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DavidAnderson_2013X-_你的大脑优于化学品仓库_
So raise your hand if you know someone in your immediate family or circle of friends who suffers from some form of mental illness. 如果你知道 你的亲人或者朋友中 有人正遭受某种精神疾病折磨的请举手。
mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者;
Yeah. I thought so. Not surprised. 和我想的一样,没什么好惊讶的。
And raise your hand if you think that basic research on fruit flies has anything to do with understanding mental illness in humans. 如果你觉得对果蝇的基础研究 对人类精神疾病的了解 有任何作用的话,请举手。
Yeah. I thought so. I'm also not surprised. 和我想的一样,这也没什么好惊讶的。
I can see I've got my work cut out for me here. 看来我的任务艰巨了。
As we heard from Dr. Insel this morning, psychiatric disorders like autism , depression and schizophrenia take a terrible toll on human suffering. 像我们今早从Insel博士那里听到的那样, 像自闭症、 抑郁症、 精神分裂症等精神障碍 让人类遭受着可怕的痛苦。
psychiatric:adj.精神病学的;精神病治疗的; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); autism:n.[心理][内科]孤独症;自我中心主义; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁; schizophrenia:n.[内科]精神分裂症; toll:n.伤亡人数; v.(缓慢而有规律地)敲(钟); (尤指)鸣(丧钟);
We know much less about their treatment and the understanding of their basic mechanisms than we do about diseases of the body. 我们对（精神疾病）的治疗 和它们基本机理的了解 比我们对身体上疾病的了解少的多。
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
Think about it: In 2013, the second decade of the millennium , if you're concerned about a cancer diagnosis and you go to your doctor, you get bone scans, biopsies and blood tests. 想想看: 在 2013 年, 千禧年的第二个十年, 如果你对罹患癌症感到担心 你可以去看医生, 你可以进行骨扫描, 切片检查以及血液测试。
millennium:n.千年期,千禧年;一千年,千年纪念;太平盛世,黄金时代; concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; diagnosis:n.诊断; biopsies:活组织检查;
In 2013, if you're concerned about a depression diagnosis, you go to your doctor, and what do you get? 在 2013 年,如果你担心得了抑郁症, 你去看医生,你能得到些什么呢？
A questionnaire . 一份调查问卷。
questionnaire:n.问卷;调查表;
Now, part of the reason for this is that we have an oversimplified and increasingly outmoded view of the biological basis of psychiatric disorders. 现在,这种情况发生的部分原因是 对于精神障碍的生物学基础 我们有一个过分简化和过时的观点,
oversimplified:adj.过于简单化的;v.过于简单化(oversimplify的过去分词形式); increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; outmoded:adj.过时的,不流行的;v.使不流行(outmode的过去分词); biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
We tend to view them -- and the popular press aids and abets this view -- as chemical imbalances in the brain, as if the brain were some kind of bag of chemical soup full of dopamine , serotonin and norepinephrine . 我们倾向于认为他们 －－ 同时大众媒体也教唆给大家同样的观点 －－ （精神疾病）即是大脑中化学物质的失衡, 好像大脑就是某种袋子, 里面装满了由多巴胺,5 - 羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素混合的化学物质。
abets:n.飞机信标电子试验装置; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; imbalances:n.不平衡;不安定; dopamine:n.[生化]多巴胺(一种治脑神经病的药物); serotonin:n.[生化]血清素;5-羟色胺(血管收缩素); norepinephrine:n.[生化][药]去甲肾上腺素;降肾上腺素;
This view is conditioned by the fact that many of the drugs that are prescribed to treat these disorders, like Prozac , act by globally changing brain chemistry, as if the brain were indeed a bag of chemical soup. 以下例子可以印证上述观点 即很多被开出来治疗这些疾病的处方药, 如百忧解,都是通过全局性的改变大脑化学构成来起效果的, 好像大脑真是一袋子化学物质。
