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DavidBrooks_2011-_社群动物_
When I got my current job, I was given a good piece of advice, which was to interview three politicians every day. 当我得到现在这份工作时,有人给了我一份忠告, 一天访问三个政治人物。
interview:n.接见,采访;面试,面谈;v.采访;接见;对…进行面谈; politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数)
And from that much contact with politicians, 从这么密集的接触中,
contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
I can tell you they're all emotional freaks of one sort or another. 我可以告诉你他们都是某种情绪化怪人。
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; freaks:n.狂热爱好者; v.(使)强烈反应,震惊,畏惧; (freak的第三人称单数和复数)
They have what I called logorrhea dementia , which is they talk so much they drive themselves insane . 我形容他们的病征为多语症, 简单来说就是他们话多到自己都抓狂。
dementia:n.[内科]痴呆; insane:adj.疯狂的;精神病的;极愚蠢的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
But what they do have is incredible social skills. 但他们的社交能力真的很好。
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
When you meet them, they lock into you, they look you in the eye, they invade your personal space, they massage the back of your head. 当他们见到你, 他们用眼神锁定你, 他们侵犯你的私人空间 他们还会按摩你的后脑勺。
invade:v.侵犯;侵略;侵袭;干扰; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; massage:v.按摩;推拿;用…揉擦(皮肤,头发等);美化(事实);n.按摩;
I had dinner with a Republican senator several months ago who kept his hand on my inner thigh throughout the whole meal -- squeezing it. 几个月前我和一个共和党议员共进晚餐 他一直把手放在我大腿内侧 整个晚餐都这样捏我。
Republican:adj.共和国的;共和政体的;共和主义的;拥护共和政体的;n.共和主义者; senator:n.参议员; inner:n.内部;射中接近靶心部分的一发;adj.里面的;向内的;内部的;接近中心的; thigh:n.大腿;股;食用的鸡(等的)大腿; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; squeezing:v.挤压;捏;榨出,挤出,拧出;(squeeze的现在分词)
I once -- this was years ago -- 几年前
I saw Ted Kennedy and Dan Quayle meet in the well of the Senate . 我见到泰德·肯尼迪和丹·奎尔在议会池相遇。
Senate:n.参议院,上院;(古罗马的)元老院;
And they were friends, and they hugged each other and they were laughing, and their faces were like this far apart. 他们是好朋友,他们互相拥抱, 他们笑着,脸靠这么近。
And they were moving and grinding and moving their arms up and down each other. 他们磨磨蹭蹭地移动着 在彼此身上上下其手。
grinding:adj.没完没了的; v.磨碎; (grind的现在分词)
And I was like, "Get a room. I don't want to see this." 我想“拜托你们干嘛不去开个房间,实在看不下去了。”
But they have those social skills. 但他们就是有这种社交手腕。
Another case: 另一个例子:
Last election cycle, 上次大选,
I was following Mitt Romney around New Hampshire . 我跟着Mitt Romney到新罕布夏州去。
Mitt:n.手;棒球手套;连指手套;女用露指长手套; Hampshire:n.汉普郡(英国南部之一郡);
And he was campaigning with his five perfect sons: 他五个完美的儿子协助他竞选:
Bip, Chip , Rip , Zip, Lip and Dip . 毕普、齐普、瑞普、吉普、立普和帝普。
Chip:v.削,凿;削成碎片;剥落;碎裂;n.[电子]芯片;筹码;碎片;(食物的)小片;薄片; Rip:v.撕破;突然拉开;割开;n.撕开的大口子;巨澜;清管器;废马; Dip:n.游一游; v.蘸;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And he's going into a diner. 他走进一个快餐店。
And he goes into the diner, introduces himself to a family and says, "What village are you from in New Hampshire?" 他向一个家庭自我介绍 他说“你从新罕布夏州哪个小城来的？”
And then he describes the home he owned in their village. 然后他描述他在那个小城里有的那个房子。
describes:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;(describe的第三人称单数)
And so he goes around the room, and then as he's leaving the diner, he first-names almost everybody he's just met. 他就这样走来走去, 到他要离开快餐店的时候, 他可以叫出所有人的名字。
I was like, "Okay, that's social skill." 我心想“这就是真正的社交手腕了。”
But the paradox is, when a lot of these people slip into the policy-making mode, that social awareness vanishes and they start talking like accountants . 矛盾的是 当这些人进入立法模式时, 这些社会敏感度就消失了, 他们开始用会计师的语调说话。
paradox:n.悖论,反论;似非而是的论点;自相矛盾的人或事; slip:v.溜;下降;滑落;n.纸条;衬裙; policy-making:adj.决策的;决策性质的;n.决策; awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道; vanishes:v.[数]消失(vanish的三单形式); accountants:n.会计;会计师;(accountant的复数)
So in the course of my career , 在我的从业生涯中,
in the course of:在…过程中;在…期间; career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
I have covered a series of failures. 我描写过一系列的失败。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
We sent economists in the Soviet Union with privatization plans when it broke up, and what they really lacked was social trust. 我们派经济学家到解体后的苏联 着手解决他们瘫痪了的私有化计划, 但他们缺乏的是社会信任。
Soviet:adj.苏维埃的;苏联的;n.苏维埃(前苏联的各级代表会议);苏联人; privatization:n.私有化;
We invaded Iraq with a military oblivious to the cultural and psychological realities. 我们派兵侵略伊拉克 毫不理会他们文化与心理的现状。
