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DavidLindell_2019X-_能看到拐角后景象的摄影机_-
In the future, self-driving cars will be safer and more reliable than humans. 在将来, 无人驾驶汽车将比 人类驾驶的汽车更安全可靠。
self-driving:自驾; reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的;
But for this to happen, we need technologies that allow cars to respond faster than humans, we need algorithms that can drive better than humans and we need cameras that can see more than humans can see. 但为了实现这点, 我们需要能使汽车 反应比人类更快的技术, 比人类更会驾驶的算法, 和视野比人类更广阔的摄影机。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
For example, imagine a self-driving car is about to make a blind turn, and there's an oncoming car or perhaps there's a child about to run into the street. 比如说,想象有一辆 无人驾驶汽车将要在其盲区转弯, 此时有一辆车正在驶近路口, 或是有个小孩快要跑到车道上。
is about to:眼看就要;即将;正要;行将; oncoming:adj.即将到来的;接近的;新兴的;n.来临,接近;
Fortunately , our future car will have this superpower , a camera that can see around corners to detect these potential hazards . 幸运的是,我们的未来汽车 将具有这样一种超能力—— 一台能看到拐角后面、 察觉这些潜在危险的摄像机。
Fortunately:adv.幸运地; superpower:n.超级大国;超级强权; detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; hazards:n.危害;[安全]危险;障碍(hazard的复数);v.使冒危险;赌(hazard的三单形式);
For the past few years as a PhD student in the Stanford Computational Imaging Lab, 过去几年间,作为一名 斯坦福计算成像 实验室的博士生,
Computational:adj.计算的; Imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式)
I've been working on a camera that can do just this -- a camera that can image objects hidden around corners or blocked from direct line of sight . 我一直在研发 这样一台摄像机—— 它能显示藏在拐角后面的、 或是被挡在直视 视线之外的物体。
line of sight:视线;视线角;
So let me give you an example of what our camera can see. 让我来举例说明 这台摄像机能看见什么。
This is an outdoor experiment we conducted where our camera system is scanning the side of this building with a laser, and the scene that we want to capture is hidden around the corner behind this curtain. 这是我们进行的一项户外实验: 我们的摄像机系统正在 通过激光扫描此建筑的侧面, 而我们想捕捉到的场景 藏在这块幕布背后的“拐角处”。
outdoor:adj.户外的;露天的; conducted:v.组织;安排;实施;执行;指挥;带领;引导;(conduct的过去分词和过去式) capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获
So our camera system can't actually see it directly . 我们的摄像机系统 并不能直接“看到”那些物体。
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
And yet, somehow , our camera can still capture the 3D geometry of this scene. 然而,神奇的是, 它仍旧能捕捉到 这个场景的三维几何轮廓。
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; geometry:n.几何学;几何结构;
So how do we do this? 这是如何实现的？
The magic happens here in this camera system. 玄机就藏在这个摄像机系统中。
You can think of this as a type of high-speed camera. 你可以把它想象成 一种高速摄像机。
Not one that operates at 1,000 frames per second, or even a million frames per second, but a trillion frames per second. 不同于那些每秒能 捕捉一千帧、 甚至百万帧图像的摄影机, 它每秒能捕捉 一万亿帧的图像。
frames:n.[计][电子][通信]帧,[电影]画面;[建][计]框架;眼镜架(frame的复数); trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
So fast that it can actually capture the movement of light itself. 它的速度如此之快, 甚至能捕捉到光的移动。
And to give you an example of just how fast light travels, let's compare it to the speed of a fast-running comic book superhero who can move at up to three times the speed of sound. 为了举例说明 光的传播速度有多快, 我们不妨把它和 能以三倍声速移动的 漫画超级英雄做个比较。
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