prescribed:v.给…开(药); (prescribe的过去式和过去分词) Prozac:n.百忧解(一种治疗精神抑郁的药物);
But that can't be the answer, because these drugs actually don't work all that well. 但那肯定不是正确的解释, 实际上这些药并不都会带来显著疗效。
A lot of people won't take them, or stop taking them, because of their unpleasant side effects. 因为这些药有不好的副作用, 很多人不会吃这些药,或者干脆停药。
unpleasant:adj.令人不快的;不舒服的;不客气的
These drugs have so many side effects because using them to treat a complex psychiatric disorder is a bit like trying to change your engine oil by opening a can and pouring it all over the engine block. 这些药有很多副作用 因为用他们去治疗一例复杂的精神障碍 就好像你为了去换一下发动机的机油 却打开了机油罐然后倒的引擎上到处都是。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; pouring:v.倾倒;倾泻;连续流出;倒出;喷发;(pour的现在分词)
Some of it will dribble into the right place, but a lot of it will do more harm than good. 有些药效会直接作用于正确的病处, 但大多数对人体造成的伤害多于好处。
dribble:v.连击;使滴下;运球;n.点滴;运球;
Now, an emerging view that you also heard about from Dr. Insel this morning, is that psychiatric disorders are actually disturbances of neural circuits that mediate emotion , mood and affect. 现在,一个今天早上 你也从Insel博士那里听说的全新的观点 即精神障碍实际上就是 一种对那些谐调表情、情绪以及情感 的神经回路的干扰。
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) disturbances:n.[通信][电子]干扰;失调(disturbance的复数形式);困惑; neural:adj.神经的;神经系统的;背的;神经中枢的; circuits:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游;(circuit的第三人称单数和复数) mediate:vi.调解;斡旋;居中;vt.调停;传达;adj.间接的;居间的; emotion:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感; mood:n.情绪,语气;心境;气氛;
When we think about cognition , we analogize the brain to a computer. That's no problem. 当我们想着去认知它的时候, 我们把大脑比作电脑是没问题的。
cognition:n.认识;知识;认识能力; analogize:vt.类推;以类推来说明;vi.类推;作类比推理;
Well it turns out that the computer analogy is just as valid for emotion. 那么结果显示把大脑比作电脑的比喻 对处理情感也是有效的。
analogy:n.类比;类推;类似; valid:adj.有效的;有根据的;合法的;正当的;
It's just that we don't tend to think about it that way. 只是我们通常不倾向于用这种方式去思考。
But we know much less about the circuit basis of psychiatric disorders because of the overwhelming dominance of this chemical imbalance hypothesis . 但是因为这种化学不平衡假说 具有压倒性的优势 所以我们对精神障碍回路 的基础知识知之甚少。
overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词) dominance:n.优势;统治;支配; hypothesis:n.假设;
Now, it's not that chemicals are not important in psychiatric disorders. 现在,我们不是说化学物质 在精神障碍中不重要。
chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数)
It's just that they don't bathe the brain like soup. 只是大脑不是简单混沌的(由化学物质组成的)混合液体,
bathe:v.用水清洗(尤指身体部位); n.(在海、河等中的)游泳;
Rather, they're released in very specific locations and they act on specific synapses to change the flow of information in the brain. 而是,他们(化学物质)被释放在非常精确的位置 并作用于某个确定的神经突触 来改变大脑中的信息流。
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; locations:n.地方;地点;位置;定位(location的复数) synapses:n.(神经元的)突触(synapse的复数;synapsis的复数)
So if we ever really want to understand the biological basis of psychiatric disorders, we need to pinpoint these locations in the brain where these chemicals act. 因此如果我们真正想懂得精神障碍 相关的生物基础知识, 我们得搞清楚这些化学物质 具体起作用于大脑中的哪些位置。
pinpoint:vt.查明; adj.精确的; n.针尖;
Otherwise, we're going to keep pouring oil all over our mental engines and suffering the consequences . 否则,我们将要继续把油弄的满是我们的精神引擎 并且承受各种痛苦。
consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