invaded:v.入侵;拥入;遍布(invade的过去分词);adj.被侵入的; military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; oblivious:adj.遗忘的;健忘的;不注意的;不知道的; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的;
We had a financial regulatory regime based on the assumptions that traders were rational creatures who wouldn't do anything stupid. 我们的金融管制机构 把制度建立在 交易员完全理性 不会做任何傻事的假设上。
financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; regulatory:adj.管理的;控制的;调整的; regime:n.政权,政体;社会制度;管理体制; assumptions:n.假定;假设;承担;获得;(assumption的复数) traders:n.交易员;贸易商(trader的复数形式); rational:n.理性;人类;合理的事物;[数]有理数;adj.合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的; creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数)
For 30 years, I've been covering school reform and we've basically reorganized the bureaucratic boxes -- charters , private schools, vouchers -- but we've had disappointing results year after year . 三十年来,我报导教育改革, 我们重整所有官僚体系的黑箱-- 特许证、私立学校、证件-- 但每年的成绩仍然叫人失望。
reform:v.改革;改进;改良;(使)悔改;n.改革;改良;改善; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; reorganized:v.重组(reorganize的过去分词);整顿;重新制定;adj.重组的;重新制定的; bureaucratic:adj.官僚的;官僚政治的; charters:n.宪章; v.特许建立(公司等); vouchers:n.付款凭单;[法]证明人;抵用券(voucher的复数); disappointing:adj.令人失望的;v.使失望;使破灭;使落空(disappoint的现在分词) year after year:年复一年地;每年;
And the fact is, people learn from people they love. 事实是,人们从所爱的人身上学习
And if you're not talking about the individual relationship between a teacher and a student, you're not talking about that reality, but that reality is expunged from our policy-making process . 如果你不讨论老师与学生 之间的关系, 这便偏离了真实状态, 但这些真实被排除在 我们的立法程序以外。
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; expunged:v.抹去;除去;删去;(expunge的过去分词和过去式) process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
And so that's led to a question for me: 于是我心中油然生出这个问题:
Why are the most socially-attuned people on earth completely dehumanized when they think about policy? 为什么地球上最人情练达的一群人 一想到法令 就变得如此不人性？
dehumanized:v.使丧失人性;使无人性;(dehumanize的过去分词和过去式)
And I came to the conclusion , this is a symptom of a larger problem. 我的结论是 这是一个更大的问题造成的症状。
conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论; symptom:n.症状;征候;征兆;
That, for centuries, we've inherited a view of human nature based on the notion that we're divided selves, that reason is separated from the emotions and that society progresses to the extent that reason can suppress the passions . 几世纪以来我们沿袭一种对人性的看法 我们基本认为 我们都是分开的个体, 理性和感性各自分开 社会进步到一个程度以后 理性就能压抑激情
inherited:v.继承(金钱、财产等);接替(责任等);继任;(inherit的过去式和过去分词) human nature:n.人性; notion:n.观念;信念;理解; emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) extent:n.程度;范围;长度; suppress:vt.抑制;镇压;废止; passions:n.强烈情感;激情;盛怒;(passion的复数)
And it's led to a view of human nature that we're rational individuals who respond in straightforward ways to incentives . 我们对人性的观点就是 我们是理性的个体, 这些看法直接变成奖励方法。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; straightforward:adj.简单的;坦率的;明确的;径直的;adv.直截了当地;坦率地; incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施;
And it's led to ways of seeing the world where people try to use the assumptions of physics to measure how human behavior is. 也变成了我们看世界的角度 当人们尝试用物理的假设 去衡量人类的行为举止时。
And it's produced a great amputation , a shallow view of human nature. 这也删除了许多重要的部份, 形成了一种对人性的肤浅看法。
amputation:n.截肢(术),切断(术);删除,削减;
We're really good at talking about material things, but we're really bad at talking about emotions. 我们很会谈论物质, 但谈到情绪便显得笨拙。
We're really good at talking about skills and safety and health, we're really bad at talking about character. 我们很会谈论技能 安全和健康, 但我们不擅讨论人格。
Alasdair MacIntyre, the famous philosopher , said that, "We have the concepts of the ancient morality of virtue , honor, goodness, but we no longer have a system by which to connect them." 著名哲学家阿拉斯代尔·麦金泰尔Alasdair Maclntyre 说,“我们仍有古老的道德概念 如美德、荣誉、良善, 但我们没有一个制度 来联系它们。”
philosopher:n.哲学家;深思的人;善于思考的人; morality:n.道德;品行,美德; virtue:n.美德;优点;贞操;功效;
And so this has led to a shallow path in politics , but also in a whole range of human endeavors . 这不但让政治走上一条肤浅的道路, 也影响了各种层面的做法。
politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) endeavors:尽力;
You can see it in the way we raise our young kids. 你可以从我们抚养孩子的方式中窥其一二。
in the way:妨碍;挡道;
You go to an elementary school at three in the afternoon and you watch the kids come out, and they're wearing these 80-pound backpacks . 下午三点到小学去 看孩子出来, 他们背着八十磅重的背包。
