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DavidRWilliams_2016P-_种族歧视是如何让我们生病的_
An article in the Yale Alumni Magazine told the story of Clyde Murphy , a black man who was a member of the Class of 1970. 耶鲁大学的校友杂志中, 叙述了克莱德．漠菲的故事, 他是在 1970 年毕業的一个黑人。
Alumni:n.(统称)校友,毕业生; Murphy:n.马铃薯,土豆;
Clyde was a success story . 克莱德是一个成功的案例。
success story:n.获得巨大成功的人(或事物);
After Yale and a law degree from Columbia, 从耶鲁大学毕業后,他顺利取得哥伦比亚大学法律学位,
Clyde spent the next 30 years as one of America's top civil rights lawyers. 接下来三十年, 他成为了一名美国顶尖的民权律师。
civil rights:na.公民权;
He was also a great husband and father. 同时,他也是一位很好的丈夫与父亲。
But despite his success, personally and professionally , 虽然克莱德的私人生活以及事業 都算是相当完美成功,
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言; professionally:adv.专业地;内行地;
Clyde's story had a sad ending. 但他的生活最后却以悲剧告终。
In 2010, at the age of 62, 在 2010 年, 克莱德 62 岁,
Clyde died from a blood clot in his lung. 死于肺血栓塞。
blood clot:n.血块;血凝块;
Clyde's experience was not unique . 克莱德的案例并不独特。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
Many of his black classmates from Yale also died young. 许多跟他一起 从耶鲁大学毕業的黑人,都很早过世。
In fact, the magazine article indicated that 41 years after graduation from Yale, the black members of the Class of 1970 had a death rate that was three times higher than that of the average class member. 杂志中曾有文章指出, 从耶鲁大学毕業 41 年后, 1970 年毕業的黑人其死亡率 比同期班上其他同学的平均死亡率 还要高三倍。
indicated:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;示意;(indicate的过去分词和过去式) death rate:n.死亡率;
It's stunning . 太惊人了。
stunning:adj.惊人的; v.使昏迷; (stun的现在分词)
America has recently awakened to a steady drumbeat of unarmed black men being shot by the police. 美国最近 持续发生令人警醒的事情, 许多未武装的黑人被警察射杀。
recently:adv.最近;新近; awakened:adj.觉醒的;v.唤醒(awaken的过去式); steady:adj.稳定的; v.使稳定; v.稳定地; n.关系固定的情侣; drumbeat:n.鼓声;打鼓声; unarmed:adj.不带武器的;非武装的;不使用武器的;徒手的
What is even a bigger story is that every seven minutes, a black person dies prematurely in the United States. 更严重的是, 每七分钟 就有一个黑人比预期中提早死亡。
prematurely:adv.过早地;早熟地; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
That is over 200 black people die every single day who would not die if the health of blacks and whites were equal. 每一天都有超过 200 多个黑人, 因为其与白人之间的 健康条件不平等而死亡。
For the last 25 years, 过去 25 年来,
I have been on a mission to understand why does race matter so profoundly for health. 我一直肩负使命 努力去了解为什么一个人的种族 会如此影响他的健康。
mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教; profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地;
When I started my career , many believed that it was simply about racial differences in income and education. 当我刚开始我的工作时, 许多人认为那只是因为不同种族 有着收入与教育程度之差别。
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历; racial:adj.种族的;人种的;
I discovered that while economic status matters for health, there is more to the story. 我发现虽然经济处境 会影响一个人的健康, 但是事实远不止于此。
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; status:n.地位;状态;情形;重要身份;
So for example, if we look at life expectancy at age 25, at age 25 there's a five-year gap between blacks and whites. 比如说,我们来看看 年轻人的预期寿命, 25 岁的白人预期 可以比同年龄的黑人多活五年。
life expectancy:预期寿命; gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开;
And the gap by education for both whites and blacks is even larger than the racial gap. 受教育程度不同所造成的 死亡年龄差距 比种族鸿沟造成的更大。
At the same time ,at every level of education, whites live longer than blacks. 同时,每一个教育阶段的白人, 都比黑人活得久。
