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DavidPuttnam_2013X-_当媒体以利益为先时将会怎么样_
I'd like to start, if I may, with the story of the Paisley snail . 如果可以的話, 我想從「佩斯利蝸牛」的故事開始說起。
Paisley:adj.涡纹花呢制的;有涡纹图案的;n.有多色涡纹图案的毛织品; snail:n.蜗牛;迟钝的人;vi.缓慢移动;vt.缓慢移动;
On the evening of the 26th of August, 1928, 1928 年 8 月 26 日晚,
May Donoghue took a train from Glasgow to the town of Paisley, seven miles east of the city, and there at the Wellmeadow Café, she had a Scots ice cream float, a mix of ice cream and ginger beer bought for her by a friend. 梅唐納修從格拉斯哥坐火車來到佩斯利鎮, 鎮位於城市東邊,離市中心七英里遠, 她在威爾梅朵咖啡館裡, 喝了一杯蘇格蘭冰淇淋蘇打, 那是由冰淇淋和薑汁啤酒混合製成 是她的一位朋友給她買的。
Glasgow:n.格拉斯哥(英国城市名); Scots:adj.苏格兰的;苏格兰人的;苏格兰英语的;n.苏格兰人;苏格兰语; ginger beer:n.姜汁啤酒;一瓶(或一杯)姜汁啤酒;
The ginger beer came in a brown, opaque bottle labeled "D. Stevenson, Glen Lane , Paisley." 薑汁啤酒裝在一個棕色不透明的杯子裡 杯子上標著「佩斯利鎮格蘭巷,D．史帝文森」
opaque:adj.不透明的;不传热的;迟钝的;n.不透明物;vt.使不透明;使不反光; labeled:adj.有标签的; v.示踪; (label的过去分词和过去式) Glen:n.峡谷;幽谷; Lane:n.车道;小巷;泳道;胡同;
She drank some of the ice cream float, but as the remaining ginger beer was poured into her tumbler , a decomposed snail floated to the surface of her glass. 她喝了一點冰淇淋蘇打 但是當她把剩下的薑汁啤酒 倒進酒杯時 一隻腐死蝸牛 浮在水面
poured:v.使(液体)连续流出;倾倒;倒出;喷发;(pour的过去分词和过去式) tumbler:n.不倒翁(玩具);杂技演员;翻筋斗者;一杯的容量;滚筒;平底玻璃杯; decomposed:adj.已腐烂的,已分解的;
Three days later, she was admitted to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary and diagnosed with severe gastroenteritis and shock. 三天之後, 她被送進格拉斯哥皇家醫院 被診斷為嚴重的腸胃炎 以及休克。
Royal:adj.国王的;女王的;皇家的;n.王室成员; Infirmary:n.医务室;医院;养老院; diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式) severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; gastroenteritis:n.肠胃炎;
The case of Donoghue vs. Stevenson that followed set a very important legal precedent : 接著的唐納修訴史帝文森案 立下了一個非常重要的先例:
legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; precedent:n.先例;前例;adj.在前的;在先的;
Stevenson, the manufacturer of the ginger beer, was held to have a clear duty of care towards May Donoghue, even though there was no contract between them, and, indeed, she hadn't even bought the drink. 判決指出薑汁啤酒製造商史帝文森 對梅唐納修負有 明確的謹慎責任 儘管他們之間沒有合同 甚至不是她去買啤酒
manufacturer:n.生产商;生产者;制造者; contract:v.收缩;感染;订约;n.合同;婚约;
One of the judges, Lord Atkin, described it like this: 其中一個法官阿特金勳爵說:
Lord:n.(英国)贵族,大人,大臣;v.使成贵族;作威作福; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
You must take care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbor. 在你可合理地預見損害到他人時, 就必須遵從謹慎的法律責任, 避免作出一些行為或疏忽行為。
omissions:省略;遗漏; reasonably:adv.合理地;相当地;适度地; foresee:vt.预见;预知; injure:v.伤害,使受伤;损害,伤害;
Indeed, one wonders that without a duty of care, how many people would have had to suffer from gastroenteritis before Stevenson eventually went out of business . 我們甚至想知道假如沒有謹慎責任的情況下 在史帝文森最終倒閉前, 還有多少人飽受腸胃炎之苦。
eventually:adv.最后,终于; out of business:破产;歇业;停业;倒闭;
Now please hang on to that Paisley snail story, because it's an important principle . 現在請記住佩斯利蝸牛的故事, 因為這是一個十分重要的原則。
hang on to:紧紧抓住;紧握; principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉;
Last year, the Hansard Society, a nonpartisan charity which seeks to strengthen parliamentary democracy and encourage greater public involvement in politics published, alongside their annual audit of political engagement , an additional section devoted entirely to politics and the media . 去年,一個無黨派慈善機構名為漢薩德學會, 試圖鞏固議會民主,鼓勵公眾 更多介入政治發表看法進而影響決策 出版年度政治參與度審計報告, 又發表了一個額外章節 整個都是跟政治和媒體有關。