elementary school:小学; backpacks:n.背包(backpack的复数);双肩背包;
If the wind blows them over, they're like beetles stuck there on the ground. 一阵风吹来,他们就会像甲虫一样翻倒在地。
beetles:n.甲虫;v.快速移动;(beetle的第三人称单数和复数)
You see these cars that drive up -- usually it's Saabs and Audis and Volvos, because in certain neighborhoods it's socially acceptable to have a luxury car, 你看见这些豪华轿车-- 可能是萨博、奥迪或沃尔沃富豪, 这些好车在某些社区被接受
acceptable:adj.认同的;可接受的;令人满意的; luxury:n.奢侈,奢华;奢侈品;享受;adj.奢侈的;
so long as it comes from a country hostile to U.S. foreign policy -- that's fine. 只要不是来自那些抵触美国外交政策的国家 就可以。
so long as:adv.只要; hostile:adj.敌意的; n.敌对分子;
They get picked up by these creatures I've called uber-moms, who are highly successful career women who have take time off to make sure all their kids get into Harvard . 他们被这些我称作超级母亲的生物接走, 这些生物不但事业成功 也会抽出时间确保她们的孩子进入哈佛。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生;
And you can usually tell the uber-moms, because they actually weigh less than their own children. 你很容易辨识出超级母亲, 因为她们通常比孩子还瘦。
(Laughter) （笑声）
So at the moment of conception , they're doing little butt exercises. 在怀孕期间, 她们摆摆屁股练习操。
conception:n.怀孕;概念;设想;开始; butt:n.屁股;烟头;笑柄;靶垛;粗大的一端;v.以头抵撞;碰撞;
Babies flop out, they're flashing Mandarin flashcards at the things. 婴儿滑出后, 她们拿出中文字卡要他们学习。
flop:v.沉重地躺下;移动;砸锅;完全失败;n.失败,不成功;adv.噗地一声 flashing:n.防雨板,盖片; v.闪光; (flash的现在分词) Mandarin:n.(中国)普通话;国语;官话;满清官吏;柑橘;adj.紧身马褂的; flashcards:n.教学用的抽认卡;
Driving them home, and they want them to be enlightened , so they take them to Ben & Jerry's ice cream company with its own foreign policy. 载孩子回家的路上,她们希望孩子变得懂事, 于是带他们去吃班杰利冰淇淋 也算一种她们自己的外交政策。
enlightened:adj.开明的; v.启发; (enlighten的过去分词和过去式)
In one of my books, 我在一本书里嘲弄
I joke that Ben & Jerry's should make a pacifist toothpaste -- doesn't kill germs , just asks them to leave. 说班杰利公司应该制造和平主义牙膏-- 不杀菌,温和地请它们离开。
pacifist:n.和平主义者;adj.非战主义的; toothpaste:n.牙膏; germs:n.[微]细菌; v.发生(germ的单三形式);
It would be a big seller. 这会大卖。
(Laughter) （笑声）
And they go to Whole Foods to get their baby formula . 他们去全食超市Whole Foods买婴儿食品。
formula:n.公式; adj.(赛车)方程式的(指赛车要符合规定的体积,重量及汽缸容量等);
And Whole Foods is one of those progressive grocery stores where all the cashiers look like they're on loan from Amnesty International . 全食超市是一种比较进步的大杂货店 所有的收银员好似是从国际人道组织借来的。
progressive:adj.进步的;先进的;开明的;稳步的;n.进步人士;开明人士;改革派; grocery:n.食品杂货店;食品杂货; cashiers:n.[会计]出纳员(cashier的复数形式);银行本票; Amnesty International:n.大赦国际;
(Laughter) （笑声）
They buy these seaweed-based snacks there called Veggie Booty with kale , which is for kids who come home and say, "Mom, mom, I want a snack that'll help prevent colon-rectal cancer ." 她们去那里买海藻作成的零食 叫甘蓝宝贝菜, 因为家里的孩子会说, “妈！我要那些能预防结肠直肠癌的零食！”
snacks:n.点心; v.吃点心(或快餐、小吃); (snack的第三人称单数和复数) Veggie:n.蔬菜;素食主义者 Booty:n.赃物;战利品;掠夺物;(赢得,购买,得到的)贵重物品; kale:n.[植]羽衣甘蓝;蔬菜汤; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And so the kids are raised in a certain way, jumping through achievement hoops of the things we can measure -- 这些孩子以这样方式成长, 经历着由我们权衡事情成功的考验--
hoops:n.箍;环;圈;(篮球)篮圈,篮框;(hoop的复数)
SAT prep , oboe , soccer practice. SAT考试、双簧管、足球练习。
prep:n.预备;预习;准备功课;v.上预备学校;作好准备; oboe:n.双簧管;
They get into competitive colleges, they get good jobs, and sometimes they make a success of themselves in a superficial manner, and they make a ton of money. 进好学校,有好工作, 有时候靠着自己的力量取得表面成功, 赚许多许多钱。
competitive:adj.竞争的;比赛的;求胜心切的; make a success of:把…做得十分成功,在…上取得成功(或做出成绩); superficial:adj.表面的;肤浅的;表面文章的;外表的;(人)浅薄的;
And sometimes you can see them at vacation places like Jackson Hole or Aspen . 你会在度假胜地看到他们 各种豪华滑雪度假村如杰克逊洞或者阿斯彭。
Aspen:adj.山杨的;类似白杨的;颤抖的;n.山杨;
And they've become elegant and slender -- they don't really have thighs; they just have one elegant calve on top of another. 他们更优雅、更修长-- 他们没有大腿; 只有一条优雅的小腿叠在另一条优雅的小腿上。
elegant:adj.高雅的,优雅的;讲究的;简炼的;简洁的; slender:adj.细长的;苗条的;微薄的; calve:vt.下仔;生小牛;使崩解;vi.生小牛;下仔;崩解;
(Laughter) （笑声）
They have kids of their own, and they've achieved a genetic miracle by marrying beautiful people, so their grandmoms look like Gertrude Stein , their daughters looks like Halle Berry -- I don't know how they've done that. 他们有了自己的孩子, 以娶嫁美丽人士实现基因遗传奇迹, 奶奶看上去像女作家格特鲁德·斯泰因, 女儿却像女明星哈莉·贝瑞--我不知道他们怎么办到的。
genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例; Stein:n.(容量约为一品脱的)啤酒杯; Halle:n.哈雷(德国城市); Berry:n.浆果;莓;