At the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
So whites who are high school dropouts live 3.4 years longer than their black counterparts , and the gap is even larger among college graduates. 高中辍学的白人比高中辍学的黑人 还要多活 3.4 年, 来比较大学毕業生的话, 差距则更大。
dropouts:n.退学学生;脱落;信号失落;(dropout的复数) counterparts:n.(契约)副本(counterpart的复数);相对物;相对应的人;
Most surprising of all, whites who have graduated from high school live longer than blacks with a college degree or more education. 最让我惊讶的是, 只有高中毕業的白人 比起有大学以上学历的黑人 活得更久。
So why does race matter so profoundly for health? 到底为什么一个人的种族 会如此影响他的健康？
What else is it beyond education and income that might matter? 除了教育程度与收入之外 还有什么原因呢？
In the early 1990s, 1990 年代早期,
I was asked to review a new book on the health of black America. 有人请我复审一本 关于黑人健康的书。
I was struck that almost every single one of its 25 chapters said that racism was a factor that was hurting the health of blacks. 我发现书中的 25 个章节里, 几乎每一个章节 都提到种族歧视 是伤害黑人的健康的重要因素。
racism:n.种族主义,种族歧视;人种偏见; factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入;
All of these researchers were stating that racism was a factor adversely impacting blacks, but they provided no evidence . 这些研究者 都指出种族歧视是负面影响 黑人生活的一个因素。 但他们没有提出证据。
adversely:adv.不利地;逆地;反对地; impacting:[力]冲击;[力]撞击;[物]碰撞(impact的现在分词); provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式) evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
For me, that was not good enough. 对我来说,那是远远不够的。
A few months later, 几个月之后,
I was speaking at a conference in Washington, DC, and I said that one of the priorities for research was to document the ways in which racism affected health. 我在华盛顿发表演讲, 我提出我研究中的当务之急 就是记录种族歧视如何影响健康。
conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会) priorities:n.优先事项;优先权;重点;(priority的复数)
A white gentleman stood in the audience and said that while he agreed with me that racism was important, we could never measure racism. 一个白人男士站起来说, 虽然他对我表示赞同, 认为种族歧视很重要, 但是我们永远无法衡量它。
'"We measure self-esteem ," I said. 我回答道,我们可以衡量自尊心。
self-esteem:n.自尊;自负;自大;
'"There's no reason why we can't measure racism if we put our minds to it." 如果我们认真对待这件事, 那就没有理由说我们无法衡量种族歧视。
And so I put my mind to it and developed three scales . 所以我全力以赴, 并发展出一个三步骤衡量法。
scales:n.规模范围; v.攀登; (scale的第三人称单数和复数)
The first one captured major experiences of discrimination , like being unfairly fired or being unfairly stopped by the police. 第一是对被歧视的经历进行评估, 比如说,不公平地被辞职, 或是被警察拦着。
captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词) discrimination:n.歧视;区别,辨别;识别力; unfairly:adv.不公平地;不正当地;
But discrimination also occurs in more minor and subtle experiences, and so my second scale, called the Everyday Discrimination Scale, captures nine items that captures experiences like you're treated with less courtesy than others, 但是歧视通常发生在 更细小且不易察觉的层面上, 所以我的第二步骤叫做 每日歧视比例尺。 它包含九项条目, 比如体验到 你所受到的礼遇不如他人,
occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数); minor:adj.未成年的; n.未成年人; vi.副修; subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的; captures:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;争得;(capture的第三人称单数) items:n.项目;一件商品(或物品);一则,一条(新闻)(item的复数) treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式) courtesy:n.礼貌;好意;恩惠;adj.殷勤的;被承认的;出于礼节的;
you receive poorer service than others in restaurants or stores, or people act as if they're afraid of you. 在餐馆受到其次的待遇, 或着是人们看到你会感到害怕。