It takes a pulse of light about 3.3 billionths of a second, or 3.3 nanoseconds , to travel the distance of a meter. 一段光脉冲跨越一米距离 需要 33 亿分之 1 秒, 即 3.3 纳秒,
pulse:n.脉冲;脉搏;脉率;强劲的音乐节拍;v.搏动;跳动;震动;洋溢着; billionths:adj.十亿分之一的;第十亿的;n.十亿分之一;第十亿; nanoseconds:n.纳秒;十亿分之一秒;
Well, in that same time, our superhero has moved less than the width of a human hair. 与此同时, 我们的超级英雄移动的距离 还没到一根人类头发的宽度。
width:n.宽度;广度;某一宽度的材料;(游泳池两长边之间的)池宽;
That's pretty fast. 看来这确实很快。
But actually, we need to image much faster if we want to capture light moving at subcentimeter scales . 但实际上,想要捕捉到 在次厘米规模上移动的光线,
scales:n.规模范围; v.攀登; (scale的第三人称单数和复数)
So our camera system can capture photons at time frames of just 50 trillionths of a second, or 50 picoseconds . 我们的摄影机系统能以 每帧 50 万亿分之 1 秒, 即 50 皮秒的帧率 捕捉到移动的光子。
photons:n.[物]光子;[量子]光量子(photon的复数); trillionths:n.(英)第一百万兆,百万兆分之一; adj.(英)第一百万兆的,百万兆分之一的; picoseconds:n.皮秒;微微秒;百亿分之一秒;
So we take this ultra-high-speed camera and we pair it with a laser that sends out short pulses of light. 接着我们将这台 超高速摄影机 和能发出小段光脉冲的激光组合起来。
ultra-high-speed:超高速; pulses:n.[电子]脉冲(pulse的复数); v.使跳动;
Each pulse travels to this visible wall and some light scatters back to our camera, but we also use the wall to scatter light around the corner to the hidden object and back. 当每段光脉冲传播到 这面可看见的（白色）墙时, 就会有光线被散射回 我们的摄影机这儿, 不过我们还用这面墙 将光线散射到拐角后面、 被挡住的物体上, 然后再散射回来。
visible:adj.明显的;看得见的;现有的;可得到的;n.可见物;进出口贸易中的有形项目; scatters:vi.分散,散开; vt.使散射; n.分散;
We repeat this measurement many times to capture the arrival times of many photons from different locations on the wall. 我们通过多次重复 这种测量过程, 来捕捉从墙上各个位置 散射的光子的到达时间。
measurement:n.测量;度量;长度; locations:n.地方;地点;位置;定位(location的复数)
And after we capture these measurements , we can create a trillion-frame-per-second video of the wall. 得到这些测量结果后, 我们就能生成 这面墙每秒一万亿帧的一段影像。
measurements:n.测量值,尺寸(measurement的复数);
While this wall may look ordinary to our own eyes, at a trillion frames per second, we can see something truly incredible . 在我们的肉眼看来, 这面墙或许再普通不过了, 但以每秒一万亿帧的帧率, 我们却能看见神奇的景象。
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
We can actually see waves of light scattered back from the hidden scene and splashing against the wall. 我们能看见从被遮挡的场景 散射回来的光波 在墙上溅开。
scattered:adj.零散的; v.撒; (scatter的过去分词和过去式) splashing:n.泼洒,喷洒;v.飞溅(splash的ing形式);溅湿;
And each of these waves carries information about the hidden object that sent it. 每段光波都携带着 将其散射回来的 被隐藏物体的信息。
So we can take these measurements and pass them into a reconstruction algorithm to then recover the 3D geometry of this hidden scene. 我们将这些测量结果 输入到一段能重建图像的算法中, 来重现被隐藏场景的 三维几何轮廓。
reconstruction:n.再建,重建;改造;复兴;
Now I want to show you one more example of an indoor scene that we captured , this time with a variety of different hidden objects. 我想再展现一个 捕捉室内场景的例子, 这次被隐藏物体的种类更丰富。
indoor:adj.(在)室内的;在户内进行的;在室内用的; captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词) variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
And these objects have different appearances , so they reflect light differently. 这些物体的外观各不相同, 所以它们反射光线的方式也不同。
appearances:n.露面;外观;出现;表面的迹象[征兆];(appearance的复数) reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达;
For example, this glossy dragon statue reflects light differently than the mirror disco ball or the white discus thrower statue. 比如,这座富有光泽的龙雕像 与这颗镜面迪斯科球, 或是这座《掷铁饼者》雕像 反射光线的方式是不同的。
