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DavidPizarro_2012X-_厌恶情感中的奇怪政治_
In the 17th century, a woman named Giulia Tofana had a very successful perfume business. [00:13]
perfume:n.香水;香味;v.洒香水于…;使…带香味;
For over 50 years she ran it. [00:20]
It sort of ended abruptly when she was executed — (Laughter) — for murdering 600 men. You see, it wasn't a very good perfume. [00:22]
abruptly:adv.突然地;唐突地; executed:v.(尤指依法)处决,处死;实行;执行;实施;(execute的过去分词和过去式)
In fact, it was completely odorless and tasteless and colorless , but as a poison, it was the best money could buy, so women flocked to her in order to murder their husbands. [00:30]
odorless:adj.没有气味的; tasteless:adj.无味的;无鉴赏力的; colorless:adj.无色的;苍白的;无趣味的; flocked:v.聚集(flock的过去分词);成群而行;n.植绒;舒美绒皮;
It turns out that poisoners were a valued and feared group, because poisoning a human being is a quite difficult thing. [00:41]
poisoners:n.投毒者;毒害者;
The reason is, we have sort of a built-in poison detector . [00:51]
built-in:adj.嵌入的;固定的;n.内置; detector:n.探测器;检测器;发现者;侦察器;
You can see this as early as even in newborn infants . [00:54]
newborn:adj.新生的;再生的;n.婴儿; infants:n.婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿;
If you are willing to do this, you can take a couple of drops of a bitter substance or a sour substance, and you'll see that face, the tongue stick out, the wrinkled nose, as if they're trying to get r id of what's in their mouth. [00:57]
bitter:adj.苦的; n.苦味; v.激烈地; v.使变苦; substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品;
This reaction expands into adulthood and becomes sort of a full-blown disgust response , no longer just about whether or not we're about to be poisoned, [01:09]
reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用; expands:v.展开; (expand的第三人称单数) adulthood:n.成年;成人期; full-blown:adj.成熟的;(花)盛开的;(帆等)张满的; disgust:n.厌恶;反感;憎恶;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感; response:n.响应;反应;回答; whether or not:是否…;
but whenever there's a threat of physical contamination from some source . But the face remains strikingly similar. [01:18]
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; contamination:n.污染,玷污;污染物; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; strikingly:adv.显著地;突出地,引人注目地;
It has expanded more, though, than just keeping us away from physical contaminants , and there's a growing body of evidence to suggest that, in fact, this emotion of disgust now influences our moral beliefs and even our deeply held political intuitions . [01:25]
expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式); contaminants:n.[环境]污染物;污垢物(contaminant的复数); evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; emotion:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感; influences:n.影响; v.影响; moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; intuitions:n.直觉;直觉力;直觉的知识;
Why this might be the case? [01:42]
We can understand this process by understanding a little bit about emotions in general . So the basic human emotions, those kinds of emotions that we share with all other human beings, exist because they motivate us to do good things and th ey keep us away from doing bad things. [01:45]
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) in general:总之,通常;一般而言;
So by and large , they are good for our survival . [02:00]
by and large:大体上,总的来说; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
Take the emotion of fear, for instance . It keeps us away from doing things that are really, really risky. [02:03]
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例;
This photo taken just before his death — (Laughter) — is actually a — No, one reason this photo is interesting is because most people would not do this, and if they did, [02:08]
they would not live to tell it, because fear would have kicked in a long time ago to a natural predator . [02:19]
predator:n.[动]捕食者;[动]食肉动物;掠夺者;
