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DavidMackay_2012X-_对开发可再生能源的理性思考_
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| When the Industrial Revolution started, the amount of carbon sitting underneath |
工业革命刚开始的时候 在不列颠地下以煤炭形式 |
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Industrial Revolution:n.工业革命; carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; underneath:prep.在…的下面;在…的支配下;n.下面;底部;adj.下面的;底层的;
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| Britain in the form of coal was as big as the amount of carbon sitting under Saudi Arabia in the form of oil, and this carbon powered the Industrial Revolution, it put the "Great" in Great Britain , and led to Britain's temporary world domination . |
和在沙特阿拉伯地下以石油形式 存在的能源资源是一样多的。 这些煤炭资源促进了工业革命 让英国成了一个工业强国 并在世界上取得了短暂的霸权地位 |
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Saudi:adj.沙乌地阿拉伯(人或语)的;n.沙乌地阿拉伯人; Arabia:n.阿拉伯半岛(亚洲西南部,等于ArabianPeninsula); Great Britain:n.大不列颠(包括英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士); temporary:adj.暂时的,临时的;n.临时工,临时雇员; domination:n.控制;支配;
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| And then, in 1918, coal production in Britain peaked , and has declined ever since. |
1918年英国的煤碳产量达到顶峰 从那以后便开始下降 |
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peaked:adj.尖的; v.到达高点,消瘦,竖起(peak的过去式和过去分词形式); declined:v.减少;下降;衰弱;婉言拒绝;(decline的过去分词和过去式)
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| In due course , Britain started using oil and gas from the North Sea, and in the year 2000, oil and gas production from the North Sea also peaked, and they're now on the decline. |
之后,英国开始使用来自北海的 石油和天然气,到了2000年 北海石油和天燃气的产量也达到顶峰 现在呢？它们在减少 |
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In due course:及时;顺次;及时地;到一定时候;在适当的时候;在适当时;在适当时机;
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| These observations about the finiteness of easily accessible , local, secure fossil fuels, this is a motivation for saying, "Well, what's next? |
对这些有限的、易获取的 本地的、以及安全的矿物能源进行观察 让我们不禁问:“下一种（能源资源）会是什么？” |
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observations:n.观察,观察值;观察结果;(observation的复数形式); accessible:adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的; fossil:n.化石;老人;老古董;adj.从地下发掘出来的;化石的;属于旧时代的;陈腐的; motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动;
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| What is life after fossil fuels going to be like? |
没有矿物能源的生活会变得怎样？ |
| Shouldn't we be thinking hard about how to get off fossil fuels?" |
我们不是应该努力设法 摆脱矿物能源吗？ |
| Another motivation, of course, is climate change. |
另一个引发这些问题的原因当然是气候变化 |
| And when people talk about life after fossil fuels and climate change action, I think there's a lot of fluff , a lot of greenwash , a lot of misleading advertising , and I feel a duty as a physicist to try to guide people around the claptrap and help people |
当人们谈论没有矿物能源的生活 以及气候变化运动时,我认为他们有 许多误解、虚假公关和误导的广告 作为一个物理学家,我认为有责任去 引导群众防止被误导,并帮助他们 |
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fluff:n.绒毛;蓬松毛团;没多大意义的娱乐;vt.抖松;搞糟;弄砸;使松散 greenwash:n.绿色粉饰; misleading:adj.误导的;引入歧途的;v.误导;引入歧途;使误信;(mislead的现在分词) advertising:n.做广告;广告业;广告活动;v.做广告;(advertise的现在分词) physicist:n.物理学家;物理学研究者; claptrap:n.讨好的言语或行为;哗众取宠的话;adj.讨好的;
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| understand the actions that really make a difference and to focus on ideas that do add up. |
去理解真正可以改变世界的行动 去关注真正有益的想法 |
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make a difference:有影响,有关系;
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| Let me illustrate this with what physicists call a back-of-envelope calculation. |
让我用一种物理学家叫做“猜量推算”方法 来阐述我的想法 |
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illustrate:v.解释;加插图于;给(书等)做图表;表明…真实; physicists:n.物理学家;机械唯物论者(physicist的复数);
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| We love back-of-envelope calculations. |
人们喜欢猜量推算 |
| You ask a question, you write down some numbers, and you get yourself an answer. |
你可以提出一个问题,写下一些数字 然后自己得出一个答案。 |
| It may not be very accurate , but it may make you say, "Hmm." |
它可能不够准确,但是让你觉得 “嗯,还不错。” |
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accurate:adj.精确的;
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| So here's a question: Imagine if we said, "Oh yes, we can get off fossil fuels. |
想象一下 如果我们说,“是的,我们可以摆脱矿物能源, |
| We'll use biofuels . Problem solved. |
我们可以使用生物能源。问题解决了。 |
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biofuels:n.[能源]生物燃料;生质燃料;生质能源(biofuel的复数形式);
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| Transport , we don't need oil anymore." |
运输交通再也不需使用石油了。“ |
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Transport:n.运输;输送;运送;运输机;v.输送;传播;使产生身临其境的感觉;(旧时)流放;
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| Well, what if we grew the biofuels for a road on the grass verge at the edge of the road? |
好吧,如果我们在马路的两边种植生物能源作物 去供给这条路上的消耗,会怎么样呢？ |