Now to begin to overcome our ignorance of the role of brain chemistry in brain circuitry , it's helpful to work on what we biologists call "model organisms ," 现在为了克服我们对大脑化学物质 在大脑回路中的作用的无知, 在我们生物学家称作的 “模式生物”,
overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; ignorance:n.无知,愚昧;不知,不懂; circuitry:n.电路;电路系统;电路学;一环路; biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体;
animals like fruit flies and laboratory mice, in which we can apply powerful genetic techniques to molecularly identify and pinpoint specific classes of neurons, as you heard about in Allan Jones's talk this morning. 比如果蝇和试验鼠等动物身上做试验是有帮助的。 这样我们可以应用强大的基因技术来 分子识别以及 确定具体的神经元的种类, 就如大家今天早上听到 Allan Jones的讲话内容一样。
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) molecularly:adv.分子状态地;成分子状;分子; identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
Moreover , once we can do that, we can actually activate specific neurons or we can destroy or inhibit the activity of those neurons. 而且,一旦我们可以那么做了, 实际上我们就可以激活特定的神经元 或者可以毁坏或者抑制那些神经元的活性。
Moreover:adv.而且;此外; activate:vt.刺激;使活动;使活泼;使产生放射性;vi.激活;有活力; inhibit:vt.抑制;禁止;
So if we inhibit a particular type of neuron , and we find that a behavior is blocked, we can conclude that those neurons are necessary for that behavior. 因此一旦我们抑制了某种特定的神经元, 并且发现某种行为被阻止了的时候, 我们就可以得出 那些神经元是负责相应的行为的结论。
neuron:n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位; conclude:v.断定:得出结论:终止:达成:缔结(协定)
On the other hand , if we activate a group of neurons and we find that that produces the behavior, we can conclude that those neurons are sufficient for the behavior. 从另一方面来讲,如果我们激活了一组神经元 并且发现他们激发了某种行为, 我们就可以得到这组神经元是对特定行为负责的结论。
On the other hand:另一方面; sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的;
So in this way, by doing this kind of test, we can draw cause and effect relationships between the activity of specific neurons in particular circuits and particular behaviors, 因此,通过做这种试验, 我们可以理清楚 特定神经元在某种回路上的活动 与相应行为的因果关系,
in particular:尤其,特别;
something that is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to do right now in humans. 而在人类身上做这些实验 是极其困难的。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
But can an organism like a fruit fly , which is -- it's a great model organism because it's got a small brain, it's capable of complex and sophisticated behaviors, it breeds quickly, and it's cheap. 但是有机体如果蝇-- 就是很好的试验对象 因为它有一个小的大脑, 一个能完成复杂的行为的脑袋, 而且它培育起来很快,费用也不高。
fruit fly:n.果蝇;实蝇; capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; breeds:n.[生物]品种; v.繁殖;
But can an organism like this teach us anything about emotion-like states? 但像果蝇这样的有机体 是否可以给我们展示任何情感状态呢？
Do these organisms even have emotion-like states, or are they just little digital robots? 这些有机体是否拥有情感状态, 或者他们只是像小型数字机器人(无情感状态)？
digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键;
Charles Darwin believed that insects have emotion and express them in their behaviors, as he wrote in his 1872 monograph on the expression of the emotions in man and animals. 查尔斯·达尔文认为昆虫是有情感的 并且有它们的情感表现方式 就像他在1872年出版的著作中关于人类与动物情感的表达方式的描写。
monograph:n.专题著作,专题论文;vt.写关于…的专著; expression:n.表现,表示,表达; emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数)