nonpartisan:adj.无党派的;超党派的;n.无党派的人; charity:n.慈善;施舍;慈善团体;宽容;施舍物; seeks:v.寻求;寻找;探索;搜索; parliamentary:adj.议会的;国会的;议会制度的; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; involvement:n.牵连;包含;混乱;财政困难; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的; audit:v.审计;[审计]查账;n.审计;[审计]查账; engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度; additional:adj.附加的,额外的; devoted:adj.专心致志; v.献身; (devote的过去分词和过去式) media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
Here are a couple of rather depressing observations from that survey . 在調查當中 有一些讓人頗為失望的觀察報告。
depressing:adj.令人抑郁的; v.使沮丧; (depress的现在分词) observations:n.观察,观察值;观察结果;(observation的复数形式); survey:n.调查;测量;审视;纵览;vt.调查;勘测;俯瞰;vi.测量土地;
Tabloid newspapers do not appear to advance the political citizenship of their readers, relative even to those who read no newspapers whatsoever . 小報看來好像沒有 增進讀者的政治公民權 甚至和完全不讀報的人相比 也沒有。
Tabloid:n.小报;药片;文摘;小型画报;adj.小报式的;缩略的;轰动性的;扼要的; citizenship:n.[法]公民身份,公民资格;国籍;公民权; relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物; whatsoever:pron.无论什么;
Tabloid-only readers are twice as likely to agree with a negative view of politics than readers of no newspapers. 只讀小報的讀者較易同意 政治的負面觀點, 比不讀報的高兩倍。
negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝;
They're not just less politically engaged . 他們不僅對政治參與態度更消極
politically:adv.政治上; engaged:adj.已订婚的; v.吸引住; (engage的过去分词和过去式)
They are consuming media that reinforces their negative evaluation of politics, thereby contributing to a fatalistic and cynical attitude to democracy and their own role within it. 通過消費媒體 反而對政治增加負面評價 因此對民主和它們當中的角色 持宿命和憤世嫉俗的態度。
consuming:adj.消费的;强烈的;v.消耗(consume的ing形式); reinforces:加固;加强;增援;巩固; evaluation:n.评价;[审计]评估;估价;求值; thereby:adv.从而,因此;在那附近;在那方面; contributing:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物);捐助;增加;增进;(contribute的现在分词) fatalistic:adj.宿命论的; cynical:adj.愤世嫉俗的;冷嘲的; attitude:n.态度;看法;意见;姿势;
Little wonder that the report concluded that in this respect, the press, particularly the tabloids , appear not to be living up to the importance of their role in our democracy. 無怪乎,報告總結說 在這方面,媒體尤其是小報 看來好像沒有在民主中 起到應有的重要作用。
concluded:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定)(conclude的过去分词和过去式) particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; tabloids:n.小报;通俗小报(tabloid的复数)
Now I doubt if anyone in this room would seriously challenge that view. 現在我不確實這房間裡 有沒有人認真挑戰那個觀點。
But if Hansard are right, and they usually are, then we've got a very serious problem on our hands, and it's one that I'd like to spend the next 10 minutes focusing upon. 但是如果漢薩德學會是對的,而他們通常都是對的, 那麼在我們手裡就有一個嚴重的問題 我想在接下來的 10 分鐘 集中討論。
Since the Paisley snail, and especially over the past decade or so, a great deal of thinking has been developed around the notion of a duty of care as it relates to a number of aspects of civil society. 自從佩斯利蝸牛後 尤其是過去十多年 很多人都在思考 謹慎責任這個概念 因為它和公民社會各方面也多有相關
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; a great deal of:大量; notion:n.观念;信念;理解; aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的;