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what if:如果…怎么办? verge:vi.濒临,接近;处在边缘;n.边缘;
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| How wide would the verge have to be for that to work out? |
需要种植多宽的作物带才足够？ |
| Okay, so let's put in some numbers. |
让我们来做一些计算 |
| Let's have our cars go at 60 miles per hour. |
假设车辆以60英里的时速行驶 |
| Let's say they do 30 miles per gallon . |
以每加仑燃料可以跑30英里来算。 |
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gallon:n.加仑
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| That's the European average for new cars. |
这是现在欧洲新车的平均数据 |
| Let's say the productivity of biofuel plantations is 1,200 litres of biofuel per hectare per year. |
假设生物能源作物的产量为 每公顷每年1200升 |
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productivity:n.生产力;生产率;生产能力; plantations:n.[农]种植园(plantation的复数形式); hectare:n.公顷(等于1万平方米);
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| That's true of European biofuels. |
这同样也是欧洲的现状 |
| And let's imagine the cars are spaced 80 meters apart from each other, and they're just perpetually going along this road. |
假设车辆间距为80米 他们是延缦不断的 沿着这条路行驶。 |
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perpetually:adv.永恒地,持久地;
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| The length of the road doesn't matter, because the longer the road, the more biofuel plantation we've got. |
这条公路的长度不重要 应为公路有多长,我们就有多少的能源作物。 |
| What do we do with these numbers? |
有了这些数字我们能做些什么呢？ |
| Well, you take the first number, and you divide by the other three, and you get eight kilometers. |
把第一个数除以其他三个数 得到8公里 |
| And that's the answer. |
这就是答案。 |
| That's how wide the plantation would have to be, given these assumptions . |
在之前的假设前提下 这就是能源作物带所需要的宽度。 |
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assumptions:n.假定;假设;承担;获得;(assumption的复数)
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| And maybe that makes you say, "Hmm. |
这个答案可能会让你说,”嗯,还不错。” |
| Maybe this isn't going to be quite so easy." |
事情可能不那么简单 |
| And it might make you think, perhaps there's an issue to do with areas, and in this talk, |
你也许会想,面积可能不够 在这里让我来讲讲关于面积的事情 |
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issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
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| I'd like to talk about land areas, and ask, is there an issue about areas? The answer is going to be yes but it depends which country you are in. |
我会问,面积真的不够吗？ 答案是肯定的, 但这取决于你在哪个国家。 |
| So let's start in the United Kingdom , since that's where we are today. |
身在此地, 我们从英国开始吧。 |
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United Kingdom:n.英国;
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| The energy consumption of the United Kingdom, the total energy consumption, not just transport, but everything, |
英国的能源消耗量 是总量,而不仅仅是指交通运输业的消耗量, |
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consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨;
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| I like to quantify it in light bulbs . |
我喜欢用灯泡来量化它, |
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quantify:vt.量化;为…定量;确定数量;vi.量化;定量; bulbs:n.[电]灯泡;[植]鳞茎;大浇斗(bulb的复数);
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| It's as if we've all got 125 light bulbs on all the time, 125 kilowatt-hours per day per person is the energy consumption of the U.K. |
能源消耗总量相当于 全国每人拥有125个一直亮着的灯泡 每天每人消耗125千瓦时的电量。 |
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kilowatt-hours:n.千瓦时;一度电(能量单位);
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| So there's 40 light bulbs' worth for transport, 40 light bulbs' worth for heating, and 40 light bulbs' worth for making electricity , and other things are relatively small compared to those three big fish. |
也就是说,交通运输耗能相当于其中40个灯泡, 供暖耗能相当于40个灯泡, 发电需要40个灯泡, 相对于这三个耗能大鳄 其他的消耗相对会小些。 |
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electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
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| It's actually a bigger footprint if we take into account the embodied energy in the stuff we import into our country as well, and 90 percent of this energy today still comes from fossil fuels, and 10 percent only from other, greener -- possibly greener -- sources like nuclear power and renewables . |
如果把每天进口的实体能量也考虑进来 这实际上是很大的能源消耗 其中90%的能源依然来自矿物能源 只有10%的能量来自其它渠道 更绿色的——可能是更绿色的——能源 比如说核能或可再生能源 |
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footprint:n.足迹;脚印; take into account:考虑;重视;体谅; embodied:v.呈现(embody的过去式及过去分词形式);具体表达; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数) nuclear power:na.核大国; renewables:n.可再生能源(renewable的复数);
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| So, that's the U.K., and the population density of the U.K. |
这就是英国的情况 英国的人口密度是 |
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density:n.密度;