And my eponymous colleague , Seymour Benzer, believed it as well. 与我齐名的同事,Seymour Benzer,同样认为昆虫是有情感的。
eponymous:adj.使得名的,齐名的; colleague:n.同事,同僚;
Seymour is the man that introduced the use of drosophila here at CalTech in the '60s as a model organism to study the connection between genes and behavior. 在60年代的加州理工学院, Seymour引进了用果蝇作为有机体 来研究基因与行为之间的关系。
drosophila:n.果蝇;果蝇属; CalTech:n.加利福尼亚理工学院; genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
Seymour recruited me to CalTech in the late 1980s. Seymour在80年代末聘请我到加州理工学院。
recruited:v.招聘,雇佣;招募;(recruit的过去分词和过去式)
He was my Jedi and my rabbi while he was here, and Seymour taught me both to love flies and also to play with science. 当他在那儿的时候,他是我的启发者与导师, Seymour也教会了我们俩爱上果蝇 用果蝇去试验科学原理。
Jedi:n.星球大战中的绝地武士; rabbi:n.拉比(犹太人的学者);法师;犹太教律法专家;先生;
So how do we ask this question? 我们怎么提这个问题呢？
It's one thing to believe that flies have emotion-like states, but how do we actually find out whether that's true or not? 一方面我们相信果蝇有情感状态, 但又如何求证这个假设是真是假？
Now, in humans we often infer emotional states, as you'll hear later today, from facial expressions . 现在,在人类中我们经常通过面部表情推断情感状态, 这个大家稍后会了解更多。
infer:v.推断;推论;暗示;推理; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; facial:adj.面部的,表面的;脸的,面部用的;n.美容,美颜;脸部按摩; expressions:表达,表情(expression的复数)
However, it's a little difficult to do that in fruit flies. 然而,在果蝇身上,这个可有点困难。
(Laughter) （笑声）
It's kind of like landing on Mars and looking out the window of your spaceship at all the little green men who are surrounding it and trying to figure out, "How do I find out if they have emotions or not?" 这有点像你降落在火星上 然后从飞船往窗外看外面的小绿人 并且试着找出 “我如何知道他们是否有情感” 这个问题的答案。
Mars:n.火星
What can we do? It's not so easy. 我们能做什么？显然不容易。
Well, one of the ways that we can start is to try to come up with some general characteristics or properties of emotion-like states such as arousal , and see if we can identify any fly behaviors that might exhibit some of those properties. 好了,其中一个方法是我们可以从 试着提炼出一些情感状态的 一般特性或属性 比如刺激,然后看看我们是否可以分别出 任何可能展现果蝇的那些（情感）属性的行为。
come up with:提出;想出;赶上; characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数) arousal:n.觉醒;激励; exhibit:v.展览;表现;展出;n.陈列品;(在法庭上出示的)物证;
So three important ones that I can think of are persistence , gradations in intensity , and valence . 因此我能想到的三个要点就是 持久性,渐层的强度以及效价。
persistence:n.持续;固执;存留;坚持不懈;毅力; gradations:n.[摄]层次(gradation的复数);分级;渐变; intensity:n.强度;强烈;[电子]亮度;紧张; valence:n.[化学]价;[化学]原子价;[化学]化合价;效价;
Persistence means long-lasting . 持久性意味着(情感的)长效持久。
long-lasting:adj.持续时间长的;
We all know that the stimulus that triggers an emotion causes that emotion to last long after the stimulus is gone. 我们都知道当刺激触发了某一种情感, 这种情感会在这种刺激消失后继续持续。
stimulus:n.刺激;激励;刺激物; triggers:n.[电子]触发器;触发物(trigger的复数);v.引起(trigger的单三形式);引爆; last long:adj.持久;持续很久;持续很长时间;持续长时间;
Gradations of intensity means what it sounds like. 渐层的强度（情感表现强度）就是其字面意思。
You can dial up the intensity or dial down the intensity of an emotion. 你可以调高或者调低情感的强烈程度。
If you're a little bit unhappy, the corners of your mouth turn down and you sniffle , and if you're very unhappy, tears pour down your face and you might sob . 如果你有点不开心,那么你的嘴角会向下 并且会抽泣, 如果你很不开心,泪水就会流出来 并且会呜咽。
sniffle:vi.抽鼻涕;抽噎(等于snuffle);n.鼻塞声;不断的吸鼻子(等于snuffle); pour down:(雨)倾盆而下; sob:vi.啜泣,呜咽;(风等)发出呜咽声;vt.哭诉,啜泣;n.啜泣,呜咽;