This scale captures ways in which the dignity and the respect of people who society does not value is chipped away on a daily basis. 这个尺很明显地表示出 一般社会人士瞧不起的人, 他们的尊严与自尊心会每一天一点一点地被侵蚀。
dignity:n.尊严;高贵; chipped:v.打破;弄缺;被损坏;切下;打(或踢)高球;(chip的过去分词和过去式)
Research has found that higher levels of discrimination are associated with an elevated risk of a broad range of diseases from blood pressure to abdominal obesity to breast cancer to heart disease and even premature mortality . 我的研究指出, 随着歧视的恶化 更多的疾病会产生, 从高血压到肥胖症, 从乳癌到心脏病, 甚至提早死亡。
associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) elevated:adj.提高的;高尚的;欢欣的;v.提高;振奋;提拔;(elevate的过去分词和过去式) diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; blood pressure:n.[医]血压; abdominal:adj.腹部的;有腹鳍的; obesity:n.肥大,肥胖; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运;
Strikingly , some of the effects are observed at a very young age. 让人惊讶的是,很多负面的作用 在年轻人身上就能发现。
Strikingly:adv.显著地;突出地,引人注目地; observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式);
For example, a study of black teens found that those who reported higher levels of discrimination as teenagers had higher levels of stress hormones , of blood pressure and of weight at age 20. 比如说,一个研究 黑人青少年的研究指出, 在青少年期受到越多 歧视的孩子们,在二十岁那年 相对的有越多的压力荷尔蒙, 更高的血压,更重的体重。
teens:n.十多岁,十几岁;青少年; hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数);
However, the stress of discrimination is only one aspect . 但是, 受到歧视会有更大的压力 只是许多问题的其中一个。
aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位;
Discrimination and racism also matters in other profound ways for health. 不公平待遇与种族歧视 还有更多不同影响健康的方法。
For example, there's discrimination in medical care. 比如说,医疗制度的不公平待遇。
In 1999, the National Academy of Medicine asked me to serve on a committee that found, concluded based on the scientific evidence, that blacks and other minorities receive poorer quality care than whites. 在 1999 年,全国医疗协会 请我在一个委员会中幫忙, 过程中,我们藉由科学证明, 黑人与其他少数民族 比白人还要受到更差的医疗服务。
Academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校; committee:n.委员会; concluded:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定)(conclude的过去分词和过去式) scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; minorities:n.少数(minority的复数形式);少数民族;少数族裔;
This was true for all kinds of medical treatment , from the most simple to the most technologically sophisticated . 各式各样的医疗服务都相对更差, 从最基本的 到最复杂的。
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; technologically:adv.科技地;技术上地; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
One explanation for this pattern was a phenomenon that's called " implicit bias " 其中一个原因 是一个叫做「隐性偏见」的现象,
phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); implicit:adj.含蓄的;暗示的;盲从的; bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的;
or " unconscious discrimination." 又称「浅意识歧视。」
unconscious:adj.无意识的;失去知觉的;未发觉的;
Research for decades by social psychologists indicates that if you hold a negative stereotype about a group in your subconscious mind and you meet someone from that group, you will discriminate against that person. 十多年来,社会学家的研究指出 如果你对某些人种 有负面的刻板印象, 当你遇到一个那个种族的人, 你会对那个人有歧视。
psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); indicates:v.表明指示,显示;(indicate的第三人称单数) negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; stereotype:vt.使用铅版;套用老套,使一成不变;n.陈腔滥调,老套;铅版; subconscious:adj.潜意识的;下意识的;n.潜在意识;下意识心理活动; discriminate against:歧视;排斥;