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| is 250 people per square kilometer, and I'm now going to show you other countries by these same two measures. |
250人每平方公里, 现在我要向你们展示 其他国家的这两项指标。 |
| On the vertical axis , I'm going to show you how much light bulbs -- what our energy consumption per person is, and we're at 125 light bulbs per person, |
纵轴代表灯泡个数, 也就是平均每人的能源消耗量 我们是每人125个灯泡 |
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vertical:n.垂直线;垂直位置;adj.竖的;垂直的;直立的;纵向的; axis:n.轴;轴线;轴心国;
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| and that little blue dot there is showing you the land area of the United Kingdom, and the population density is on the horizontal axis, and we're 250 people per square kilometer. |
那个蓝点的面积可以反映 英国的土地面积, 横轴是人口密度, 我们是每平方公里250人。 |
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horizontal:n.水平线;水平面;横线;水平位置;adj.水平的;与地面平行的;横的;
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| Let's add European countries in blue, and you can see there's quite a variety . |
同样用蓝色代表其他的欧洲国家, 你们会发现差异很大。 |
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variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
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| I should emphasize , both of these axes are logarithmic . As you go from one gray bar to the next gray bar you're going up a factor of 10. |
应该强调,两个坐标轴的都是对数的 从一个灰杠到下一个灰杠 会增长10倍。 |
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emphasize:v.强调;重视;着重;使突出; axes:n.轴线;轴心;坐标轴;斧头(axe的复数); logarithmic:adj.对数的; factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入;
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| Next, let's add Asia in red, the Middle East and North Africa in green, sub-Saharan Africa in blue, black is South America , purple is Central America , and then in pukey-yellow, we have North America , |
下面,用红色代表亚洲国家, 绿色代表中东和北非国家, 蓝色代表非洲的撒哈拉以南地区, 黑色代表南美, 紫色代表中美洲, 淡黄色代表北美洲、 |
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Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部); sub-Saharan:撒哈拉以南地区; South America:n.南美洲; purple:n.紫色;紫袍;v.变紫;使成紫色;adj.紫色的;华丽的文辞; Central America:n.中美洲(包括危地马拉、伯利兹、洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多、尼加拉瓜、哥斯达黎加以及巴拿马); North America:n.北美洲;
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| Australia and New Zealand . |
澳大利亚和新西兰。 |
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Zealand:西兰岛(丹麦最大的岛)
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| And you can see the great diversity of population densities and of per capita consumptions . |
可以看到在人口密度和人均消耗上 有很大的差别。 |
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diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: densities:n.密度(density的复数); per capita:adj.每人的;人均的; consumptions:n.[经]消费(consumption的复数形式);消耗性疾病;痨病;消耗量;
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| Countries are different from each other. |
国家之间各有不同。 |
| Top left, we have Canada and Australia, with enormous land areas, very high per capita consumption, 200 or 300 light bulbs per person, and very low population densities. |
左上角是加拿大和澳大利亚 它们有很大的陆地面积,很高的人均消耗, 相当于每人200或300个灯泡, 而其人口密度相对较低。 |
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enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
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| Top right, Bahrain has the same energy consumption per person, roughly , as Canada, over 300 light bulbs per person, but their population density is a factor of 300 times greater, 1,000 people per square kilometer. |
右上角是巴林岛 与加拿大有相仿的人均消耗值, 相当于每人超过300个灯泡 但是人口密度是加拿大的300倍, 约1000人每平方公里。 |
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roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地;
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| Bottom right, Bangladesh has the same population density as Bahrain but consumes 100 times less per person. |
右下角是孟加拉国 和巴林岛有同样的人口密度,但人均消耗要少100倍 |
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consumes:v.消耗,耗费;吃;喝;饮;使充满(强烈的感情);(consume的第三人称单数)
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| Bottom left, well, there's no one. |
曾经有大量人口的左下角, |
| But there used to be a whole load of people. |
现在一个国家也没有。 |
| Here's another message from this diagram. |
这个图标还可以提供另一个信息。 |
| I've added on little blue tails behind Sudan, Libya , |
我在苏丹、利比亚、中国、印度以及孟加拉 |
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Libya:n.埃及以西的北非地方古名;利比亚;
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| China, India, Bangladesh. |
的圆点加上了蓝色的线条 |
| That's 15 years of progress. |
这是个15年的过程。 |
| Where were they 15 years ago, and where are they now? |
15年前它们在哪？现在在哪？ |
| And the message is, most countries are going to the right, and they're going up, up and to the right -- bigger population density and higher per capita consumption. |
我们得到的结论是,大部分这些国家在向右边区域靠近 并且呈上升趋势, 向右上角走代表着更高的人口密度 和更高的人均耗能。 |
| So, we may be off in the top right-hand corner, slightly unusual, the United Kingdom accompanied by |