Just like fear offers us protective benefits, disgust seems to do the same thing, except for what disgust does is keeps us away from not things that might eat us, [02:24]
protective:adj.防护的;关切保护的;保护贸易的;
or heights, but rather things that might poison us, or give us disease and make us sick. [02:33]
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
So one of the features of disgust that makes it such an interesting emotion is that it's very, very easy to elicit , in fact more so than probably any of the other basic emotions, [02:38]
elicit:v.抽出,引出;引起;
and so I'm going to show you that with a couple of images [02:49]
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
I can probably make you feel disgust. [02:51]
So turn away. I'll tell you when you can turn back . [02:53]
turn back:往回走;阻挡;翻回到;
(Laughter) [02:57]
I mean, you see it every day, right? I mean, come on. (Laughter) [02:58]
(Audience: Ewww.) [03:02]
Okay, turn back, if you didn't look. [03:03]
Those probably made a lot of you in the audience feel very, very disgusted , but if you didn't look, [03:06]
disgusted:adj.厌恶的;反感的;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感;(disgust的过去式和过去分词)
I can tell you about some of the other things that have been shown sort of across the world to make people disgusted, things like feces , urine , blood, rotten flesh . [03:13]
feces:n.排泄物;渣滓; urine:n.尿; rotten:adj.腐烂的;堕落的;恶臭的;虚弱的;极坏的;adv.非常; flesh:n.肉;肉体;v.喂肉给…;发胖;
These are the sorts of things that it makes sense for us to stay away from, because they might actually contaminate us. [03:21]
contaminate:v.污染;玷污,毒害(人的思想或品德);
In fact, just having a diseased appearance or odd sexual acts, these things are also things that give us a lot of disgust. [03:27]
diseased:adj.不健全的;患病的;病态的;v.使生病;传染;(disease的过去式和过去分词) appearance:n.外貌;外观;外表; odd:adj.古怪的;奇数的;n.奇数; sexual:adj.性的;性别的;有性的;
Darwin was probably one of the first scientists to systematically investigate the human emotions, and he pointed to the universal nature and the strength of the disgust response. [03:34]
systematically:adv.有系统地;有组织地; investigate:v.调查;研究;审查; universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;
This is an anecdote from his travels in South America . [03:44]
anecdote:n.轶事;奇闻;秘史; South America:n.南美洲;
'"In Tierro del Fuego a native touched with his finger some cold preserved meat while I was eating ... [03:47]
native:adj.本国的;土著的;天然的;与生俱来的;天赋的;n.本地人;土产;当地居民; preserved:v.保护;维护;保留;保存;保养;(preserve的过去式和过去分词)
and plainly showed disgust at its softness, whilst I felt utter disgust at my food being touched by a naked savage — (Laughter) — though his hands did not appear dirty." [03:52]
plainly:adv.明白地;坦率地;平坦地;朴素地; whilst:conj.同时;时时,有时;当…的时候; utter:v.说;出声;讲;adj.完全的;十足的;彻底的; naked:adj.裸体的;无装饰的;无证据的;直率的; savage:adj.野蛮的; n.未开化的; vt.乱咬;
He later wrote, "It's okay, some of my best friends are naked savages ." (Laughter) [04:00]
savages:n.野蛮人(savage的复数);残酷的人;v.凶猛地攻击;激怒(savage的三单形式);
Well it turns out it's not only old-timey British scientists who are this squeamish . I recently got a chance to talk to Richard Dawkins for a documentary, and I was able to disgust him a bunch of times. Here's my favorite. [04:06]
old-timey:adj.过去的,旧时的;古色古香的;激起怀旧情怀的; squeamish:adj.易呕吐的;易生气的;神经质的;过于拘谨的;洁癖的; recently:adv.最近;新近; a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆;
Richard Dawkins: "We've evolved around courtship and sex, are attached to deep-rooted emotions and reactions that are hard to jettison overnight ." [04:17]
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) courtship:n.求爱;求婚;求爱期; attached:adj.依恋;v.重视;把…固定;(attach的过去分词和过去式) deep-rooted:adj.根深蒂固的; reactions:n.反应;回应;抗拒;生理反应;副作用(reaction的复数) jettison:n.投弃;投弃货物;vt.投弃(船舶遇难时投弃货物以为减轻负载); overnight:adj.夜间的; v.在夜间; n.(美)前一天的晚上;
David Pizarro: So my favorite part of this clip is that [04:27]
clip:v.剪辑;修剪;削减;固定;n.夹;夹子;速度;钳;
Professor Dawkins actually gagged . [04:31]
gagged:n.塞口;vt.塞住,堵住;呕吐(gag的过去式,过去分词);
He jumps back, and he gags , and we had to do it three times, and all three times he gagged. (Laughter) [04:34]