They get there and they realize it's fashionable now to have dogs a third as tall as your ceiling heights. 他们到了滑雪胜地发现 有条像房屋三分之一高的狗很时尚。
fashionable:adj.流行的;时髦的;上流社会的;
So they've got these furry 160-pound dogs -- look like velociraptors , all named after Jane Austen characters. 于是他们买来那些一百六十磅的毛毛狗-- 看上去像迅猛龙, 给它们取珍·奥丝汀书里的小说人名。
furry:adj.毛皮的;盖着毛皮的;似毛皮的; velociraptors:n.迅猛龙;
And then when they get old, they haven't really developed a philosophy of life, but they've decided, "I've been successful at everything, 当他们逐渐老去,也没有发展出什么人生哲学, 但他们想“我已达成了所有成功,
philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观;
I'm just not going to die." 我可不想死。”
And so they hire personal trainers, they're popping Cialis like breath mints . 于是他们请私人教练, 吃犀利士像吃口香糖。
mints:n.薄荷糖;铸币厂(mint的复数);v.铸造;创造(mint的三单形式);
You see them on the mountains up there. 他们就在那些山上。
They're cross-country skiing up the mountain with these grim expressions that make Dick Cheney look like Jerry Lewis. 他们滑遍各处的山 带着那样冰冷的神情 严肃的政治人物迪克·切尼与其相比根本就是谐星杰里·刘易斯。
cross-country skiing:n.越野滑雪(与高山滑雪相对); grim:adj.冷酷的;糟糕的;残忍的; expressions:表达,表情(expression的复数) Dick:n.阴茎,鸡巴;侦探;誓言;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And as they whiz by you, it's like being passed by a little iron Raisinet going up the hill. 当他们从你身边滑过, 就像有块钢铁小饼干 从你身边无声飞过。
whiz:n.飕飕声;奇才;vi.飕飕作声;vt.使飕飕作声;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And so this is part of what life is, but it's not all of what life is. 这的确是人生的一部分, 但不是人生的全部。
And over the past few years, 过去几年,
I think we've been given a deeper view of human nature and a deeper view of who we are. 我们开始看到一些有关人性的深层研究 有关我们究竟是谁。
And it's not based on theology or philosophy, it's in the study of the mind, across all these spheres of research, from neuroscience to the cognitive scientists, behavioral economists, psychologists , sociology , we're developing a revolution in consciousness . 不是来自神学或哲学, 而是来自思想研究, 从不同层次的学术界, 从神经科学到认知科学、 行为经济学、心理学、 社会学, 这发展为一种意识革命。
theology:n.神学;宗教体系; spheres:n.[数]球体(sphere的复数); v.把…放在球体内(sphere的第三人称单数形式); neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等); cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; behavioral:adj.行为的; psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); sociology:n.社会学;群体生态学; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉;
And when you synthesize it all, it's giving us a new view of human nature. 当你纵观以上全部, 它给我们一种新的角度看人性。
synthesize:vt.合成;综合;vi.合成;综合;
And far from being a coldly materialistic view of nature, it's a new humanism , it's a new enchantment . 不只是冷冰冰的唯物观, 而是一种新的人道主义。
coldly:adv.冷淡地;不友好地; materialistic:adj.唯物主义的;唯物论的; humanism:n.人道主义;adj.人文主义的;人道主义的; enchantment:n.魅力;魔法;着迷;妖术;
And I think when you synthesize this research, you start with three key insights . 当你整合这些研究, 你会有三种理解。
insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数);
The first insight is that while the conscious mind writes the autobiography of our species , the unconscious mind does most of the work. 第一 当意识为人类写下自传, 潜意识却做了大部分的工作。
autobiography:n.自传;自传文学; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; unconscious:adj.无意识的;失去知觉的;未发觉的;
And so one way to formulate that, the human mind can take in millions of pieces of information a minute, of which it can be consciously aware of about 40. 简单说来, 人脑一分钟可以处理百万个细节, 但意识到的大概有40个。
formulate:v.制订;规划;准备;确切表达; consciously:adv.自觉地;有意识地;
And this leads to oddities . 许多怪事由此发生。
oddities:n.古怪反常的人(或事物);怪现象;古怪;反常;(oddity的复数)
One of my favorite is that people named Dennis are disproportionately likely to become dentists, people named lawrence become lawyers, because unconsciously we gravitate toward things that sound familiar , which is why I named my daughter President of the United States Brooks. 我最喜欢的是许多叫丹尼的成了牙医 （英语的丹尼音近牙医）, 叫罗伦斯的成了律师, 只因潜意识里我们倾向和音似的事物 拉拢靠近乎, 这就是我把女儿取名叫做美国总统的原因。
disproportionately:adv.不成比例地; unconsciously:adv.不知不觉;无意识地; gravitate:vi.受引力作用;被吸引; familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
(Laughter) （笑声）
Another finding is that the unconscious, far from being dumb and sexualized , is actually quite smart. 另外一个发现是 潜意识不如人们想的那样愚笨与饥渴, 事实上它很聪明。
dumb:adj.哑的,无说话能力的;不说话的,无声音的; sexualized:v.使性感;(sexualize的过去式和过去分词)
So one of the most cognitively demanding things we do is buy furniture . 举例来说,买家具一直是件困难的事。