我们英国也在右上角, 和德国、日本 |
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right-hand:adj.得力的;右手的,用右手的; slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; accompanied:v.陪同;陪伴;与…同时发生;为…伴奏;(accompany的过去式和过去分词)
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| Germany, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, and a bunch of other slightly odd countries, but many other countries are coming up and to the right to come and join us, |
韩国、荷兰 以及一些不出名的国家在一起 但是有许多其他国家在赶上来 并且向右移来加入我们, |
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a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; odd:adj.古怪的;奇数的;n.奇数;
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| so we're a picture, if you like, of what the future energy consumption might be looking like in other countries too. |
可以这么说,我们是一个样板, 很多其他国家的能源消耗将来会与我们现在一样的情况一样。 |
| And I've also added in this diagram now some pink lines that go down and to the right. |
现在我在图标中加入了一些粉色的线条 指向右下方 |
| Those are lines of equal power consumption per unit area, which I measure in watts per square meter. |
他们代表相同的单位面积耗能 单位是瓦特每平方米 |
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watts:n.瓦特(功率单位);
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| So, for example, the middle line there, 0.1 watts per square meter, is the energy consumption per unit area of Saudi Arabia, Norway, Mexico in purple, and Bangladesh 15 years ago, |
举例来说,中间的那条线 0.1瓦特每平方米,是沙特阿拉伯、挪威、 紫色代表的墨西哥以及孟加拉15年前的 单位面积能源消耗, |
| and half of the world's population lives in countries that are already above that line. |
世界的一半以上人口都居住在 在这条线之上的国家里。 |
| The United Kingdom is consuming 1.25 watts per square meter. |
英国平均每平方米 消耗1.25瓦特的电量。 |
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consuming:adj.消费的;强烈的;v.消耗(consume的ing形式);
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| So's Germany, and Japan is consuming a bit more. |
德国也一样。而日本比英国多一点点。 |
| So, let's now say why this is relevant . Why is it relevant? |
现在我来解释一下为什么 这个数字有关联。为什么其有关联？ |
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relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的;
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| Well, we can measure renewables in the same units and other forms of power production in the same units, and renewables is one of the leading ideas for how we could get off our 90 percent fossil fuel habit. |
我们可以用同样的单位来估量可再生能源 以及其他形式的能源 为了摆脱那90%的矿物能源 可再生能源是众望所归的一个想法。 |
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fossil fuel:n.化石燃料(如煤或石油);
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| So here come some renewables. |
以下是一些关于可再生能源的信息。 |
| Energy crops deliver half a watt per square meter in European climates. |
在欧洲的气候下,每平方米能源作物 可以提供0.5瓦特的能源 |
| What does that mean? And you might have anticipated that result, given what I told you about the biofuel plantation a moment ago. |
这意味着什么？你或者可以 通过刚才我对生物燃料种植的介绍 预料到这一结果了。 |
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anticipated:adj.预期的; v.预期; (anticipate的过去式和过去分词)
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| Well, we consume 1.25 watts per square meter. |
我们每平方米平均耗能1.25瓦特。 |
| What this means is, even if you covered the whole of the United Kingdom with energy crops, you couldn't match today's energy consumption. |
这意味着即使整个英国 都种满了能源作物, 其依然不足以提供当今水平的能耗。 |
| Wind power produces a bit more, 2.5 watts per square meter, but that's only twice as big as 1.25 watts per square meter, so that means if you wanted literally to produce total energy consumption in all forms on average from wind farms, you need wind farms half the area of the U.K. |
风力发电许会更高效一些, 其可以达到每平方米可以产生2.5瓦特的电量,但那只是 1.25瓦特每平方米的两倍, 这意味着如果仅用风能 来提供所有的能源消耗, 你需要占地半个英国那么大面积的风力发电厂才能做到。 |
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literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
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| I've got data to back up all these assertions , by the way . |
顺便说一句,我的这些说法都是有数据支持的。 |
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assertions:n.断言(assertion的复数);认定; by the way:顺便说一下;
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| Next, let's look at solar power. |
下面再看看太阳能。 |
| Solar panels , when you put them on a roof, deliver about 20 watts per square meter in England. |
放在英格兰屋顶的太阳能面板 每平方米大概可提供20瓦特的电量。 |
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panels:n.面板(panel的复数); v.嵌镶(panel的第三人称单数形式);
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| If you really want to get a lot from solar panels, you need to adopt the traditional Bavarian farming method where you leap off the roof and coat the countryside with solar panels too. |
如果想得到更高的在太阳能发电量, 则需要采用传统巴伐利亚农耕的方法 即跳下屋顶,把整个农村 铺满太阳能面板。 |
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adopt:v.采取;接受;收养;正式通过; traditional:传统的,惯例的, Bavarian:adj.巴伐利亚的;巴伐利亚人的;n.巴伐利亚方言;巴伐利亚人; leap:n.跳越;跳跃;跳高;骤变;v.跳;跳跃;跳越;猛冲;