gags:n.[机]塞口物; v.堵住…的嘴;
And he was really gagging . I thought he might throw up on me, actually. [04:41]
gagging:v.捂住,塞住;使缄默;作呕;(gag的现在分词)
One of the features, though, of disgust, is not just its universality and its strength, but the way that it works through association . [04:44]
universality:n.普遍性;广泛性;一般性;多方面性; association:n.协会;关联;联想;交往;
So when one disgusting thing touches a clean thing, that clean thing becomes disgusting, not the other way around. [04:53]
disgusting:adj.令人不快的;令人厌恶的;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感;(disgust的现在分词)
This makes it very useful as a strategy if you want to convince somebody that an object or an individual or an entire social group is disgusting and should be avoided. [05:00]
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
The philosopher Martha Nussbaum points this out in this quote : "Thus throughout history, certain disgust properties -- sliminess, bad smell, stickiness , decay , foulness -- have been repeatedly and monotonously been associated with ... [05:09]
philosopher:n.哲学家;深思的人;善于思考的人; quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; stickiness:n.粘性;胶粘; decay:v.(使)腐烂;破败;(力量、影响等)衰弱;n.腐烂;腐朽;衰退; repeatedly:adv.反复地;再三地;屡次地; monotonously:adv.无变化地,单调地; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式)
Jews, women, homosexuals , untouchables , lower-class people -- all of those are imagined as tainted by the dirt of the body." [05:19]
homosexuals:n.[心理]同性恋者(homosexual的复数); untouchables:n.贱民(untouchable的复数);被遗弃的人; lower-class:adj.下层社会的;n.下层社会; tainted:v.使腐坏;污染;玷污,败坏(名声);(taint的过去分词和过去式) dirt:n.污垢;尘土;下流话;
Let me give you just some examples of how, some powerful examples of how this has been used historically . [05:26]
historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说;
This comes from a Nazi children's book published in 1938: "Just look at these guys! The louse-infested beards, the filthy , protruding ears, those stained , fatty clothes... [05:32]
filthy:adj.肮脏的;污秽的;下流的;淫秽的;adv.极其肮脏的;富得流油的; protruding:adj.突出的;伸出的;v.突出(protrude的现在分词);伸出; stained:adj.玷污的;着色的v.玷污;败坏;给…染色(stain的过去式和过去分词); fatty:adj.脂肪的;肥胖的;多脂肪的;脂肪过多的;n.胖子;
Jews often have an unpleasant sweetish odor. [05:42]
unpleasant:adj.令人不快的;不舒服的;不客气的
If you have a good nose, you can smell the Jews." [05:44]
A more modern example comes from people who try to convince us that homosexuality is immoral . [05:47]
homosexuality:n.同性恋; immoral:adj.不道德的;邪恶的;淫荡的;
This is from an anti-gay website, where they said gays are " worthy of death for their vile ... sex practices." [05:52]
worthy:adj.值得的; n.杰出人物; vile:adj.卑鄙的;邪恶的;低廉的;肮脏的;
They're like "dogs eating their own vomit and sows wallowing in their own feces." [05:59]
vomit:n.呕吐物;v.呕吐;吐;呕; sows:v.播种;灌输;激起;煽动;n.母猪;(sow的第三人称单数和复数) wallowing:v.打滚,翻滚;沉湎;放纵(wallow的现在分词)
These are disgust properties that are trying to be directly linked to the social group that you should not like. [06:03]
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
When we were first investigating the role of disgust in moral judgment , one of the things we became interested in was whether or not these sorts of appeals are more likely to work in individuals who are more easily disgusted. [06:09]
investigating:v.调查;研究;审查;(investigate的现在分词) judgment:n.判断;裁判;判决书;辨别力; appeals:n.[法]上诉; v.有吸引力(appeal的单三形式); individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
So while disgust, along with the other basic emotions, are universal phenomena , it just really is true that some people are easier to disgust than others. [06:23]
phenomena:n.现象(phenomenon的复数);
You could probably see it in the audience members when I showed you those disgusting images. [06:30]
The way that we measured this was by a scale that was constructed by some other psychologists that simply asked people across a wide variety of situations how likely they are to feel disgust. [06:34]
measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; constructed:v.修建;建造;组成;编制,绘制;(construct的过去分词和过去式) psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
So here are a couple of examples. [06:44]
'"Even if I were hungry, I would not drink a bowl of my favorite soup if it had been stirred by a used but thoroughly washed fly-swatter." [06:45]
stirred:v.搅动;搅和;搅拌;(使)微动;(stir的过去分词和过去式) thoroughly:adv.彻底地,完全地;
'"Do you agree or disagree?" (Laughter) [06:51]
'"While you are walking through a tunnel under a railroad track , you smell urine. Would you be very disgusted or not at all disgusted?" [06:53]
tunnel:n.地下通道;地道;隧道;(动物的)洞穴通道;v.开凿隧道;挖地道; track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪; not at all:毫无;一点也不;不用谢;
If you ask enough of these, you can get a general overall score of disgust sensitivity . [06:59]
overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的; sensitivity:n.敏感;敏感性;过敏;
It turns out that this score is actually meaningful . [07:04]
meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的;
When you bring people into the laboratory and you ask them if they're willing to engage in safe but disgusting behaviors like eating chocolate that's been baked to look like dog poop , [07:06]
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定; baked:v.烘烤;焙;烤硬;灼热;(bake的过去分词和过去式) poop:n.船尾;傻子;内幕消息;v.使精疲力尽;使船尾受击;
or in this case eating some mealworms that are perfectly healthy but pretty gross , your score on that scale actually predicts whether or not you'll be willing to engage in those behaviors. [07:18]
mealworms:n.粉虱;面粉中的甲虫之幼虫; gross:adj.总共的;粗野的;恶劣的;显而易见的;v.总共收入;n.总额,总数; predicts:vt.预报,预言;预知;vi.作出预言;作预料,作预报;
The first time that we set out to collect data on this and associate it with political or moral beliefs, we found a general pattern -- this is with the psychologists Yoel Inbar and Paul Bloom -- that in fact, across three studies we kept finding [07:28]
Bloom:v.盛开;开花;繁殖;繁盛;n.水华;风华正茂;霜;青春;
that people who reported that they were easily disgusted also reported that they were more politically conservative . [07:42]
politically:adv.政治上; conservative:adj.保守的;n.保守派,守旧者;
Another way to say this, though, is that people who are very liberal are very hard to disgust. (Laughter) [07:48]
liberal:adj.宽宏大度的; n.理解且尊重他人意见的人;
In a more recent follow-up study, we were able to look at a much greater sample, a much larger sample. In this case, this is nearly 30,000 U.S. respondents , and we find the same pattern. As you can see , people who are on the very conservative side of answering the political orientation scale are also much more likely to report that they're easily disgusted. [07:56]
follow-up:adj.后续的;增补的;n.随访;跟进;后续行动; respondents:n.回答者,调查对象(respondent复数形式); As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; orientation:n.方向;定向;适应;情况介绍;向东方;
This data set also allowed us to statistically control for a number of things that we knew were both related to political orientation and to disgust sensitivity. [08:15]
statistically:adv.统计地;统计学上;
So we were able to control for gender , age, income, education, even basic personality variables , and the result stays the same. [08:23]
gender:n.性别; personality:n.性格;个性;人格;魅力;气质;名人;特色; variables:n.[数]变量;
When we actually looked at not just self-reported political orientation, but voting behavior, we were able to look geographically across the nation. What we found was that in regions [08:31]
self-reported:自我报告;自述;自陈; geographically:adv.在地理上;地理学上; regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数)
in which people reported high levels of disgust sensitivity, [08:41]
McCain got more votes. [08:44]
So it not only predicted self-reported political orientation, but actual voting behavior. And also we were able, with this sample, to look across the world, [08:46]
predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式)
in 121 different countries we asked the same questions, and as you can see, this is 121 countries collapsed into 10 different geographical regions. [08:55]