You will treat them differently. 你会不公平的对待他。
It's an unconscious process . 整个过程是浅意识的。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
It's an automatic process. 是自动化的。
automatic:adj.自动的;无意识的;必然的;n.自动步枪;自动换挡汽车;
It is a subtle process, but it's normal and it occurs even among the most well-intentioned individuals . 是个微妙但也正常的的过程, 连最善意的人也可能会犯的错误。
well-intentioned:adj.好意的,好心的;出于善意的; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
But the deeper that I delved into the health impact of racism, the more insidious the effects became. 我越是更深层地 研究种族歧视, 我越发现它的隐患。
delved:vi.钻研;探究;挖;vt.钻研;探究;挖;n.穴;洞; insidious:adj.阴险的;隐伏的;暗中为害的;狡猾的;
There is institutional discrimination, which refers to discrimination that exists in the processes of social institutions . 我发现连最基本的 社会制度都有 严重的歧视存在。
institutional:adj.制度的; refers:v.谈及;提到;提及;涉及;描述;(refer的第三人称单数) processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数)
Residential segregation by race, which has led to blacks and whites living in very different neighborhood contexts , is a classic example of institutional racism. 社区因为不同种族而隔离, 造成白人与黑人 住在非常不同的社区, 是最典型的社会制度种族歧视。
Residential:adj.住宅的;与居住有关的; segregation:n.隔离,分离;种族隔离; neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的; contexts:n.环境,[计]上下文(context复数); classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的;
One of America's best-kept secrets is how residential segregation is the secret source that creates racial inequality in the United States. 美国最大的一个秘密, 就是社区的隔离 是造成种族不平等的秘密来源。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
In America, where you live determines your access to opportunities in education, in employment , in housing and even in access to medical care. 在美国,你住哪 会影响一个人的 教育与工作机会, 连医疗制度与找房子都会受到影响。
determines:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;裁决;安排;(determine的第三人称单数) employment:n.使用;职业;雇用;
One study of the 171 largest cities in the United States concluded that there is not even one city where whites live under equal conditions to blacks, and that the worst urban contexts in which whites reside is considerably better than the average context of black communities . 有一个研究指出 美国前 171 的大城市当中, 没有一个城市是 白人与黑人的居住环境是平等的, 而且当中住在最烂的环境的白人 都还是比一般的黑人住的还要好。
urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; considerably:adv.相当地;非常地; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
Another study found that if you could eliminate statistically residential segregation, you would completely erase black-white differences in income, education and unemployment , and reduce black-white differences in single motherhood by two thirds,all of that driven by segregation. 另外一个研究指出, 如果我们能够在统计上排除 社区隔离, 我们就能够排除黑白种族在 收入、教育、 失業率、单亲妈妈等等的差别, 拉近三分之二的差距, 这些都是因为隔离造成的。
eliminate:v.消除;排除; statistically:adv.统计地;统计学上; erase:vt.抹去;擦除;vi.被擦去,被抹掉; unemployment:n.失业;失业率;失业人数; motherhood:n.母性;母亲身份;
I have also learned how the negative stereotypes and images of blacks in our culture literally create and sustain both institutional and individual discrimination. 我同时瞭解到 我们对黑人的 负面的刻板印象, 确实地造成 制度与个人的偏见。
stereotypes:n.模式化观念(或形象); v.对…形成模式化(或类型化)的看法; (stereotype的第三人称单数和复数) images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: sustain:v.支持;支撑;遭受;证实;
A group of researchers have put together a database that contains the books,magazines and articles that an average college-educated 一群科学家收集了一批数据, 里面有大学毕業的普通美国人 一辈子下来会阅读的书本、杂志与报刊,