Valence means good or bad, positive or negative . 效价表示(情绪中)好的或者坏的,积极的或者消极的。
positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝;
So we decided to see if flies could be provoked into showing the kind of behavior that you see by the proverbial wasp at the picnic table, you know, the one that keeps coming back to your hamburger the more vigorously you try to swat it away, and it seems to keep getting irritated . 所以我们决定看看果蝇会不会做出 跟人在野餐桌上 被那只黄蜂骚扰后相似的行为。 众所周知,它越是一直试图接近你的汉堡, 你就越想猛的把它赶走, 而且这种情况会让人很恼火。
provoked:v.激起;引发;挑衅;刺激;(provoke的过去分词和过去式) proverbial:adj.谚语的;众所周知的;谚语式的; wasp:n.黄蜂;[昆]胡蜂;易怒的人;vi.黄蜂似的直扑; vigorously:adv.精神旺盛地,活泼地; irritated:adj.烦恼;恼怒;v.使烦恼;刺激(irritate的过去分词和过去式)
So we built a device , which we call a puff-o-mat, in which we could deliver little brief air puffs to fruit flies in these plastic tubes in our laboratory bench and blow them away. 因此,我们制作了一种装置,叫做 puff-o-mat, 在我们的实验室工作台上 这种装置可通过塑料管向果蝇喷出极少的空气 并把它们吹走。
device:n.装置;策略;图案; puffs:v.吸,抽;使喷出;气喘吁吁;n.少量;千层酥;泡芙;(puff的第三人称单数和复数)
And what we found is that if we gave these flies in the puff-o-mat several puffs in a row, they became somewhat hyperactive and continued to run around for some time after the air puffs actually stopped and took a while to calm down. 我们发现如果给这些在装置里的果蝇 不断的喷一阵子空气, 他们会变的有点亢奋 并且直到空气供给停止后都会保持到处乱跑的状态 而且需要一小会儿才会冷静下来。
somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微; hyperactive:adj.极度活跃的;活动过度的; run around:n.遁词;借口;
So we quantified this behavior using custom locomotor tracking software developed with my collaborator Pietro Perona, who's in the electrical engineering division here at CalTech. 为了量化这个行为 我们用我跟一个在加州理工学院电气工程部门 的合作者Pietro Perona一起开发的 自主跟踪软件来实现(这个目的)。
quantified:adj.量化的,定量;v.被量化(quantify的过去分词); locomotor:adj.移动的,运动的;运转的;n.好旅行的人;有运动力之物;移动发动机; tracking:n.追踪,跟踪;v.跟踪;(track的现在分词) collaborator:n.[劳经]合作者;勾结者;通敌者; electrical engineering:n.电气工程;电机工程学; division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧;
And what this quantification showed us is that, upon experiencing a train of these air puffs, the flies appear to enter a kind of state of hyperactivity which is persistent , long-lasting, and also appears to be graded. 这个量化数据给我们展示的是, 在被这些空气流喷了一段时间之后, 这些果蝇好像进入了一种亢奋的状态 而这种状态是持久有效的, 并且可以(按持久性)被分级。
quantification:n.[统计]定量,量化; hyperactivity:n.极度活跃;活动过度; persistent:adj.固执的,坚持的;持久稳固的;
More puffs, or more intense puffs, make the state last for a longer period of time. 更多的空气供给,或者更激烈的空气喷射量 会让这种状态持续更长的一段时间。
intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的;
So now we wanted to try to understand something about what controls the duration of this state. 现在我们想了解一下 是什么因素控制这种状态持续的时间长短。
duration:n.持续时间;期间;
So we decided to use our puff-o-mat and our automated tracking software to screen through hundreds of lines of mutant fruit flies to see if we could find any that showed abnormal responses to the air puffs. 我们决定通过我们的装置 以及自动跟踪软件 去监测数百批突变的果蝇 来看看能否发现它们对空气供给会否有任何不正常的反应。
automated:adj.自动化的;v.(使)自动化;(automate的过去式和过去分词) mutant:n.突变体;突变异种;adj.突变的; abnormal:adj.反常的,不规则的;变态的; responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数)
And this is one of the great things about fruit flies. 这就是果蝇的一个非常大的好处。