Generally a duty of care arises when one individual or a group of individuals undertakes an activity which has the potential to cause harm to another, either physically, mentally or economically . 謹慎責任的形成常見於以下情況 一個人或群眾進行一項活動時 有可能會對他人造成傷害 無論身體上、精神上的傷害或經濟上的損失
Generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; arises:v.出现;发生;站立; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); undertakes:vt.承担,保证;从事;同意;试图; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; mentally:adv.精神上,智力上;心理上; economically:adv.经济地;在经济上;节俭地;
This is principally focused on obvious areas, such as our empathetic response to children and young people, to our service personnel , and to the elderly and infirm. 主要集中在顯而易見的領域 例如我們對兒童和年輕人、 對服務員、對老年或體弱者的同理心反應。
principally:adv.主要地;大部分; obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; empathetic:adj.移情作用的;同感的(等于empathic); response:n.响应;反应;回答; personnel:n.人事部门;全体人员;adj.人员的;有关人事的; elderly:adj.上了年纪的;过了中年的;稍老的;
It is seldom, if ever, extended to equally important arguments around the fragility of our present system of government, to the notion that honesty, accuracy and impartiality are fundamental to the process of building and embedding an informed , participatory democracy. 同樣重要的論點很難得或從來不會 擴展到政府現行制度弱點的議題 在建立和嵌入充分知情的、 民眾參與的民主過程中 誠實、精確和公正無私 是不可或缺的。
extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词) fragility:n.脆弱;[力]易碎性;虚弱; accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性; impartiality:n.公正,公平;不偏不倚; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; embedding:v.把…牢牢地嵌入(或插入、埋入); (embed的现在分词) informed:adj.见多识广的; v.通知; (inform的过去分词和过去式) participatory:adj.供人分享的;吸引参与的;
And the more you think about it, the stranger that is. 越深思這件事 這件事就越奇怪。
A couple of years ago, I had the pleasure of opening a brand new school in the northeast of England. 幾年前,我有幸 參與英國東北部一間新學校的 開幕典禮
brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的; northeast:adj.东北的;来自东北的;n.东北;adv.向东北;来自东北;
It had been renamed by its pupils as Academy 360. 學生們把它重新命名為「學院 360 」
renamed:v.重新命名;给…改名;(rename的过去分词和过去式) Academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校;
As I walked through their impressive , glass-covered atrium , in front of me, emblazoned on the wall in letters of fire was Marcus Aurelius's famous injunction : 當我走過 令人印象深刻的玻璃吊頂中庭時 在我面前,牆上 以火焰字體刻著 馬可．奧里略的名言
impressive:adj.感人的;令人钦佩的;给人以深刻印象的; atrium:n.中庭,天井前厅;[解剖]心房; emblazoned:adj.十分显眼的,醒目的;v.装饰;(emblazon的过去分词和过去式) injunction:n.[管理]禁令;命令;劝告;
If it's not true, don't say it; if it's not right, don't do it. 不真實的話不必說; 不對的事不用做
The head teacher saw me staring at it, and he said, "Oh, that's our school motto ." 校長看到我盯著這句話 就說:「噢,那是我們學校的校訓。」
head teacher:校长 staring:adj.凝视的,目不转睛的;显眼的;v.凝视;盯着看;显眼;(stare的现在分词) motto:n.座右铭,格言;箴言;
On the train back to London, 在回倫敦的火車上
I couldn't get it out of my mind. 這句話一直在我的腦海裡揮之不去
I kept thinking, can it really have taken us over 2,000 years to come to terms with that simple notion as being our minimum expectation of each other? 我一直想,難道我們真的 需要二千多年的時間 才意識到這個簡單的概念 我們真的符合彼此的最低預期嗎？
come to terms with:达成协议;让步; minimum:n.最低限度;最小值;最少量;极小量;adj.最低的;最小的;最低限度的; expectation:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望;