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| Solar parks, because of the gaps between the panels, deliver less. They deliver about 5 watts per square meter of land area. |
因为面板之间的缝隙,太阳能园区的效率比预期小一些 每平方米大概可以提供 5瓦特的能量。 |
|
gaps:n.差异,缺口;缝隙(gap的复数形式);v.裂开;使豁裂(gap的第三人称单数形式);
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| And here's a solar park in Vermont with real data delivering 4.2 watts per square meter. |
这是佛蒙特一个太阳能园区的真实数据 每平方米可以产生4.2瓦特的能量。 |
|
Vermont:n.佛蒙特州(美国州名,略作VT);
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| Remember where we are, 1.25 watts per square meter, wind farms 2.5, solar parks about five. |
记住我们的这些信息,真实能耗是1.25瓦特每平方米, 风能是2.5瓦特, 太阳能园区大概是5瓦特 |
| So, whatever, whichever of those renewables you pick, the message is, whatever mix of those renewables you're using, if you want to power the U.K. on them, you're going to need to cover something like 20 percent or 25 percent of the country with those renewables. |
所以,无论你怎么选, 事实是,无论怎么混合这些可再生能源 如果想要提供全英国的能源, 就必须要将大概 整个英国面积的20%到25% 用在这些可再生能源方面。 |
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whichever:pron.任何一个;无论哪个;adj.无论哪个;无论哪些;
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| And I'm not saying that's a bad idea. |
我并没有说这是个坏想法。 |
| We just need to understand the numbers. |
只是我们需要了解这些数字。 |
| I'm absolutely not anti-renewables. I love renewables. |
我绝对不反对可再生能源,我喜欢它们。 |
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absolutely not:绝对不会;绝对不是;绝对不行;
|
| But I'm also pro-arithmetic. (Laughter) |
但我更倾向于算数。 |
| Concentrating solar power in deserts delivers larger powers per unit area, because you don't have the problem of clouds, and so this facility delivers 14 watts per square meter, this one 10 watts per square meter, and this one in Spain 5 watts per square meter. |
因为不用担心云彩遮挡 集中在沙漠采集太阳能 可以提供更多的能量 所以这个设备可以提供14瓦特每平方米, 这个是10瓦特每平方米, 这一个在西班牙,可提供5瓦特每平方米。 |
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Concentrating:v.集中(注意力);聚精会神;(使)浓缩(concentrate的现在分词) facility:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;天资;
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| Being generous to concentrating solar power, |
乐观估计,集中的太阳能能源, |
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generous:adj.慷慨的,大方的;宽宏大量的;有雅量的;
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| I think it's perfect credible it could deliver 20 watts per square meter. So that's nice. |
完全有可能提供20瓦特每平方米。 那就很不错了。 |
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credible:adj.可靠的,可信的;
|
| Of course, Britain doesn't have any deserts. |
当然,英国没有沙漠。 |
| Yet. (Laughter) |
至少暂时还没有。（笑声） |
| So here's a summary so far. |
所以, 先让我们对前面所说的做一个小结。 |
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summary:adj.简易的;扼要的;n.概要,摘要,总结;
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| All renewables, much as I love them, are diffuse . |
所有的可再生能源都比较低效,尽管我很喜欢他们。 |
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diffuse:adj.弥漫的;散开的;v.扩散;传播;漫射;
|
| They all have a small power per unit area, and we have to live with that fact. |
他们的单位面积效率都比较低, 人们必须意识到这个事实, |
| And that means, if you do want renewables to make a substantial difference for a country like the United Kingdom on the scale of today's consumption, you need to be imagining renewable facilities that are country-sized, not the entire country but a fraction of the country, a substantial fraction. |
那意味着如果你真的 想在类似英国的国家全面使用可再生能源, 在如今的耗能水平下 可再生能源作物或设备的占地就必须与全国面积相当 不是整个国土而是一部分 相当大的一部分。 |
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substantial:adj.大量的;实质的;内容充实的;n.本质;重要材料; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; facilities:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;(facility的复数) fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量;
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| There are other options for generating power as well which don't involve fossil fuels. |
不用矿物能源的话 还有其他的选择可以生产能源。 |
|
options:n.选择; v.得到或获准进行选择; (option的三单形式) generating:v.产生;引起;(generate的现在分词) involve:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加;
|
| So there's nuclear power, and on this Ordnance |
在这份英国地形测量局的地图上 |
|
Ordnance:n.军火;大炮;军械署;
|
| Survey map, you can see there's a Sizewell B inside a blue square kilometer. |
你可以在蓝色的一平方公里中看到Sizewell B字样 那是一个核电厂 |
| That's one gigawatt in a square kilometer, which works out to 1,000 watts per square meter. |
一平方公里的核电厂可以产生10亿瓦特的能量, 相当于每平方米1000瓦特。 |
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gigawatt:n.千兆瓦;十亿瓦特;
|
| So by this particular metric , nuclear power isn't as intrusive as renewables. |
从单位面积产能的标准来说, 核能比可再生能源要好很多。 |
|
metric:adj.米制的;公制的;按公制制作的;用公制测量的; intrusive:adj.侵入的;打扰的;
|
| Of course, other metrics matter too, and nuclear power has all sorts of popularity problems. |
当然,其他的标准也很重要, 核能有其他各种各样常见的问题。 |
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metrics:n.度量;作诗法;韵律学; popularity:n.流行;受欢迎;普及
|
| But the same goes for renewables as well. |
