n.白宫(美国总统官邸,位于首都华盛顿); fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助;
I want to say this not because I'm opposed completely to mowing lawns. 我说这些可不是因为我完全反对修剪草坪。
opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式)
I think that there is perhaps some advantage to keeping lawns at a limited scale , and I think we're encouraged to do that. 我觉得在小范围内种植草坪兴许还有些好处, 并且应该受到鼓励。
advantage:n.有利条件:优势:优点: limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
But I also want to reinforce some of the ideas we've heard here, because having a meadow or living by a meadow is transformational . 但是我也要再强调一下刚才我的某些观点, 因为拥有一片草甸或者居住在草甸旁边是完全不一样的。
reinforce:vt.加强,加固; vi.求援; n.加强; transformational:adj.转换的;改变的;转换生成的;
That it is amazing that connection we can have with what's there. 亲近草甸真的很棒。
These milkweed plants have grown up in my meadow over the last four years. Add to watch the different plants, or insects, that come to these flowers, to watch that -- 4年时间这些乳草植物已经在我的草甸里长大了。 除了能观赏不同的植物 或者来拜访这些花的昆虫,欣赏它们,
milkweed:n.乳草属植物;马利筋属植物;野参类;
and we've heard about, you know, this relationship you can have with wine this companion you can have as it matures and as it has these different fragrances . 告诉你们,我们还听说你还能和葡萄酒联系起来, 你就有了一个不断长大 并散发出这些不同的芳香的朋友。
companion:n.同伴;伴侣;陪伴;手册;v.(与…)同行;(跟…)搭伴儿去; matures:成熟; fragrances:n.芳香剂,香水(fragrance复数);
And this is a companion, and this is a relationship that never dries up. 并且这个朋友, 这种友谊永远不会干涸。
You never run out of that companion as you drink this wine, too. 当你喝下这个葡萄酒你也永远不会离开那个朋友。
run out of:用完;
And I encourage you to look at that. 请支持大家那么做。
Now, not all of us have meadows, or lawns that we can convert , and so you can always, of course, grow a meadow in a pot. 虽然并不是每个人都有草甸, 或者可供改变为草甸的草坪,那么你当然可以 在花盆里种一小片草甸。
convert:v.转换; n.改变宗教(或信仰、观点)的人;
Bees apparently , can be the gateway to, you know, other things. 很明显蜂类可以成为通向其它事物的一扇门。
apparently:adv.显然地;似乎,表面上;
So I'm not saying that you should plant a meadow of pot, but a pot in a meadow. 所以我不是说你应该在花盆中种一片草甸, 而是在草甸里“种”一个花盆。
But you can also have this great community of city or building-top beekeepers, these beekeepers that live -- 你们还可以组建这种很好的城市团体 或者楼顶养蜂人团体,这些养蜂人生活在,
This is in Paris where these beekeepers live. 这些养蜂人生活在巴黎。
And everyone should open a beehive, because it is the most amazing, incredible thing. 每个人都应该养上一窝蜂,每个人都应该养上一窝蜂, 因为那是最有意思的事情。
And if we want to cure ourselves of NDD, or Nature Deficit Disorder, 所以如果我们想治愈我们的NDD或者大自然缺乏症
I think this is a great way of doing it. 我觉得养蜂是个很好的方法。
Get a beehive and grow a meadow, and watch that life come back into your life. 养一窝蜜蜂,种一片草甸, 体验那些生命回到你的生活中。
And so with that, I think that what we can do, if we do this, we can make sure that our future -- our more perfect future -- includes beekeepers and it includes bees and it includes those meadows. 如果那样的话,如果我们这么做,我想我们可以创造, 我们可以保证我们的未来 -我们更加美好的未来- 有养蜂人、蜂和那些草甸。
And that journey -- that journey of transformation that occurs as you grow your meadow and as you keep your bees or you watch those native bees there -- is an extremely exciting one. 那个过程 –那个发生在你 种植草甸、饲养蜜蜂 或者欣赏那些本土蜂类的时候发生转变的过程- 会非常非常的令人兴奋。
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数); extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
And I hope that you experience it and I hope you tell me about it one day. 我希望你们能经历那些 并且有一天能向我谈论那些。
So thank you very much for being here.Thank you very much. 好！非常感谢大家光临。非常感谢。