Isn't it time that we develop this concept of a duty of care and extended it to include a care for our shared but increasingly endangered democratic values? 難道現在不正是讓我們 發展出謹慎責任這個概念 並把它延伸出去,包括 關注於現時共享的但逐漸受到威脅的民主價值？
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; endangered:v.使遭危险;危及;危害;(endanger的过去分词和过去式) democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的;
After all, the absence of a duty of care within many professions can all too easily amount to accusations of negligence , and that being the case, can we be really comfortable with the thought that we're in effect being negligent in respect of the health of our own societies and the values that necessarily underpin them? 畢竟,在很多行業裡 缺乏謹慎責任 就很容易被指控為疏忽 既然如此,我們事實上 在社會的健康發展 及其必要支持的價值觀方面有所疏忽 我們真的能夠接受這想法嗎？
absence:n.没有;缺乏;缺席;不注意; professions:n.行业,职业;业内人士;同行;(profession的复数) accusations:n.控告;起诉;告发;谴责;(accusation的复数) negligence:n.疏忽;忽视;粗心大意; negligent:adj.疏忽的;粗心大意的; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; underpin:vt.巩固;支持;从下面支撑;加强…的基础;
Could anyone honestly suggest, on the evidence , that the same media which Hansard so roundly condemned have taken sufficient care to avoid behaving in ways which they could reasonably have foreseen would be likely to undermine or even damage our inherently fragile democratic settlement . 面對證據,有誰能誠實的說, 漢薩德學會全面譴責的同一類媒體 負起足夠責任去避免作出某些行為, 而他們可合理地預見 這些行為可會削弱甚至毀壞 我們內在還很脆弱的民主。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; roundly:adv.全面地;严厉地;直率地;圆圆地; condemned:adj.已被定罪的;被责难的; sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的; behaving:v.表现:表现得体:有礼貌:(behave的现在分词) undermine:vt.破坏,渐渐破坏;挖掘地基; inherently:adv.内在地;固有地;天性地; fragile:adj.脆的;易碎的; settlement:n.协议:处理:结算:定居点;
Now there will be those who will argue that this could all too easily drift into a form of censorship, albeit self-censorship , but I don't buy that argument. 現在有些人會爭辯 這些太容易偏轉成 審查制度,儘管是自我審查 但我不接受那個論點。
drift:v.漂移;漂流;飘;缓缓移动;n.趋势;大意;要点;流动; albeit:conj.虽然;即使; self-censorship:n.自我审查;自我检查;
It has to be possible to balance freedom of expression with wider moral and social responsibilities. 我們一定可以 在言論自由和 更廣泛的道德和社會責任之間找到平衡
expression:n.表现,表示,表达; moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的;
Let me explain why by taking the example from my own career as a filmmaker . 我想用我身為一個電影製作人 作一個簡單實例來說明原因。
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历; filmmaker:n.电影制作人;电影摄制者;
Throughout that career, I never accepted that a filmmaker should set about putting their own work outside or above what he or she believed to be a decent set of values for their own life, their own family, and the future of the society in which we all live. 在我職業生涯中,我從來都不接受 電影製作人該把作品 和自己對生活、家庭 以及我們對社會未來 的想法和價值觀 分隔開。
Throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; decent:adj.正派的;得体的;相当好的;
I'd go further. 讓我進一步說明
A responsible filmmaker should never devalue their work to a point at which it becomes less than true to the world they themselves wish to inhabit . 一個負責的電影製作人從來不該將自己作品的價值觀 降低到不能符合 自己對這個世界的期望
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; devalue:vt.使贬值;降低…的价值;vi.贬值; inhabit:v.居住在;栖居于;
As I see it, filmmakers , journalists , even bloggers are all required to face up to the social expectations that come with combining the intrinsic power of their medium with their well-honed professional skills. 在我看來,電影製作人,記者,甚至部落格作家 都需面對社會的期望 將媒體內蘊的力量 和他們優秀的職業技能結合起來