可再生能源也同样有其他问题。 |
| Here's a photograph of a consultation exercise in full swing in the little town of Penicuik just outside Edinburgh , and you can see the children of Penicuik celebrating the burning of the effigy of the windmill . |
这张照片上,在爱丁堡南部的小镇佩尼库克 一场协商正在如火如荼的进行, 你可以看到佩尼库克的孩子们 在围观燃烧着的风车。 |
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consultation:n.咨询;磋商;[临床]会诊;讨论会; in full swing:adv.活跃;蓬勃高涨; Edinburgh:n.爱丁堡(英国城市名); effigy:n.雕像,肖像; windmill:n.风车;风车房;旋转玩具;直升飞机;vt.使旋转;vi.作风车般旋转;
|
| So people are anti-everything, and we've got to keep all the options on the table. |
人们反对所有事,我们需要 把所有方案都摆到桌面来谈。 |
| What can a country like the U.K. do on the supply side? |
在能源供给方面,英国有哪些方案呢？ |
| Well, the options are, I'd say, these three: power renewables, and recognizing that they need to be close to country-sized; other people's renewables, so we could go back and talk very politely to the people in the top left-hand side of the diagram and say, "Uh, we don't want renewables in our backyard , but, um, please could we put them in yours instead?" |
我认为有三种: 需要占用大量国土面积的可再生能源 其他国家的可再生能源, 我们可以很得体地 与那些处于图标左上角的国家说 呃,我们不想在自己的地盘上种能源作物, 可不可以种在你们那种呢？ |
|
recognizing:v.认识;认出;承认;接受,赞成(recognize的现在分词) left-hand:adj.左手的;左侧的; backyard:n.后院;后庭;
|
| And that's a serious option. |
这是一个值得考虑的选项。 |
| It's a way for the world to handle this issue. |
世界上很多问题都是这样解决的。 |
|
handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸;
|
| So countries like Australia, Russia, Libya, Kazakhstan, could be our best friends for renewable production. |
像澳大利亚、俄罗斯、利比亚还有卡撒克斯坦这些国家 都可以作为我们种植能源作物的伙伴国家。 |
| And a third option is nuclear power. |
第三个选择是核能。 |
| So that's some supply side options. |
这是供给方面的对策。 |
| In addition to the supply levers that we can push, and remember, we need large amounts, because at the moment, we get 90 percent of our energy from fossil fuels. |
我们除了可以增加供给杠杆外, 对了,要记住我们的需求量很大, 因为目前, 我们90%能源都来这矿物能源。 |
|
In addition to:除…之外; levers:n.杠杆;手段(lever的复数);v.用杠杆撬动(lever的第三人称单数);
|
| In addition to those levers, we could talk about other ways of solving this issue, namely , we could reduce demand, and that means reducing population — I'm not sure how to do that — or reducing per capita consumption. |
除了增加和改善供给,其实还有其他方法 去解决能源问题,也就是减少需求, 那意味着要缩减人口 或减少人均耗能 对于前者我无能为力 |
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namely:adv.也就是;即是;换句话说;
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| So let's talk about three more big levers that could really help on the consumption side. |
让我们讨论一下在消耗方面 能起到改善的三个办法 |
| First, transport. Here are the physics principles that tell you how to reduce the energy consumption of transport, and people often say, "Oh, yes, technology can answer everything. |
第一,运输。 有一些物理法则可以告诉你 怎么能减少运输的能源消耗, 人们经常会说:”哦,对,科技能解决所有事。 |
|
principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
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| We can make vehicles that are a hundred times more efficient ." And that's almost true. Let me show you. |
甚至可以让交通工具比现在节能100倍以上。“ 但这是真的,让我展示给你们看。 |
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vehicles:n.车辆;飞行器;运行工具;(vehicles是vehicle的复数) efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
|
| The energy consumption of this typical tank here is 80 kilowatt-hours per hundred person kilometers. |
这辆车的能耗是 80千瓦时每100个客运周转量。 |
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typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的;
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| That's the average European car. |
这是一种在欧洲常见的车。 |
| Eighty kilowatt-hours. Can we make something a hundred times better by applying those physics principles I just listed? |
80千瓦时。我们可以用之前列出的物理法则 让它的效率提高100倍吗？ |
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applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词)
|
| Yes. Here it is. It's the bicycle. It's 80 times better in energy consumption, and it's powered by biofuel, by Weetabix. |
当然可以,这个自行车的节能比高出80倍！ 并且使用的是生物能源-------以谷物为燃料。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| And there are other options in between, because maybe the lady in the tank would say, "No, no, no, that's a lifestyle change. Don't change my lifestyle, please." |
当然在普通汽车和自行车之间还有其他选择的, 坐在小车里的女会说:“不,不” “这会改变我的生活方式。请不要改变我的生活方式。” |
| So, well, we could persuade her to get into a train, and that's still a lot more efficient than a car, but that might be a lifestyle change, or there's the eco-car, top-left. |
因此,我们可以说服她去坐火车, 这也是比小车更节能的方式, 但这需要一些生活方式的改变, 或者选用环保车----在左上角 |
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persuade:v.说服;劝说;使信服;使相信;
|
| It comfortably accommodates one teenager and it's shorter than a traffic cone , and it's almost as efficient as a bicycle as long as you drive it at 15 miles per hour. |
这种车可以坐得下一个青少年 但比一个交通锥体还短, 其基本上和自行车一样节能 只要你速度不超过每小时15英里的话。 |