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
American would read over their lifetime. 收集起来研究他们的内容,
It allows us to look within this database and see how Americans have seen words paired together as they grow up in their society. 我们藉此找出 美国人在长大的过程中 读到某些词彙时,联想到什么。
So when the word "black"appears in American culture, what co-occurs with it? 当美国人看到「黑人」这个字时, 他们通常同时看到的字是什么？
'"Poor," 「穷苦」、
'" violent ," 「暴力」、
violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的;
'" religious ," 「有虔诚信仰」、
religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑;
'"lazy," 「懒惰」、
'" cheerful ," 「开心」、
cheerful:adj.快乐的;愉快的;高兴的;
'"dangerous." 「危险。」
When "white" occurs, the frequently co-occurring words are "wealthy," 当 「白人」 出现时, 经常发生的词彙是 「富有」、
frequently:adv.频繁地,经常地;时常,屡次;
'" progressive ," 「先进」、
progressive:adj.进步的;先进的;开明的;稳步的;n.进步人士;开明人士;改革派;
'" conventional ," 「常见」、
conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的;
'" stubborn ," 「固执」、
stubborn:adj.顽固的;顽强的;难处理的;
'"successful," 「成功」、
'"educated." 「有受教育。」
So when a police officer overreacts when he sees an unarmed black male and perceives him to be violent and dangerous, we are not necessarily dealing with an inherently bad cop . 因此当一个警察 看到一个未武装的黑人, 却紧张地以为他是危险人物, 我们面对的不见得是 一个不好的警察。
police officer:n.警官;警察;警务人员; overreacts:vi.反应过度;反作用过强; perceives:vt.察觉,感觉;理解;认知;vi.感到,感知;认识到; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; inherently:adv.内在地;固有地;天性地; cop:v.遭受;忍受;注意到;n.警察;
We may be simply viewing a normal American who is reflecting what he has been exposed to as a result of being raised in this society. 他只不过是一个显现出 受到这个社会 长期熏陶而长大的 普通美国人而已。
reflecting:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;显示,表明,表达;(reflect的现在分词) exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) as a result:结果;
From my own experience, 我的经验告诉我,
I believe that your race does not have to be a determinant of your destiny . 你的种族 并不一定要注定你的终身。
determinant:adj.决定性的;n.决定因素;[数]行列式; destiny:n.命运,定数,天命;
I migrated to the United States from the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia in the late 1970s in pursuit of higher education , and in the last 40 years, 我在 1970 年代末, 从加勒比海小岛圣露西亚 移民到美国 来念大学, 接下来 40 年,
migrated:v.(随季节变化)迁徙;移居;迁移;移动;转移;(migrate的过去分词和过去式) Caribbean:adj.加勒比海的;加勒比人的;加勒比语的;n.加勒比海; Saint:n.圣人;圣徒;道德崇高的人;adj.神圣的;v.成为圣徒; in pursuit of:寻求,追求; higher education:高等教育(指含大学以上的教育);
I have done well. 我混得不错。
I have had a supportive family, 我有个支持我的家庭,
supportive:adj.支持的;支援的;赞助的;
I have worked hard, 我努力地工作,
I have done well. 我得到了许多。
But it took more for me to be successful. 但是那还不够让我成功。
I received a minority fellowship from the University of Michigan . 密西根大学给了我 少数民族的奖学金。
minority:n.少数民族;少数派;未成年;adj.少数的;属于少数派的; fellowship:n.友谊;奖学金;研究员职位; Michigan:n.密歇根;美国密歇根州;
Yes. I am an affirmative action baby. 是的。我是一个平权措施的宝宝。
affirmative action:n.积极区别对待政策(对因种族、性别等原因遭歧视的群体在就业等方面给予特别照顾);
Without affirmative action, 没有平权措施,
I would not be here. 我不可能有今天。
But in the last 40 years, black America has been less successful than I have. 但是以往 40 年来, 美国的黑人没有我成功。
In 1978, black households in the United States earned 59 cents for every dollar of income whites earned. 在 1978 年, 白人家庭每赚一块钱, 黑人家庭只赚 59 分。
households:n.家庭;拆迁户;家户(household的复数);