filmmakers:n.制片人(filmmaker的复数); journalists:n.新闻记者(journalist的复数); bloggers:n.写博客的人;博客使用者; face up to:勇敢地面对; expectations:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望;(expectation的复数) intrinsic:adj.本质的,固有的; medium:n.(传播信息的)媒介;手段;工具;方法;adj.中等的;中号的; professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员;
Obviously this is not a mandated duty, but for the gifted filmmaker and the responsible journalist or even blogger, it strikes me as being utterly inescapable . 當然這不是一個強制的責任 但對於優秀的電影製作人,負責任的記者 甚至部落格作家,我認為是完全無法逃避的責任。
mandated:adj.托管的; v.强制执行; (mandate的过去分词和过去式) gifted:adj.有天赋的;有才华的; utterly:adv.完全地;绝对地;全然地;彻底地,十足地; inescapable:adj.不可避免的;逃脱不了的;
We should always remember that our notion of individual freedom and its partner, creative freedom, is comparatively new in the history of Western ideas, and for that reason, it's often undervalued and can be very quickly undermined . 我們應該牢記 個人自由,以其伴隨的創作自由 在西方思想史上 是相對很新的概念 因此,它通常被低估 也很容易被削弱
creative:adj.创造性的; comparatively:adv.比较地;相当地; undervalued:adj.贬值的; v.低估…的价值; (undervalue的过去式和过去分词) undermined:v.暗地里破坏;挖…的下面(undermine的过去分词);
It's a prize easily lost, and once lost, once surrendered , it can prove very, very hard to reclaim . 這是個很容易失去的禮物 一旦丟失,一旦屈服 就很難再拿回來了
surrendered:v.投降;(被迫)放弃,交出(surrender的过去分词和过去式) reclaim:v.开拓;回收再利用;改造某人,使某人悔改;n.改造,感化;再生胶;
And its first line of defense has to be our own standards , not those enforced on us by a censor or legislation , our own standards and our own integrity. 而對它首要的保護 就是我們自己的標準 不是由審查或者通過立法強加給我們的標準 而是我們自己的標準和自己的道德準則
standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数) enforced:adj.强迫的;强制性的;v.强制执行;迫使;(enforce的过去分词和过去式) legislation:n.立法;法律;
Our integrity as we deal with those with whom we work and our own standards as we operate within society. 道德準則是指我們如何處理 選擇和誰一起工作 以及我們在社會裡採用的標準
And these standards of ours need to be all of a piece with a sustainable social agenda . 而我們這些標準 需要統一及可持續的社會進程
sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的; agenda:n.议事日程;
They're part of a collective responsibility, the responsibility of the artist or the journalist to deal with the world as it really is, and this, in turn, must go hand in hand with the responsibility of those governing society to also face up to that world, and not to be tempted to misappropriate the causes of its ills. 他們屬於共同責任的一部份 這責任要求藝術家或記者 面對世界時如同真實的一樣 而這轉過來,也必須和 統治機構的責任聯繫起來 他們也需要面對真實的世界, 不應當被利用濫用職權 引起社會弊端的漏洞
collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; hand in hand:adj.并进的;手拉手的;亲密的; tempted:adj.想做…的; v.引诱; (tempt的过去分词和过去式) misappropriate:v.私吞;挪用;
Yet, as has become strikingly clear over the last couple of years, such responsibility has to a very great extent been abrogated by large sections of the media. 但是,在過去幾年中 越來越驚人地清楚的是 這些責任在非常大的程度上 被大部份媒體拋棄了。
strikingly:adv.显著地;突出地,引人注目地; extent:n.程度;范围;长度; abrogated:vt.废除;取消;
And as a consequence , across the Western world, the over-simplistic policies of the parties of protest and their appeal to a largely disillusioned , older demographic , 作為結果,在西方社會里 反對黨過分簡化的政策 他們主要吸引對社會不抱期望 年紀很大的群眾