glossy:adj.光滑的;有光泽的; dragon:n.龙;悍妇;母夜叉; statue:n.雕像;塑像;铸像;v.用雕像装饰; reflects:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达;(reflect的第三人称单数) disco:n.迪斯科舞厅;的士高; discus:n.铁饼;掷铁饼; thrower:n.投掷者;抛油环;制陶坯的工人;
And we can actually see the differences in the reflected light by visualizing it as this 3D volume , where we've just taken the video frames and stacked them together. 我们可以把视频帧堆叠在一起, 将被反射的光线 可视化为三维立体, 从而观察到它们之间的区别。
reflected:adj.反射的;得自他人的;v.反射;思考;(reflect的过去式和过去分词) visualizing:v.使形象化;想象;构思;设想;(visualize的现在分词) volume:n.体积;容积;音量;响度;一册;合订本 stacked:adj.放有大量…的; v.(使)放成整齐的一叠(或一摞、一堆); (stack的过去分词和过去式)
And time here is represented as the depth dimension of this cube. 立方体的宽度则代表了时间。
represented:v.代表; (represent的过去式和过去分词) dimension:n.方面;[数]维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸;adj.规格的;
These bright dots that you see are reflections of light from each of the mirrored facets of the disco ball, scattering against the wall over time. 这些亮点是从迪斯科球的每个镜面 反射回来的光, 随时间的推移被分散到 墙面的各个角落。
reflections:n.映像;(声、光、热等的)反射;反映;显示;表达;(reflection的复数) facets:n.面状,[材]刻面;切面或瓣面(facet的复数形式); scattering:n.散射;分散;adj.分散的;v.散射;散布;驱散(scatter的ing形式);
The bright streaks of light that you see arriving soonest in time are from the glossy dragon statue that's closest to the wall, and the other streaks of light come from reflections of light from the bookcase and from the statue. 这些到达时间最早的亮条纹 是被离墙面最近的 龙雕塑反射回来的, 其他的亮条纹则是从书架和 《掷铁饼者》所反射回来的。
streaks:n.[地质]条痕; v.形成条纹;
Now, we can also visualize these measurements frame by frame, as a video, to directly see the scattered light. 我们还可以将这些测量结果 一帧一帧地 以录像的形式播放, 以更直接地观察 这些被散射回来的光。
visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现;
And again, here we see, first, reflections of light from the dragon, closest to the wall, followed by bright dots from the disco ball and other reflections from the bookcase. 这次,同样的, 我们最初看见的光反射是来自 离墙最近的龙雕塑, 接着是来自迪斯科球的亮点 和其他来自书架的反射光。
And finally , we see the reflected waves of light from the statue. 最后,我们看见的是被 《掷铁饼者》雕塑反射回的光波。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
These waves of light illuminating the wall are like fireworks that last for just trillionths of a second. 这些光波像是仅能绽放 万亿分之一秒的烟花一样 照亮了这面墙。
illuminating:adj.照明的;有启发性的;v.照明,解释;(illuminate的现在分词) fireworks:n.烟花;烟火表演;激烈的言辞;令人激动的行动;(firework的复数)
And even though these objects reflect light differently, we can still reconstruct their shapes. 尽管这些物体 反射光的方式不同, 我们依旧能重建它们的形状。
And this is what you can see from around the corner. 这就是你能从 被遮挡的拐角后看到的图像。
Now, I want to show you one more example that's slightly different. 现在,我想再演示一个 稍微不同的例子。
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地;
In this video, you see me dressed in this reflective suit and our camera system is scanning the wall at a rate of four times every second. 在这段录像中, 我穿着这件能反射光的连体衣, 我们的摄像机系统 以每秒四次的速率扫描这面墙。
reflective:adj.反射的;反映的;沉思的;
The suit is reflective, so we can actually capture enough photons that we can see where I am and what I'm doing, without the camera actually directly imaging me. 因为这件连体衣能反射光, 所以尽管摄影机 并不能直接拍到我, 我们却能通过捕捉足够多的光子 来反映出我的位置与动作。
By capturing photons that scatter from the wall to my tracksuit , back to the wall and back to the camera, we can capture this indirect video in real time . 通过捕捉从墙面被散射到 连体衣,再被散射回墙面, 最后回到摄像机的光子, 我们能实时地捕捉这段间接录像。