cognitively:adv.认知地; furniture:n.家具;设备;储藏物;
It's really hard to imagine a sofa, how it's going to look in your house. 我们很难想象新沙发在房子里看上去会是什么模样。
And the way you should do that is study the furniture, let it marinate in your mind, distract yourself, and then a few days later, go with your gut , because unconsciously you've figured it out. 解决方法是, 仔细看清家具的模样, 把它沉浸在脑海,先别想它, 几天以后,以你的直觉去买, 因为潜意识已经为你解决了这个问题。
marinate:v.腌,浸泡(食物);(食物)腌,浸泡; distract:v.转移(注意力);分散(思想);使分心; gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的
The second insight is that emotions are at the center of our thinking. 第二 情绪是我们思考的中心。
People with strokes and lesions in the emotion-processing parts of the brain are not super smart, they're actually sometimes quite helpless . 中风的人和在大脑处理情绪区域 发生机能损害的人 并不聪明, 事实上他们很无助。
strokes:n.中风; v.轻抚; (stroke的第三人称单数和复数) lesions:[生物]损伤; helpless:adj.无助的;无能的;没用的;
And the giant in the field is in the room tonight and is speaking tomorrow morning -- Antonio Damasio. 研究这领域的巨人今晚就在我们当中 Antonio Damasio － 他的演讲在明天早上。
giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的
And one of the things he's really shown us is that emotions are not separate from reason, but they are the foundation of reason because they tell us what to value. 他的研究告诉我们 情绪并不和理性分开, 情绪其实是理性的基础, 它告诉我们什么是重要的。
foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
And so reading and educating your emotions is one of the central activities of wisdom . 理解和训练你的情绪 是通往智慧的道路。
wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问;
Now I'm a middle-aged guy; 身为一个中年男子;
middle-aged:adj.中年的;具有中年人特点的;适合于中年人的;
I'm not exactly comfortable with emotions. 我并不善于谈论情绪。
One of my favorite brain stories described these middle-aged guys. 我最喜欢的有关大脑的故事却以中年男子为例。
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
They put them into a brain scan machine -- this is apocryphal by the way , but I don't care -- and they had them watch a horror movie, and then they had them describe their feelings toward their wives. 把中年男子放进脑扫描机器里-- 这没什么根据,但无所谓-- 让这些中年男子看恐怖电影, 再让他们叙述他们面对妻子的感受。
apocryphal:adj.伪的;可疑的; by the way:顺便说一下; horror:n.恐惧;厌恶;震惊;对某事物的强烈畏惧(或憎恨);
And the brain scans were identical in both activities. 两者的脑扫描结果是一样的。
identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物;
It was just sheer terror. 绝对的恐怖。
sheer:adj.纯; v.十足地; n.透明薄纱; v.[航海](使)偏航; (使)转向;
So me talking about emotion is like Gandhi talking about gluttony , but it is the central organizing process of the way we think. 让我们谈情绪 就像叫甘地谈论暴食, 但情绪帮助我们 整理思绪。
Gandhi:n.甘地(印度政府,社会和宗教领袖); gluttony:n.暴食,暴饮暴食;贪食,贪吃; organizing:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;(organize的现在分词)
It tells us what to imprint . 它告诉我们应该记得什么
imprint:n.印记;痕迹;特征;版本说明;vt.加特征;刻上记号;
The brain is the record of the feelings of a life. 大脑纪录我们一生经历过的感受
And the third insight is that we're not primarily self-contained individuals. 第三是 我们不是独立的个体。
primarily:adv.首先;主要地,根本上; self-contained:adj.独立的;设备齐全的;沉默寡言的;
We're social animals, not rational animals. 我们是社群动物,不是理性动物。
We emerge out of relationships, and we are deeply interpenetrated, one with another. 我们从人际关系中成长, 深深地互相影响。
emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相;
And so when we see another person, we reenact in our own minds what we see in their minds. 当我们见到他人, 我们会在脑中演练 他们脑中所看到的景象。
reenact:vt.重新制定;再扮演;再制定;
When we watch a car chase in a movie, it's almost as if we are subtly having a car chase. 当我们看到电影里的飞车追逐 就像是我们也默默地经历了它。
subtly:adv.精细地;巧妙地;敏锐地;
When we watch pornography , it's a little like having sex, though probably not as good. 当我们看色情影带 就有点像我们也进行了性行为, 虽然没有这么真实。
pornography:n.淫秽作品;色情书刊(或音像制品等)
And we see this when lovers walk down the street, when a crowd in Egypt or Tunisia gets caught up in an emotional contagion , the deep interpenetration. 当我们看到路上散步的情侣, 当群众占领了埃及和突尼西亚 情绪油然而生蔓延着, 相互影响。
lovers:n.情人(lover的复数形式); Tunisia:n.突尼斯(非洲国家); contagion:n.传染病;蔓延;触染;
And this revolution in who we are gives us a different way of seeing, I think, politics, a different way, most importantly, of seeing human capital. 它随时改变我们 让我们用不同角度理解政治, 最重要的 重新审视人力资本。
We are now children of the French Enlightenment . 我们是法国启蒙的后代。
Enlightenment:n.启迪;启蒙运动;教化;
We believe that reason is the highest of the faculties . 我们相信理性是最重要的。
faculties:n.系,学院;才能,能力;全体教员(faculty的复数形式);