There are repositories where you can just pick up the phone and order hundreds of vials of flies of different mutants and screen them in your assay and then find out what gene is affected in the mutation . 你可以拿起电话跟仓库预定 数百瓶的不同类型的变异的果蝇 并且在试验中监测它们来找出 什么基因在突变中起了变化。
repositories:n.贮藏室;资源丰富地区;智囊人物(repository的复数); vials:n.(用于盛装香水、药物等的)小瓶;(vial的复数) mutants:n.[遗]突变体(mutant的复数); assay:n.化验;试验;vt.分析;化验;尝试;vi.鉴定;经检验证明内含成分; mutation:n.[遗]突变;变化;元音变化;
So doing the screen, we discovered one mutant that took much longer than normal to calm down after the air puffs, and when we examined the gene that was affected in this mutation, it turned out to encode a dopamine receptor . 通过监测,我们发现了一种突变的果蝇 在空气供给之后,比在正常情况下 要花更长的时间去冷静下来, 当我们检查了这种在突变中受到影响的基因之后, 发现它是用来编译一种多巴胺受体的。
encode:vt.(将文字材料)译成密码;编码,编制成计算机语言; receptor:n.[生化]受体;接受器;感觉器官;
That's right -- flies, like people, have dopamine, and it acts on their brains and on their synapses through the same dopamine receptor molecules that you and I have. 对--果蝇,就像人一样,有多巴胺, 而且它通过跟你我一样都有的 多巴胺受体分子直接作用到 它们的脑部和神经突触。
molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数);
Dopamine plays a number of important functions in the brain, including in attention, arousal, reward , and disorders of the dopamine system have been linked 多巴胺负责大脑里一些重要的功能, 包括注意力,觉醒,激励, 并且多巴胺系统的紊乱已经被联系到
reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏;
to a number of mental disorders including drug abuse , 一些精神方面的紊乱,包括药物滥用,
abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂;
Parkinson's disease, and ADHD. 帕金森氏症和多动症。
Now, in genetics , it's a little counterintuitive . 现在从遗传学上来说,这有点有悖常理。
genetics:n.遗传学; counterintuitive:adj.违反直觉的;
We tend to infer the normal function of something by what doesn't happen when we take it away, by the opposite of what we see when we take it away. 通过把某种因素剔除然后观察什么没有发生, 我们推断出这个被移除的因素的正常功能是什么。 也就是与我们看到正在发生的截然相反。
So when we take away the dopamine receptor and the flies take longer to calm down, from that we infer that the normal function of this receptor and dopamine is to cause the flies to calm down faster after the puff. 因此当我们移除多巴胺受体后 果蝇需要更长的时间冷静下来, 因此我们推测受体和多巴胺的正常功能 是保证果蝇在接触更多空气后更快冷静下来的原因。
And that's a bit reminiscent of ADHD, which has been linked to disorders of the dopamine system in humans. 这有点让人想起了多动症, 人们把它和人体中的多巴胺系统紊乱联系起来。
reminiscent:adj.怀旧的,回忆往事的;耽于回想的;n.回忆录作者;回忆者;
Indeed, if we increase the levels of dopamine in normal flies by feeding them cocaine after getting the appropriate DEA license — oh my God -- (Laughter) — we find indeed that these cocaine-fed flies calm down faster than normal flies do, and that's also reminiscent of ADHD, which is often treated with drugs like Ritalin that act similarly to cocaine. 确实,在获得DEA的许可证之后, 如果我们 通过给正常的果蝇喂食可卡因 来增加其体内的多巴胺的水平 哦,天哪(大笑) 我们会发现这些喂食了可卡因的果蝇 会比正常的果蝇更快的冷静下来, 这也让我们想起了多动症, 它通常都是用利他林来治疗的 这种药物的作用类似于可卡因(所起的作用)。
cocaine:n.[药]可卡因; appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出; license:v.许可;批准; treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式) Ritalin:n.利他林(中枢兴奋药);盐酸哌醋甲酯; similarly:adv.同样地;类似于;
So slowly I began to realize that what started out as a rather playful attempt to try to annoy fruit flies might actually have some relevance to a human psychiatric disorder. 因此慢慢的我开始意识到 一个开始只是试图激怒果蝇的有趣尝试 也许跟人类精神障碍有一定的相关性。