capturing:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;(capture的现在分词) tracksuit:n.运动服;运动套装; back to the wall:走投无路;背靠著墙;陷于困境; indirect:adj.间接的;迂回的;非直截了当的; real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的;
And we think that this type of practical non-line-of-sight imaging could be useful for applications including for self-driving cars, but also for biomedical imaging, where we need to see into the tiny structures of the body. 我们认为这种实用的 非视距成像技术 能被应用于自动驾驶, 还有生物医学成像这样 需要观察身体微小结构的技术。
practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课; biomedical:adj.生物医学的; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式);
And perhaps we could also put similar camera systems on the robots that we send to explore other planets. 也许我们还能将类似的 摄像机系统安装到 被送去探索其他星球的机器人上。
explore:v.探索:探测:探险:
Now you may have heard about seeing around corners before, but what I showed you today would have been impossible just two years ago. 也许你曾听说过这种能 观察到拐角另一侧景象的技术, 但我今天所展示的内容 两年前还无法实现。
For example, we can now image large, room-sized hidden scenes outdoors and at real-time rates, and we've made significant advancements towards making this a practical technology that you could actually see on a car someday. 比如,我们现在能实时地 将室外的房间大小的 大型被遮挡景象可视化, 我们在提高此技术实用性的方面 也取得了重大进展, 将来你可能在 汽车上看到这种系统。
real-time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; advancements:n.进步;进展(advancement的复数形式);升任; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
But of course, there's still challenges remaining. 当然,我们依旧 面临着诸多挑战。
For example, can we image hidden scenes at long distances where we're collecting very, very few photons, with lasers that are low-power and that are eye-safe. 比如,我们能否在使用 低功率,确保对人眼安全的激光 采集极少数光子的情况下, 将远距离的景象可视化？
Or can we create images from photons that have scattered around many more times than just a single bounce around the corner? 或者,不同于 只被反射一次的光子, 我们能否通过被散射多次的光子 将景象可视化？
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) bounce:v.反弹;反射;(使)弹起;n.弹跳;跳动;弹性;
Can we take our prototype system that's, well, currently large and bulky , and miniaturize it into something that could be useful for biomedical imaging 我们能否将这种 目前还体积庞大的样机 缩小到能被用于 生物医学成像的大小,
prototype:n.原型;雏形;最初形态; currently:adv.当前;一般地; bulky:adj.体积大的;庞大的;笨重的; miniaturize:vt.使小型化;使微型化(等于miniaturise);
or perhaps a sort of improved home-security system, or can we take this new imaging modality and use it for other applications? 或是将其应用于更先进的 家居安防系统, 亦或是将这种新型的成像形式 应用于其他领域？
improved:adj.改良的:v.改进:改善(improve的过去分词和过去式) modality:n.形式,形态;程序;物理疗法;主要的感觉;
I think it's an exciting new technology and there could be other things that we haven't thought of yet to use it for. 我认为这是一项令人振奋的新技术, 我们也许还能将其应用于其它 现在还想象不到的 情景之中。
And so, well, a future with self-driving cars may seem distant to us now -- we're already developing the technologies that could make cars safer and more intelligent . 也许一个自动驾驶汽车 被普及的未来 在我们看来还很遥远—— 但我们实际上已经在发展 能使汽车更安全, 更智能的科技了。
distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的; intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的
And with the rapid pace of scientific discovery and innovation , you never know what new and exciting capabilities could be just around the corner. 随着科学创新与发明的高速发展, 你永远都想象不到还会有 哪些新型的,令人振奋的技术 出现在不远的拐角处（将来）。 （一语双关）
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; you never know:(非正式)很难说,不可预知;
(Applause) （掌声）