consequence:n.结果;重要性;推论; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) protest:n.抗议;抗议书(或行动);反对;v.(公开)反对;抗议;申辩; appeal:n.上诉;吸引力;申诉;魅力;v.上诉;呼吁;申诉;恳求; largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; disillusioned:adj.醒悟的; v.使幻想破灭(disillusion的过去分词); demographic:adj.人口统计学的;人口学的;
along with the apathy and obsession with the trivial that typifies at least some of the young, taken together, these and other similarly contemporary aberrations are threatening to squeeze the life out of active, informed debate and engagement, and I stress active. 冷漠而固執 至少對部份年輕人抱有偏見 所有的這些 當代的心理失常現象 正威脅 使積極的、信息通暢的辯論和參與失去活力 我強調是積極的
apathy:n.冷漠,无兴趣,漠不关心;无感情; obsession:n.痴迷;困扰;[内科][心理]强迫观念; trivial:adj.不重要的,琐碎的;琐细的; typifies:vt.代表;作为…的典型;具有…的特点; similarly:adv.同样地;类似于; contemporary:n.同时代的人;同时期的东西;adj.当代的;同时代的;属于同一时期的; aberrations:n.[光]像差;[生物]畸变;析光差;脱离常轨(aberration的复数形式); squeeze:v.挤;紧握;勒索;压榨;n.压榨;紧握;拥挤;佣金; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑;
The most ardent of libertarians might argue that Donoghue v. Stevenson should have been thrown out of court and that Stevenson would eventually have gone out of business if he'd continued to sell ginger beer with snails in it. 最激烈的自由主義者可能會爭辯說 唐納修訴史帝文森的案子不應被受理 只要史帝文森繼續賣有蝸牛的薑汁啤酒, 他最終會破產的
ardent:adj.热情的;热心的;激烈的;燃烧般的; libertarians:adj.自由的;自由论者的;持自由论的;n.自由意志主义者;行动自由论者; snails:n.[无脊椎]蜗牛; v.使成蜗纹;
But most of us, I think, accept some small role for the state to enforce a duty of care, and the key word here is reasonable . 但我覺得,我們中的大部份人還是接受 國家採取一些行動來加強謹慎責任的 這裡的關鍵是合理的
reasonable:adj.合理的,公道的;通情达理的;
Judges must ask, did they take reasonable care and could they have reasonably foreseen the consequences of their actions? 法官們必須問的問題是,他們有沒有採取合理的關照 以及他們是否能夠合理預測到 行為的後果？
consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
Far from signifying overbearing state power, it's that small common sense test of reasonableness that I'd like us to apply to those in the media who, after all, set the tone and the content for much of our democratic discourse . 不僅沒有顯示過強的政府力量 這是一個對合理性的常識小測試 我希望我們能將這個測試應用於媒體上 畢竟,媒體奠定了我們民主的 大部份基調和內容。
signifying:v.表示;说明;预示;显示;要紧;(signify的现在分词) overbearing:adj.傲慢的;压倒一切的;v.压住;否定;专横地对待;(overbear的现在分词); common sense:adj.常识的;有生活经验得来的; reasonableness:n.合理;妥当; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; tone:n.语气:风格:特色:声音信号:v.使更结实:与…协调: content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足; discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出;
Democracy, in order to work, requires that reasonable men and women take the time to understand and debate difficult, sometimes complex issues , and they do so in an atmosphere which strives for the type of understanding that leads to, if not agreement, then at least a productive and workable compromise . 爲了讓民主發揮作用, 需要理性的民眾花時間理解並爭論 那些困難而且有時很複雜的事務 他們需要在一個這樣的氛圍中進行: 這個環境下大家的理解是朝著 哪怕不是完全同意,但至少能 達成一種有效又能執行的妥協。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格; strives:奋斗; productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的; workable:adj.切实可行的;可经营的;能工作的; compromise:n.妥协;折中;互让;和解;v.妥协;违背(原则);达不到(标准);使陷入危险;
Politics is about choices, and within those choices, politics is about priorities . 政治是選擇 在這些選擇裡面,政治講的是優先權
priorities:n.优先事项;优先权;重点;(priority的复数)
It's about reconciling conflicting preferences wherever and whenever possibly based on fact. 政治是無論何時何地,只要有可能 就在事實基礎上斡旋各種有衝突的選擇