collapsed:v.倒塌,坍塌;倒下,昏倒;坐下;(collapse的过去分词和过去式)
No matter where you look, what this is plotting is the size of the relationship between disgust sensitivity and political orientation, and no matter where we looked, we saw a very similar effect. [09:04]
plotting:v.密谋;暗中策划;(在地图上)标出;绘制(图表);(plot的现在分词)
Other labs have actually looked at this as well using different measures of disgust sensitivity, so rather than asking people how easily disgusted they are, they hook people up to physiological measures, in this case skin conductance . [09:14]
labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数) hook:n.钩;挂钩;鱼钩;钓钩;v.挂住;箍住;钓(鱼);打曲线球; physiological:adj.生理学的,生理的; conductance:n.电导(率);(热)传导性;
And what they've demonstrated is that people who report being more politically conservative are also more physiologically aroused when you show them disgusting images like the ones that I showed you. [09:26]
demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) physiologically:adv.生理学方面; aroused:v.激起,引起;激起性欲;使行动起来;激发(arouse的过去分词和过去式)
Interestingly , what they also showed in a finding that we kept getting in our previous studies as well was that one of the strongest influences here is that [09:36]
Interestingly:adv.有趣地; previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前;
individuals who are very disgust-sensitive not only are more likely to report being politically conservative, but they're also very much more opposed to gay marriage and homosexuality and pretty much a lot of the socio-moral issues in the sexual domain . [09:46]
opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式) issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) domain:n.领域;域名;产业;地产;
So physiological arousal predicted, in this study, attitudes toward gay marriage. [09:59]
arousal:n.觉醒;激励; attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数);
But even with all these data linking disgust sensitivity and political orientation, one of the questions that remains is what is the causal link here? Is it the case that disgust really is shaping political and moral beliefs? [10:05]
causal:adj.因果关系的;有原因的;n.表示原因的连词;
We have to resort to experimental methods to answer this, and so what we can do is actually bring people into the lab and disgust them and compare them to a control group that hasn't been disgusted. It turns out that over [10:17]
resort:n.度假胜地;诉诸;采取;旅游胜地;v.去;凭藉; experimental:adj.实验的;根据实验的;试验性的; compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
the past five years a number of researchers have done this, and by and large the results have all been the same, that when people are feeling disgust, their attitudes shift towards the right of the political spectrum , toward more moral conservatism as well. [10:27]
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; spectrum:n.光谱;频谱;范围;余象; conservatism:n.保守主义;守旧性;
So this is whether you use a foul odor, a bad taste, from film clips , from post-hypnotic suggestions of disgust, images like the ones I've shown you, even just [10:40]
foul:adj.犯规的; v.犯规; n.犯规; v.违反规则地,不正当地; clips:n.夹子; v.夹住;
reminding people that disease is prevalent and they should be wary of it and wash up, right, to keep clean, these all have similar effects on judgment. [10:52]
reminding:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的现在分词) prevalent:adj.流行的;普遍的,广传的; wary:adj.谨慎的;机警的;惟恐的;考虑周到的;
Let me just give you an example from a recent study that we conducted . We asked participants to just simply give us their opinion of a variety of social groups, and we either made the room smell gross or not. [11:00]
conducted:v.组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥;带领;引导;(conduct的过去分词和过去式) participants:n.参与者(participant的复数形式);
When the room smelled gross, what we saw was that individuals actually reported more negative attitudes toward gay men. [11:14]
negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝;
Disgust didn't influence attitudes toward all the other social groups that we asked, including African-Americans, the elderly . It really came down to the attitudes they had toward gay men. [11:21]
elderly:adj.上了年纪的;过了中年的;稍老的;
In another set of studies we actually simply reminded people -- this was at a time when the swine flu was going around -- we reminded people that in order to prevent the spread of the flu that they ought to wash their hands. [11:31]
reminded:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的过去分词和过去式) swine:n.猪;卑贱的人;
For some participants, we actually had them take questionnaires next to a sign that reminded them to wash their hands. [11:43]
questionnaires:n.问卷,调查表(questionnaire的复数形式);
And what we found was that just taking a questionnaire next to this hand-sanitizing reminder made individuals report being more politically conservative. [11:50]
And when we asked them a variety of questions about the rightness or wrongness of certain acts, what we also found was that simply being reminded that they ought to wash their hands made them more morally conservative. [12:00]
rightness:n.公正;正直;廉正;贴切; wrongness:n.不正直;谬误;不公正; morally:adv.道德上;有道德地;确实地;
In particular , when we asked them questions about sort of taboo but fairly harmless sexual practices, just being reminded that they ought to wash their hands made them think that they were more morally wrong. [12:11]
In particular:尤其,特别; taboo:n.禁忌;禁止;adj.禁忌的;忌讳的;vt.禁忌;禁止; fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直;
Let me give you an example of what I mean by harmless but taboo sexual practice. We gave them scenarios . [12:22]
scenarios:n.情节;脚本;情景介绍(scenario的复数);
One of them said a man is house-sitting for his grandmother. [12:27]
house-sitting:vi.代为照看房屋(house-sit的变形)
When his grandmother's away, he has sex with his girlfriend on his grandma's bed. [12:31]
In another one, we said a woman enjoys masturbating with her favorite teddy bear cuddled next to her. (Laughter) [12:35]
masturbating:v.手淫;对(某人)行手淫;(masturbate的现在分词) teddy bear:泰迪熊 cuddled:v.拥抱;搂抱;(cuddle的过去分词和过去式)
People find these to be more morally abhorrent if they've been reminded to wash their hands. (Laughter) [12:41]
abhorrent:adj.可恶的;厌恶的;格格不入的;
(Laughter) [12:48]
Okay. The fact that emotions influence our judgment should come as no surprise. I mean, that's part of how emotions work. [12:51]
They not only motivate you to behave in certain ways, but they change the way you think. [12:58]
behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用;
In the case of disgust, what is a little bit more surprising is the scope of this influence. It makes perfect sense, and it's a very good emotion for us to have, that disgust would make me change the way that I perceive the physical world whenever contamination is possible. [13:02]
scope:n.能力; v.仔细看; perceive:v.注意到;意识到;将…理解为;认为;
It makes less sense that an emotion that was built to prevent me from ingesting poison should predict who I'm going to vote for in the upcoming presidential election. [13:17]
ingesting:v.摄入;食入;咽下;(ingest的现在分词) upcoming:adj.即将来临的; presidential:adj.总统的;首长的;统辖的;
The question of whether disgust ought to influence our moral and political judgments certainly has to be complex , and might depend on exactly what judgments we're talking about, and as a scientist, [13:26]
judgments:判断; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
we have to conclude sometimes that the scientific method is just ill-equipped to answer these sorts of questions. [13:37]
conclude:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定) scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; ill-equipped:adj.装备不良的;
But one thing that I am fairly certain about is, at the very least, what we can do with this research is point to what questions we ought to ask in the first place . [13:42]
in the first place:首先;起初;
Thank you. (Applause) [13:50]