But I think this research shows that the British Enlightenment, or the Scottish Enlightenment, with David Hume, Adam Smith, actually had a better handle on who we are -- 但我相信研究会告诉我们 休姆或亚当史密斯带来的 英式或苏格兰式启蒙 更接近我们的本真--
handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸;
that reason is often weak, our sentiments are strong, and our sentiments are often trustworthy . 理性往往软弱,感性时时强大, 而我们的感性是值得信任的。
sentiments:n.观点,看法;情绪;伤感,柔情,哀伤;(sentiment的复数) trustworthy:adj.可靠的;可信赖的;
And this work corrects that bias in our culture, that deep humanizing bias. 这些研究改正了我们文化中的偏见, 那深入人心的偏见
bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的; humanizing:赋予人性;教化;使通人情(humanize的现在分词);
It gives us a deeper sense of what it actually takes for us to thrive in this life. 它让我们理解 究竟怎样的生活 才是个成功的人生。
thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达;
When we think about human capital we think about the things we can measure easily -- things like grades, SAT's, degrees, the number of years in schooling. 当我们想到人力资本 我们想到的是那些评鉴标准-- 学校成绩、考试成绩、学位成绩, 和在学校的岁月年华。
What it really takes to do well, to lead a meaningful life are things that are deeper, things we don't really even have words for. 事实上,要过个有意义的人生 来自于更深层的事物, 那些甚至无法言说的感受。
meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的; have words:争吵;
And so let me list just a couple of the things 在此让我点出两件事
I think this research points us toward trying to understand. 我想这研究要我们去了解这些。
The first gift, or talent, is mindsight -- the ability to enter into other people's minds and learn what they have to offer. 第一种天赋或者才华其实是一种心智直观-- 去理解他人想法,和懂得他人 的能力。
enter into:进入;讨论;成为…的一部分;研讨;分享;体谅;
Babies come with this ability. 婴儿就有这种能力。
Meltzoff, who's at the University of Washington, leaned over a baby who was 43 minutes old. 华盛顿大学的梅尔索夫 俯身对着43分钟大的婴儿
leaned:v.前俯后仰;倾斜;倚靠;使斜靠;(lean的过去分词和过去式)
He wagged his tongue at the baby. 吐舌头。
wagged:v.(狗)摇,摆动(尾巴); (wag的过去分词和过去式)
The baby wagged her tongue back. 婴儿也向他吐舌头。
Babies are born to interpenetrate into mom's mind and to download what they find -- their models of how to understand reality. 婴儿生来就能感知读懂母亲的心思 了解他们探寻的所有东西-- 这成为他们理解现实世界的模式。
interpenetrate:v.渗透;
In the United States, 55 percent of babies have a deep two-way conversation with mom and they learn models to how to relate to other people. 在美国,55％的婴儿 和母亲有亲密的双向沟通 他们用这种模式学习该和他人如何交流。
two-way:adj.双向的;相互的;两路的;
And those people who have models of how to relate have a huge head start in life. 这些懂得和他人交流的人 在人生路途中超前许多。
head start:领先;抢先起步的优势;有利的开端;
Scientists at the University of Minnesota did a study in which they could predict with 77 percent accuracy , at age 18 months, who was going to graduate from high school, based on who had good attachment with mom. 明尼苏达州大学的科学家做了个研究 看谁可以在18岁 从高中毕业 有77％的准确度 取决于他们与母亲的亲密程度。
Minnesota:n.明尼苏达州(美国中北部洲); predict:v.预报;预言;预告; accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性; attachment:n.附件;依恋;连接物;扣押财产;
20 percent of kids do not have those relationships. 两成没有这种关系的孩子
They are what we call avoidantly attached . 我们称他们为回避型亲密关系。
attached:adj.依恋;v.重视;把…固定;(attach的过去分词和过去式)
They have trouble relating to other people. 他们往往难以与他人建立关系。
They go through life like sailboats tacking into the wind -- wanting to get close to people, but not really having the models of how to do that. 他们走过人生 像不停转变航线的小船-- 想和人更靠近, 但却没有模式能帮助他们。
sailboats:n.帆船;(sailboat的复数) tacking:n.定位焊; v.固定住;
And so this is one skill of how to Hoover up knowledge, one from another. 这是一种 向别人吸收知识的技术。
Hoover:vi.胡佛电动吸尘;n.胡佛电动吸尘器;
A second skill is equal poise . 第二种能力也一样重要。
poise:n.平衡;姿势;镇静;v.使平衡;保持...姿势;准备好;悬着;
The ability to have the serenity to read the biases and failures in your own mind. 平心静气地解读 自己的偏见和失败。
serenity:n.平静,宁静;晴朗,风和日丽; biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式);
So for example, we are overconfidence machines. 举例来说,我们是台过分自信的机器。
overconfidence:n.自负;过分相信;
95 percent of our professors report that they are above average teachers. 95%的教授宣称 他们比普遍的教授都优秀。
96 percent of college students say they have above average social skills. 96％的大学生 认为他们的社交手腕胜于常人。
Time magazine asked Americans, "Are you in the top one percent of earners ?" 时代杂志问美国人“你是美国人中收入最好的那10％吗？”
earners:n.赚钱的人;
19 percent of Americans are in the top one percent of earners. 19％的美国人是那10％。
(Laughter) （笑声）
This is a gender-linked trait , by the way. 事实上,这是一个和性别有关的特点。
trait:n.特性,特点;品质;少许;