playful:adj.开玩笑的;幽默的;爱嬉戏的; attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试; annoy:v.骚扰;打扰;使恼怒;使生气; relevance:n.关联;适当;中肯;
Now, how far does this analogy go? 现在,这个类比能站住脚吗？
As many of you know, individuals afflicted with ADHD also have learning disabilities . 像你们大多数人都知道的一样, 患有多动症的人同时也患有学习障碍。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); afflicted:v.折磨;使痛苦;(afflict的过去式和过去分词) disabilities:n.残疾(disability的复数);身心障碍者;
Is that true of our dopamine receptor mutant flies? 多巴胺受体突变的果蝇也可以印证上述观点吗？
Remarkably , the answer is yes. 可喜的是,答案是肯定的。
Remarkably:adv.非常;极为;格外;出乎意料地
As Seymour showed back in the 1970s, flies, like songbirds , as you just heard, are capable of learning. 就像Seymour在70年代展示的那样, 果蝇,像鸣鸟一样,正如刚才你们都听过的, 它们是有学习能力的。
songbirds:黄莺(songbird的复数)
You can train a fly to avoid an odor , shown here in blue, if you pair that odor with a shock. 如果你把一种气味和一次空气冲击结合起来, 你就可以训练果蝇去回避这种气味（如这里蓝色部分展示的一样）
odor:n.气味;名声;
Then when you give those trained flies the chance to choose between a tube with the shock-paired odor and another odor, it avoids the tube containing the blue odor that was paired with shock. 然后当你给这些已经完成训练的果蝇在 充有这种气味的管子与另外一种气味中选择 它会回避这种充有（曾跟冲击气流同时释放的）蓝色气体的管子。
Well, if you do this test on dopamine receptor mutant flies, they don't learn. Their learning score is zero. 如果你在多巴胺受体变异的果蝇身上做这个试验, 它们是不会学习的。他们的学习能力为零。
They flunk out of CalTech. 它们可考不上加州理工学院。
flunk:vi.失败;放弃;考试不及格;vt.使…不及格;n.不及格;失败;
So that means that these flies have two abnormalities , or phenotypes , as we geneticists call them, that one finds in ADHD: hyperactivity and learning disability . 因此那表明了这些果蝇有两种异常或者表现, 就如我们遗传学家认为的多动症的表现: 过度活跃以及学习障碍。
abnormalities:n.畸形;异常情况(abnormality的复数形式); phenotypes:n.外表型;显型(phenotype的复数); geneticists:n.遗传学者; learning disability:n.学习无能(先天性或由疾病、受伤引起);
Now what's the causal relationship, if anything, between these phenotypes? 现在,如果有(关系的话),在这些表型之中到底有什么因果关系？
causal:adj.因果关系的;有原因的;n.表示原因的连词;
In ADHD, it's often assumed that the hyperactivity causes the learning disability. 多动症中,一般认为 学习障碍是由过度活跃引起的。
assumed:adj.假定的;假设的;v.假定;假设;认为;承担;(assume的过去分词和过去式)
The kids can't sit still long enough to focus, so they don't learn. 孩子们无法静坐足够长的时间去集中精神,所以他们学不进去。
But it could equally be the case that it's the learning disabilities that cause the hyperactivity. 但同样的,它也可以解释为 是因为有学习障碍才会引起过度活跃的。
Because the kids can't learn, they look for other things to distract their attention. 因为孩子们学不进去,他们就会寻找其他的东西去分散他们的注意力。
distract:v.转移(注意力);分散(思想);使分心;
And a final possibility is that there's no relationship at all between learning disabilities and hyperactivity, but that they are caused by a common underlying mechanism in ADHD. 最后一个可能就是 学习障碍与过度活跃是没有任何联系的, 它们是被一种在多动症中的共同的底层机制所引发的。
underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词)
Now people have been wondering about this for a long time in humans, but in flies we can actually test this. 现在人们对这个问题已经困惑很久了, 但我们可以在果蝇身上做这个试验。
And the way that we do this is to delve deeply into the mind of the fly and begin to untangle its circuitry using genetics. 我们试验的方式是利用遗传学深入挖掘果蝇的意识 并且利用遗传学来理清楚它的(神经)回路。
delve:vi.钻研;探究;挖;vt.钻研;探究;挖;n.穴;洞; untangle:vt.清理;整顿;解开…纠结;