reconciling:调解; conflicting:adj.互相斗争的;相冲突的;v.冲突,抵触;(conflict的现在分词) preferences:n.偏爱;爱好;喜爱;偏爱的事物;(preference的复数)
But if the facts themselves are distorted , the resolutions are likely only to create further conflict, with all the stresses and strains on society that inevitably follow. 但是如果事實本身就是扭曲的 解決方案很可能只能產生更多的矛盾 而社會上的壓力和衝突 就不可避免的會跟著產生
distorted:adj.歪曲的;受到曲解的;v.扭曲(distort的过去式和过去分词); resolutions:n.决议(resolution的复数);解决;决心;[物]分辨率; strains:n.[微]菌株(strain复数); v.[力]拉紧; inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地;
The media have to decide: 媒體需要決定:
Do they see their role as being to inflame or to inform? 他們視自己的角色是點燃衝突的人 還是提供信息的人
inflame:vt.激怒;使燃烧;使发炎;vi.燃烧;发炎;激动;
Because in the end, it comes down to a combination of trust and leadership. 因為到了最後,歸根結底是 信任和領導力的結合。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合;
Fifty years ago this week, President John F. Kennedy made two epoch-making speeches, the first on disarmament and the second on civil rights . 五十年前的這一週,約翰．甘迺迪總統 作了兩個名留青史的演講 第一個關於裁軍第二個關於人權
epoch-making:adj.划时代的;开新纪元的;意义重大的; disarmament:n.裁军; civil rights:na.公民权;
The first led almost immediately to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , and the second led to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, both of which represented giant leaps forward. 第一個演講幾乎立刻導致 《禁止核試驗條約》的誕生 第二個演講帶來了 1964 年的人權法案 這兩件事情都代表著巨大的進步
Nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的; Ban:v.下令禁止;查禁;n.禁令; Treaty:n.条约,协议;谈判; represented:v.代表; (represent的过去式和过去分词) giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 leaps:n.跳跃,剧增,急变(leap的复数);v.跳跃;急速进步(leap的三单形式);
Democracy, well-led and well-informed , can achieve very great things, but there's a precondition . 民主,在良好領導和充分的信息溝通下 能夠達成偉大的成就 但是這是有前提的
well-informed:adj.消息灵通的;见多识广的;熟悉的;博学的; precondition:n.前提;先决条件;vt.预处理;事先准备;
We have to trust that those making those decisions are acting in the best interest not of themselves but of the whole of the people. 我們必須信任那些做決定的人 是基於全人類的最大利益而非個人私利 的前提下行動
We need factually-based options , clearly laid out, not those of a few powerful and potentially manipulative corporations pursuing their own frequently narrow agendas , but accurate , unprejudiced information with which to make our own judgments . 我們需要基於事實的選項 被清楚地列出來 而非少數幾個很有權力 而且可能會操縱事實的機構 去尋求他們自己通常很淺薄的目的 我們需要精確公正的信息 在此基礎上做我們自己的判斷
options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式) potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; manipulative:adj.巧妙处理的;操纵的,用手控制的; corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式); pursuing:v.追求;致力于;贯彻;跟踪;追赶;(pursue的现在分词) frequently:adv.频繁地,经常地;时常,屡次; narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分; agendas:n.会议议程(agenda的复数); accurate:adj.精确的; unprejudiced:adj.没有成见的;公平的;无偏见的; judgments:判断;
If we want to provide decent, fulfilling lives for our children and our children's children, we need to exercise to the very greatest degree possible that duty of care for a vibrant , and hopefully a lasting, democracy. 如果我們想要為我們的子孫後代 提供得體、有意義的生活 我們需要在最大程度上行使 對於這種活躍、希望也是持久的民主 的謹慎責任
fulfilling:adj.让人感觉有意义的; v.实现; (fulfill的现在分词) vibrant:adj.振动的;充满生气的;响亮的;战栗的;
Thank you very much for listening to me. 謝謝你們聽我演講
(Applause) （掌聲）