Men drown at twice the rate of women, because men think they can swim across that lake. 淹死的男人比女人多上两倍, 因为男人都觉得他们可以游过那条河
drown:v.淹没;溺死;浸透;浸泡;
But some people have the ability and awareness of their own biases, their own overconfidence. 但有些人有能力可以辨识出 自己的偏见与过分自信。
They have epistemological modesty . 他们在知识论上保持谦虚。
epistemological:adj.认识论的;知识论上的; modesty:n.谦逊;质朴;稳重;
They are open-minded in the face of ambiguity . 他们对暧昧不明的事物保持开放。
open-minded:adj.虚心的;思想开明的;无偏见的; in the face of:面对; ambiguity:n.含糊;不明确;暧昧;模棱两可的话;
They are able to adjust strength of the conclusions to the strength of their evidence . 他们可以随着证据强度 调整结论。
adjust:v.调整;调节;适应;习惯; conclusions:n.结论,总结;决定;(conclusion的复数) evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
They are curious . 他们好奇。
curious:adj.好奇的,有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的;
And these traits are often unrelated and uncorrelated with IQ. 而这些特性和IQ没有直接关系。
traits:n.特性,特质,性格(trait的复数); unrelated:adj.无关的,不相干的; uncorrelated:adj.不相关的;
The third trait is medes, what we might call street smarts -- it's a Greek word. 第三个特性是medes, 这是希腊文,也可以说是见机行事。
street smarts:熟悉当地民情的,熟悉体察民情的;
It's a sensitivity to the physical environment, the ability to pick out patterns in an environment -- derive a gist. 它是一种对身边事物保持敏感, 从环境中找出模式 推演出重点的能力。
sensitivity:n.敏感;敏感性;过敏; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; derive:vt.源于;得自;vi.起源;
One of my colleagues at the Times did a great story about soldiers in Iraq who could look down a street and detect somehow whether there was an IED, a landmine , in the street. 我在时代杂志的一个同事 为伊拉克士兵做了一个专题 他们可以光靠看着一条街 就知道有没有地雷。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; landmine:n.地雷(等于landmine);
They couldn't tell you how they did it, but they could feel cold, they felt a coldness , and they were more often right than wrong. 他们没办法告诉你他们是怎么办到的 但他们感觉到一种毛骨悚然, 而他们往往是对的。
coldness:n.寒冷;冷淡;
The third is what you might call sympathy , the ability to work within groups. 第三种能力也可以说是同感, 在群体中共事的能力。
sympathy:n.同情;慰问;赞同;
And that comes in tremendously handy , because groups are smarter than individuals -- and face-to-face groups are much smarter than groups that communicate electronically , because 90 percent of our communication is non-verbal . 这种能力非常有用, 因为群体比个人聪明-- 面对面的群体比经由电子产品交流的群体 更聪明, 因为有九成资讯不是靠语言交流。
tremendously:adv.非常地;可怕地;惊人地; handy:adj.便利的;手边的,就近的;容易取得的;敏捷的; face-to-face:adj.面对面的;当面的;adv.面对面地; electronically:adv.电子地; non-verbal:adj.非语言的;非用言语的;
And the effectiveness of a group is not determined by the IQ of the group, it's determined by how well they communicate, how often they take turns in conversation. 一个群体的影响力 不是取决于群体成员的智商, 而是他们沟通的方法, 他们是否轮流对话。
effectiveness:n.效力; determined:adj.决定了的:v.决定;(determine的过去分词和过去式) take turns:按顺序来
Then you could talk about a trait like blending . 然后我们可以讨论“混合”的特性。
blending:v.使混合;掺和;混合;融合;(使)调和,协调(blend的现在分词)
Any child can say, "I'm a tiger," pretend to be a tiger. 任何小孩都可以说“我??是老虎”然后假装自己是老虎。
It seems so elementary. 它看起来很简单。
But in fact, it's phenomenally complicated to take a concept "I" and a concept "tiger" 但事实上,它出乎意料的复杂 把“我”和“老虎”的概念
phenomenally:adv.现象上地;明白地;从感官认识到; complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
and blend them together. 混合在一起。
But this is the source of innovation . 但这就是创新的能力。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
What Picasso did, for example, was take the concept Western art and the concept African masks and blend them together -- not only the geometry , but the moral systems entailed in them. 像毕卡索就是 结合西方艺术的概念 和非洲面具的概念 将他们混合在一起-- 不只是几何图案, 还有它们所展示的伦理逻辑连为一体。
Picasso:n.毕加索(西班牙画家); geometry:n.几何学;几何结构; entailed:v.牵涉;需要;使必要;(entail的过去式和过去分词)
And these are skills, again, we can't count and measure. 这些都是我们无法衡量的能力。
And then the final thing I'll mention is something you might call limerence. 最后我想提到的是 一种叫热切的心理状态。
And this is not an ability, it's a drive and a motivation . 这不是一种能力, 更像一种动力或激励。
motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动;
The conscious mind hungers for success and prestige . 意识想要的是成功和名望。
prestige:n.威望,声望;声誉;
The unconscious mind hungers for those moments of transcendence , when the skull line disappears and we are lost in a challenge or a task -- when a craftsman feels lost in his craft, when a naturalist feels at one with nature, when a believer feels at one with God's love. 潜意识想要的是 那些超然的短暂时刻, 当我们全身心投入 沉溺在一项任务或挑战中-- 就像工匠沉迷于它的技艺, 爱好自然者和自然合为一体, 信徒感觉和神的爱合一。