In 2015, black families still earn 59 cents for every dollar of income that white families receive, and the racial gaps in wealth are even more stunning. 在 2015 年, 当白人家庭赚一块钱美金, 黑人家庭仍然只赚 59 分, 而且种族差别造成的 贫富悬殊更加严重。
gaps:n.差异,缺口;缝隙(gap的复数形式);v.裂开;使豁裂(gap的第三人称单数形式); wealth:n.财富;大量;富有;
For every dollar of wealth that whites have, black families have six pennies and Latinos have seven pennies. 白人拥有的每一块钱, 黑人家庭只有 6 分, 中南美的家庭只有 7 分钱。
Latinos:n.拉丁美洲人(Latino的复数);
The fact is, racism is producing a truly rigged system that is systematically disadvantaging some racial groups in the United States. 实话说, 种族歧视 造成了一个不公平的系统, 一个彻底损害某些美国人种的系统。
rigged:v.操纵,控制;(给船只)装帆;(秘密地)安装,装配;(rig的过去分词和过去式) systematically:adv.有系统地;有组织地; disadvantaging:n.缺点;不利条件;损失;
To paraphrase Plato , there is nothing so unfair as the equal treatment of unequal people. 改述一下柏拉图曾经说的, 世界上没有比平等对待不平等的人民, 还要更不平等的事情了。
paraphrase:n.释义;解释;意译;vt.释义; Plato:n.柏拉图(古希腊哲学家); unequal:adj.不平等的;不规则的;不胜任的;n.不等同的事物;
And that's why I am committed to working to dismantle racism. 因此我这么投入地 想要拆除种族歧视。
committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式) dismantle:v.拆开,拆卸;(逐渐)废除,取消;
I deeply appreciate the fact that I am standing on the shoulders of those who have sacrificed even their lives to open the doors that I have walked through. 我深刻领悟到我能够有今天, 是因为有许多前人牺牲自我, 替我们打造了一条通路 好让我们通过。
appreciate:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解; sacrificed:v.牺牲:献出:以(人或动物)作祭献:(sacrifice的过去分词和过去式)
I want to ensure that those doors remain open and that everyone can walk through those doors. 我希望这条通路继续维持畅通, 让更多人通过。
ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全;
Robert Kennedy said, or woman, I would add — "stands up for an ideal or acts to improve the lot of others or strikes out against injustice , he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope, and those ripples can build a current that can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance ." 罗伯特甘乃迪说: ──我还要加上或是女人── 「为了理想而奋斗, 或者是为了大众的利益 而与不公平打斗, 小小的希望之波浪就会慢慢地前进, 小小的波浪聚集 在一起变成大急流。 冲倒压制与抵抗的高墙。」
improve:v.改进;改善; injustice:n.不公正;不讲道义; ripples:n.涟漪;波纹(ripple的复数);v.呈波状(ripple的单三形式); mightiest:强大的;有力的(mighty的最高级); oppression:n.压抑;镇压;压迫手段;沉闷;苦恼; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力;
I am optimistic today because all across America, 今天我非常的乐观, 因为在全美国,
optimistic:adj.乐观的;乐观主义的;
I have seen ripples of hope. 我都有看到希望的小波浪。
The Boston Medical Center has added lawyers to the medical team so that physicians can improve the health of their patients because the lawyers are addressing the nonmedical needs their patients have. 波士顿医疗中心, 请了律师加入他们的医疗团, 所以当医生在治疗病人的过程中, 律师可以顺便处理病人 跟医疗无关的问题。
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市); physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数); patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) nonmedical:adj.非医学的;非医疗的;
Loma Linda University has built a gateway college in nearby San Bernardino so that in addition to delivering medical care, they can provide job skills and job training to a predominantly minority, low-income community members so that they will have the skills they need to get a decent job. 罗马林达大学在圣贝纳迪诺附近 盖了一间技术学院, 所以当他们提供医疗服务的同时, 他们可以教导工作技能, 给弱势团体, 与低收入的人们, 给他们机会找到好一点的工作。
nearby:adj.附近的,邻近的;adv.在附近;prep.在…附近; in addition to:除…之外; predominantly:adv.主要地;显著地; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; decent:adj.正派的;得体的;相当好的;