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accommodates:vt.容纳;使适应;供应;调解;vi.适应;调解; traffic cone:un.锥形交通路标; as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然;
|
| In between, perhaps some more realistic options on this lever, transport lever, are electric vehicles, so electric bikes and electric cars in the middle, perhaps four times as energy efficient as the standard petrol-powered tank. |
在这两者之间,可能还会有些更实际的选择 在交通业上,有电力驱动的机车, 所以,电动自行车和电动汽车当其中, 相对于使用汽油的车子 它们也许可以节能四倍。 |
|
realistic:adj.现实的;现实主义的;逼真的;实在论的; standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的;
|
| Next, there's the heating lever. |
下一个是取暖 |
| Heating is a third of our energy consumption in Britain, and quite a lot of that is going into homes and other buildings doing space heating and water heating. |
取暖耗能量占英国能耗的三分之一, 很多是在家庭使用的 而其它大型的建筑采用空间取暖和水暖系统。 |
| So here's a typical crappy British house. |
所以,这是一个很典型的、很糟糕的英国式房子。 |
|
crappy:adj.蹩脚的;糟糕的;没价值的;
|
| It's my house, with the Ferrari out front. |
这是我的房子,房子前面停着我的法拉利小车。 |
|
Ferrari:n.法拉利;
|
| What can we do to it? |
我们怎么能改变一下呢？ |
| Well, the laws of physics are written up there, which describe what -- how the power consumption for heating is driven by the things you can control. |
物理法则在这里写得很清楚: 取暖的能源消耗 是由你能控制的东西来决定的。 |
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describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;
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| The things you can control are the temperature difference between the inside and the outside, and there's this remarkable technology called a thermostat . |
你能控制的就是 室内与室外温差的变化 而这是一种很了不起的技术-------温控器。 |
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remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; thermostat:n.恒温器;温度自动调节器
|
| You grasp it, you rotate it to the left, and your energy consumption in the home will decrease . |
有了这个东西,你将其往左调, 你家里的能源消耗将会大大减少。 |
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grasp:n.抓住;理解;控制;v.抓住;领会; rotate:v.旋转;转动;轮换;使…轮流; decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置;
|
| I've tried it. It works. Some people call it a lifestyle change. |
我试过,真管用。有些人将这叫做生活方式的改变。 |
| You can also get the fluff men in to reduce the leakiness of your building -- put fluff in the walls, fluff in the roof, and a new front door and so forth, and the sad truth is, this will save you money. |
以减少你的建筑物的能源漏失,你也可以请工人来为房屋加装绒毛 ---如在墙体、在天花板处 或者加装一道新门等等, 尽管这能给你省些钱,但仍然是很悲剧的做法。 |
|
leakiness:n.泄漏;不严密性;漏泄;adj.不严密性;
|
| That's not sad, that's good, but the sad truth is, it'll only get about 25 percent of the leakiness of your building, if you do these things, which are good ideas. |
能省钱是好事啊？怎么成悲剧了呢？ 我说它悲剧是因为此举只能减少楼房的能量流失的25% 如果你这样做了,也不失为一种明智的举动。 |
| If you really want to get a bit closer to Swedish building standards with a crappy house like this, you need to be putting external insulation on the building as shown by this block of flats in London. |
如果你想与一间这样差劲的房子的 防热流失的标准接近瑞典的楼房标准的话, 你得在楼房的内部加入很多的绝缘材料 正如我们所看到的伦敦的这一街区的楼房一样。 |
|
Swedish:adj.瑞典的;瑞典语的;瑞典人的;n.瑞典语;瑞典人; standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数) external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的; insulation:n.绝缘;隔离,孤立;
|
| You can also deliver heat more efficiently using heat pumps which use a smaller bit of high grade energy like electricity to move heat from your garden into your house. |
你还可以用热能泵更高效地将暖气输送到楼房的各处 而这种机器只消耗一点高端的能源,如电 就能把你花园里的热能输送到你的房子里面去。 |
|
efficiently:adv.有效地;效率高地(efficient的副词形式); pumps:n.[机]泵; v.用泵送;
|
| The third demand side option I want to talk about, the third way to reduce energy consumption is, read your meters. |
第三个可供选择的项目是 第三种减少能源消耗的方法就是: 看好你的电表 |
|
third way:n.第三条道路(介乎两种极端立场之间的行动方案或政策);
|
| And people talk a lot about smart meters, but you can do it yourself. |
很多人都在说智能的能源消耗计量表 但其实你自己就是很智能的一个计量表。 |
| Use your own eyes and be smart, read your meter, and if you're anything like me, it'll change your life. |
用自己的眼睛,精明地读你的计量表, 如果你也是我这类人的话,这将改变你的生活。 |
| Here's a graph I made. |
这是一张我做的图表。 |
| I was writing a book about sustainable energy, and a friend asked me, "Well how much energy do you use at home?" And I was embarrassed . I didn't actually know. |
我当时在写一本关于可持续能源的书。 有个朋友问我, 你呆在家里消耗了多少能源？ 这一问使我感到无地自容:我确实不知道。 |
|
sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的; embarrassed:adj.尴尬的;窘迫的;v.使...局促不安;(embarrass的过去分词和过去式)
|
| And so I started reading the meter every week, and the old meter readings are shown in the top half of the graph, and then 2007 is shown in green at the bottom, and that was when |
自那时始,我就开始每星期都看一下我的计量表 旧的计量表的读数 显示在这张图表的上方。而自2007年的读数 以绿色显示在图表的下半部分。而这是 |
| I was reading the meter every week, and my life changed, because I started doing experiments and seeing what made a difference, and my gas consumption plummeted because I started tinkering |
我每周都看计量表之后的事了。我改变了自己的生活 因为我开始做实验来观察 我怎么做才能更节能。我的天燃气消耗有所下降 这是因为我开始留意温控器 |
|
plummeted:n.[测]铅锤,坠子;vi.垂直落下;(价格,水平等)骤然下跌; tinkering:v.(尤指不起作用地)小修补,小修理;(tinker的现在分词)
|