transcendence:n.超越;卓越;超然存在; skull:n.头盖骨,脑壳; disappears:v.消失;不见;消亡;失踪;丢失;(disappear的第三人称单数) craftsman:n.工匠;手艺人;技工; naturalist:n.自然主义者; adj.自然的(等于naturalistic); believer:n.信徒;相信的人;
That is what the unconscious mind hungers for. 这些就是潜意识渴望的经历。
And many of us feel it in love when lovers feel fused . 我们当中的许多人在恋爱中体验 这种合一的感觉。
fused:adj.装有熔断器的;v.(使)融合,熔断(fuse的过去分词和过去式)
And one of the most beautiful descriptions 在这个研究中
descriptions:n.摘要;说明,说明书;描述(description的复数形式);
I've come across in this research of how minds interpenetrate was written by a great theorist and scientist named Douglas Hofstadter at the University of Indiana. 有关人脑如何互相影响沟通 的最美丽一段叙述 是来自一位印地安那大学的理论科学家 他叫道格拉斯·霍夫施塔特。
come across:偶然遇见;给人以…的印象; theorist:n.理论家;
He was married to a woman named Carol , and they had a wonderful relationship. 他的妻子叫卡罗尔, 他们有一段很美好的关系。
Carol:v.欢乐地歌唱;唱耶诞颂歌;n.颂歌,赞美诗;欢乐之歌;
When their kids were five and two, 孩子有五岁和两岁时,
Carol had a stroke and a brain tumor and died suddenly. 卡罗尔中风,因脑瘤突然逝世。
tumor:n.肿瘤;肿块;赘生物;
And Hofstadter wrote a book called "I Am a Strange Loop ." 霍夫施塔特写了一本书 叫:《我是一个奇异的环》。
Loop:n.循环;回路;环路;圈;v.使成环;使绕成圈;成环形移动;
In the course of that book, he describes a moment -- just months after Carol has died -- he comes across her picture on the mantel , or on a bureau in his bedroom. 在书里他描述一个时刻, 卡罗尔逝世后几个月, 他在卧室或在壁炉架上 看到她的照片。
mantel:n.壁炉架;
And here's what he wrote: "I looked at her face, and I looked so deeply that I felt I was behind her eyes. 他这儿描写到: “我看着她的脸, 我深深地看入迷了 仿佛我就影射到她瞳孔里。
And all at once I found myself saying as tears flowed, 'That's me. That's me.' 同时,我发现我流着泪 说, ‘是我。是我。’
And those simple words brought back many thoughts that I had had before, about the fusion of our souls into one higher level entity , about the fact that at the core of both our souls 这几个简单的字 让我再次感受之前有过的想法, 有关灵魂的融合 成为一个更高的存在, 在我们彼此的灵魂深处
fusion:n.融合;熔化;熔接;融合物;[物]核聚变; entity:n.实体;存在;本质; core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核;
lay our identical hopes and dreams for our children, about the notion that those hopes were not separate or distinct hopes, but were just one hope, one clear thing that defined us both, that welded us into a unit -- the kind of unit I had but dimly imagined before being married and having children. 对我们的孩子有着一样的希望和梦想, 这些希望 并不遥远或者是不可即的希望, 只是一个小小的希望, 一件让我俩合一 让我们成为一体的希望-- 那些我在婚前,和有孩子前 模糊想象过的连为一体的希望。
distinct:adj.明显的;独特的;清楚的;有区别的; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; welded:v.焊接;使结合(weld的过去分词);adj.焊的;焊接的; dimly:adv.朦胧地;微暗;
I realized that, though Carol had died, that core piece of her had not died at all, but had lived on very determinedly in my brain." 我意识到,虽然卡罗尔已经过世了, 她的核心思想并没有死去, 而是在我的脑中继续活着。”
determinedly:adv.果断地;硬绑绑的;
The Greeks say we suffer our way to wisdom. 希腊人说我们只有经过痛苦,才能通向智慧的彼岸。
Through his suffering, Hofstadter understood how deeply interpenetrated we are. 经过霍夫施塔特的痛苦,他理解到 我们相互影响的程度是如此深远。
Through the policy failures of the last 30 years, we have come to acknowledge, I think, how shallow our view of human nature has been. 从过去30年来的政策失败, 我想我们已经知道 我们对人性的了解有多么肤浅。
And now as we confront that shallowness and the failures that derive from our inability to get the depths of who we are, comes this revolution in consciousness -- these people in so many fields exploring the depth of our nature and coming away with this enchanted , this new humanism. 现在,当我们正面面对我们的肤浅 和失败,它们是源自我们 不能够深入了解我们自身的人性, 随之便有了这种意识革命-- 许多不同领域的人 开始研究人性的深度 发展出这个迷人的 新人道主义。
confront:v.直面;无法回避;降临于;处理;对抗; shallowness:n.浅;肤浅; inability:n.无能力;无才能; exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词) enchanted:adj.中魔法的;狂喜的;v.使着迷;对…用魔法;(enchant的过去分词和过去式)
And when Freud discovered his sense of the unconscious, it had a vast effect on the climate of the times. 当弗洛伊德发现了潜意识, 这巨大的影响了当时的学术状况。
Freud:n.佛洛伊德(1856-1939,奥地利心理分析学家及精神病学家);
Now we are discovering a more accurate vision of the unconscious -- of who we are deep inside. 现在我们发现了一个有关我们潜意识的更准确看法 --我们内心里究竟是谁。
accurate:adj.精确的; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
And it's going to have a wonderful and profound and humanizing effect on our culture. 它将会对我们的文化带来一种美妙、深刻 和更为人性的影响。
profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的;
Thank you. 谢谢各位。
(Applause) （掌声）