We take our dopamine receptor mutant flies and we genetically restore , or cure, the dopamine receptor by putting a good copy of the dopamine receptor gene back into the fly brain. 我们先选出多巴胺受体变异的果蝇们 然后通过在它们的大脑中 放置一份正常的多巴胺受体基因 来进行基因还原或者治愈。
genetically:adv.从遗传学角度;从基因方面; restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原;
But in each fly, we put it back only into certain neurons and not in others, and then we test each of these flies for their ability to learn and for hyperactivity. 但在每只果蝇身上,我们仅仅(把正常的多巴胺受体基因)放回到 固定的神经元(并非所有神经元都放置),然后我们测试 每一只果蝇的学习能力以及过度活跃现象。
Remarkably, we find we can completely dissociate these two abnormalities. 可喜的是,我们发现可以完全分离出这两种异常现象。
dissociate:vt.游离;使分离;分裂;vi.游离;分离;分裂;
If we put a good copy of the dopamine receptor back in this elliptical structure called the central complex, the flies are no longer hyperactive, but they still can't learn. 假如我们在果蝇的椭圆形结构(中央处理器集群) 放置一份正常的多巴胺受体, 果蝇就不会再过度活跃,但依旧没有学习能力。
elliptical:adj.椭圆的;省略的; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
On the other hand, if we put the receptor back in a different structure called the mushroom body, the learning deficit is rescued , the flies learn well, but they're still hyperactive. 另一方面,如果我们在果蝇大脑别的结构,称作磨菇体的地方 放置正常的多巴胺受体, 学习能力就得到修复,果蝇就有很好的学习能力, 但它们依旧过度活跃。
deficit:n.赤字;逆差;亏损;不足额; rescued:v.营救;援救;抢救;(rescue的过去分词和过去式)
What that tells us is that dopamine is not bathing the brain of these flies like soup. 这些事实告诉我们, 多巴胺并不会让大脑乱成一锅粥。
bathing:n.游泳,畅游;v.给…洗澡;洗澡;(bath的现在分词)
Rather, it's acting to control two different functions on two different circuits, so the reason there are two things wrong with our dopamine receptor flies 相反,它是在两个不同的神经回路中 控制两种不同的功能的。 因此,多巴胺受体(变异)的果蝇有两种功能不正常的原因是
is that the same receptor is controlling two different functions in two different regions of the brain. 同样一份受体控制了 大脑两个的不同区域上的两种不同的功能。
regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数)
Whether the same thing is true in ADHD in humans we don't know, but these kinds of results should at least cause us to consider that possibility. 是否这个结论也在人类的多动症中适用, 我们还不知道,但这些结论至少给了 我们去考虑这种可能性的启发。
So these results make me and my colleagues more convinced than ever that the brain is not a bag of chemical soup, and it's a mistake to try to treat complex psychiatric disorders just by changing the flavor of the soup. 因此这些结论让我跟我同事比以往都更加确信一点, 就是大脑它不是一袋子化学物质, 并且想通过仅仅改变化学物质的“味道” 去治愈复杂的精神障碍是错误的。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); convinced:adj.坚信; v.使确信; (convince的过去分词和过去式) flavor:n.情味,风味;香料;滋味;v.加味于;
What we need to do is to use our ingenuity and our scientific knowledge to try to design a new generation of treatments that are targeted to specific neurons and specific regions of the brain that are affected in particular psychiatric disorders. 我们需要做的是运用我们的创造力以及科学知识 去开发一系列新的治疗方式 一种可以在特定的精神障碍疾病中 作用于精确的神经元以及大脑特定区域的方法。
ingenuity:n.心灵手巧,独创性;精巧;精巧的装置; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
If we can do that, we may be able to cure these disorders without the unpleasant side effects, putting the oil back in our mental engines, just where it's needed. Thank you very much. 如果可以做到的话,我们就可以 在没有不好的副作用的情况下治愈这些疾病了, 就如只把 机油“倒在我们精神引擎上真正需要的地方。 非常感谢。