| with the thermostat and the timing on the heating system, and I knocked more than a half off my gas bills. |
和供暖系统的时间控制 而我省了一半的天燃气的开支费用。 |
| There's a similar story for my electricity consumption, where switching off the DVD players, the stereos , the computer peripherals that were on all the time, and just switching them on when I needed them, knocked another third off my electricity bills too. |
我的用电量也是如此, 通过随手关掉那些永远开着的DVD播放器、音响、 计算机外围设备等等, 我只在需要使用这些电子产品时才会将他们打开, 这样,我的用电量又被减了三分之一。 |
|
stereos:n.立体声;立体声系统;铅版;立体照片;adj.立体的;立体声的;立体感觉的; peripherals:n.周边设备;[计]外围设备;
|
| So we need a plan that adds up, and I've described for you six big levers, and we need big action because we get 90 percent of our energy from fossil fuels, and so you need to push hard on most if not all of these levers. |
所以,我们需要一个可行的计划,也就是我之前为你描述过的 六个方面。我们需要采取切实的行动 因为我们90%的能源来自于化石燃料, 就算你不能做到所有这些l事,你也得努力做到他们当中的大部分吧。 |
|
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
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| And most of these levers have popularity problems, and if there is a lever you don't like the use of, well please do bear in mind that means you need even stronger effort on the other levers. |
大部分这些选择都有“偏爱“的问题, 如果你不喜欢某一选择的使用, 那你要切记,这意味着你需要 在其它方面上花更大的力气。 |
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bear in mind:vi.记住;考虑到;
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| So I'm a strong advocate of having grown-up conversations that are based on numbers and facts, and I want to close with this map that just visualizes for you |
所以,我是一个成熟的、成年人对话的积极倡议者 这些对话应该基于数学与事实。 我想用这张地图来结束我的演讲 |
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advocate:v.拥护;支持;提倡;n.支持者;提倡者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人; visualizes:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现;
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| the requirement of land and so forth in order to get just 16 light bulbs per person from four of the big possible sources. |
对土地等等的要求,目的是为了 每个人只需要使用16只灯泡 从四种最大可能的能源中。 |
| So, if you wanted to get 16 light bulbs, remember, today our total energy consumption is 125 light bulbs' worth. |
所以,如果你只想要16只灯泡,请记住 目前我们每个人的能源消耗量相当于125个灯泡的用量。 |
| If you wanted 16 from wind, this map visualizes a solution for the U.K. It's got 160 wind farms, each 100 square kilometers in size, and that would be a twentyfold increase over today's amount of wind. |
如果你想使用风能供电的16只灯泡,这张图可以为英国找到一个解决办法 这里有160间风力发电厂, 每间的面积为100平方公里, 依最近的风量, 这一数字将会增长20倍。 |
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solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; twentyfold:adj.二十倍的;有二十部分的;adv.二十重地;有二十倍地;
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| Nuclear power, to get 16 light bulbs per person, you'd need two gigawatts at each of the purple dots on the map. |
核电,为了达到每个人16个灯光的用电量, 你需要在这张图的紫色点上获得两千兆瓦的电量。 |
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gigawatts:n.千兆瓦;十亿瓦特;
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| That's a fourfold increase over today's levels of nuclear power. |
这意味着核电厂的数量 要在现有数量的基础上增加四倍。 |
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fourfold:adj.四倍的;四重的;四垒的;adv.四倍;四重;
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| Biomass , to get 16 light bulbs per person, you'd need a land area something like three and a half Wales' worth, either in our country, or in someone else's country, |
要用生物能源来解决每个人16个灯泡的用电量,我们需要 一个比威尔士大3.5倍的地方来积体这些作物。 我们可以在英国本土或外国去找一个这样的地方, |
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Biomass:n.(单位面积或体积内的)[生态]生物量;
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| possibly Ireland, possibly somewhere else. (Laughter) |
可能是爱尔兰比较合适,或别的什么国家吧。（笑声） |
| And a fourth supply side option, concentrating solar power in other people's deserts, if you wanted to get 16 light bulbs' worth, then we're talking about these eight hexagons down at the bottom right. |
第四种选择:太阳能 但要将它建在别国的沙漠里, 如果你想得到人均16个灯泡的电能, 我们谈的就是这张地图中的这8个六边形 就是在右下角的这些。 |
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hexagons:n.[数]六边形;六角钢(hexagon的复数);
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| The total area of those hexagons is two Greater London's worth of someone else's Sahara, and you'll need power lines all the way across Spain and France to bring the power from the Sahara to Surrey. |
这些六边形的总面积 相当于两个大伦敦地区这么大,或者是撒哈啦沙漠那么大, 另外,我们还需要架设大量的电线, 并让这些电线杆穿超西班牙、法国才能将这些撒哈啦沙漠的电输送到萨里。 |
| We need a plan that adds up. |
我们需要一个切实可行的计划。 |
| We need to stop shouting and start talking, and if we can have a grown-up conversation, make a plan that adds up and get building, maybe this low-carbon revolution will actually be fun. Thank you very much for listening. |
我们需要停止空喊口号而坐下来谈正事, 如果我们能象成年一样进行理性的对话, 做一个可行的计划并着手进行建设, 或许,这种低碳排放的解决办法 或许会很趣。谢谢大家。 |
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low-carbon:adj.低碳(的),含碳低的;低碳;
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| (Applause) |
（掌声） |