In Chapel Hill, North Carolina , the Abecedarian Project has figured out how to ensure that they have lowered the risks for heart disease for blacks in their mid-30s by providing high-quality day care from birth to age five. 在北卡罗莱纳州的教堂山附近的 初学者计画,发现如何减少 30 岁的黑人 得心脏病的机率, 方法是提供高品质的 0 岁到 5 岁的幼儿园。
Chapel:n.小礼拜堂,小教堂;礼拜;adj.非国教的; Carolina:n.卡罗莱纳州(在美国东南部); high-quality:adj.高质量的;
In after-school centers across the United States, 美国的课后安亲班当中,
after-school:放学后
Wintley Phipps and the US Dream Academy is breaking the cycle of incarceration by providing high-quality academic enrichment and mentoring to the children of prisoners and children who have fallen behind in school. 温特理．非浦思与美国梦想学院, 藉由高品质的辅导与细心的带领 减少了囚犯的孩子、 与在学校落后的孩子 迈上不归之路。
incarceration:n.监禁;下狱;禁闭; academic:adj.学术的;理论的;学院的;n.大学生,大学教师;学者; enrichment:n.丰富;改进;肥沃;发财致富; mentoring:n.导师;顾问;v.指导;做…的良师;(mentor的现在分词)
In Huntsville , Alabama ,Oakwood University, a historically black institution, is showing how we can improve the health of black adults by including a health evaluation as a part of freshman orientation and giving those students the tools they need to make healthy choices and providing them annually a health transcript so they can monitor their progress. 在阿拉巴马州的亨茨维尔, 欧克伍德大学 是个有史以来都是黑人学生的机构, 他们在学生入学时新生介绍当天, 提供每个学生健康檢查, 而且提供学生许多健康资讯, 好让他们有足够的智慧 去选择美好的生活习惯, 接下来每一年都复诊,
Huntsville:n.亨茨维尔(美国城市); Alabama:n.阿拉巴马州(美国州名); historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说; evaluation:n.评价;[审计]评估;估价;求值; orientation:n.方向;定向;适应;情况介绍;向东方; annually:adv.每年;一年一次; transcript:n.成绩单;抄本,副本;文字记录;
And in Atlanta , Georgia, 让年轻人可以持续维持自己的健康。
Atlanta:n.亚特兰大(美国城市);
Purpose Built Communities has dismantled the negative effects of segregation by transforming a crime-ridden , drug-infested public housing project into an oasis of mixed-income housing, of academic performance , of great community wellness and of full employment. 在乔治亚州的亚特兰大城, 重新建设的社区打破隔离现象, 把充满犯罪行为、 贩毒的公营低收入户住宅, 变成一个综合收入水准、 教育水准, 社区本身健康 又充满工作机会的社区。
dismantled:v.拆开,拆卸;(逐渐)废除,取消;(dismantle的过去分词和过去式) transforming:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);使改观;(transform的现在分词) crime-ridden:adj.犯罪猖獗的;充满犯罪行为的; housing project:n.公房项目;公房区(常由政府为贫困家庭营造); oasis:n.绿洲;舒适的地方;令人宽慰的事物; performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演; wellness:n.健康;
And finally , there is the Devine solution . 最后, 还有迪文方案。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
Professor Patricia Devine of the University of Wisconsin has shown us how we can attack our hidden biases head on and effectively reduce them. 派翠莎．迪文教授 在威康森大学 告诉我们如何 打破我们潜在的偏见, 有效率地减少它。
Wisconsin:n.威斯康星州(美国州名); biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式);
Each one of us can be a ripple of hope. 我们每一个人 都可以是希望之波浪。
This work will not always be easy, but former Supreme Court Justice 过程不会简单, 前最高法院法官瑟古德．马歇尔说:
Supreme Court:最高法院;
Thurgood Marshall has told us, "We must dissent . 「我们必须要持异议。
dissent:vi.不同意;不信奉国教;n.异议;(大写)不信奉国教;
We must dissent from the indifference . 我们必须要反对漠不关心。
indifference:n.漠不关心;冷淡;不重视;中立;
We must dissent from the apathy . 我们必须要反对冷淡。
apathy:n.冷漠,无兴趣,漠不关心;无感情;
We must dissent from the hatred and from the mistrust . 我们必须要反对仇恨与不信赖。
hatred:n.仇恨;憎恨;厌恶; mistrust:vt.猜疑;不信任;n.猜疑;疑虑;不信任
We must dissent because America can do better, because America has no choice but to do better." 我们必须要持异议, 因为美国可以更好, 因为美国除了更好之外 没有其他的选择。」
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）