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DanielleNLee_2019U-_嘻哈如何帮助我们理解科学_-
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| How y'all doing? |
大家好吗？ |
| Good. |
非常好。 |
| I came here to give you a science lesson about animal mating systems and why defining monogamy has been a challenge for scientists. |
今天我想给大家上一堂科学课, 关于动物交配体系, 以及为什么对科学家来说 定义一夫一妻制很难。 |
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mating:n.交尾;交配;v.交配;交尾;使交配;(mate的现在分词) defining:v.解释(词语)的含义;给(词语)下定义;阐明;界定;(define的现在分词) monogamy:n.一夫一妻制;[动]单配偶,[动]单配性;
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| But you won't need a textbook or to download an online lecture . |
这堂课你们不需要什么课本, 也不需要下载讲座视频。 |
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lecture:n.演讲;讲座;讲课;谴责;v.开讲座;讲授;讲课;指责;告诫
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| All you'll simply need to do is revisit the song "OPP" |
你们只需要重温一首歌, 歌名是《OPP》, |
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revisit:vt.重游;再访;重临;n.再访问;
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| by Naughty by Nature. |
创作者是“天生顽家”。 |
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Naughty:adj.顽皮的;淘气的;不听话的;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| It was released in 1991. |
这首歌发行于1991年。 |
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released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
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| Now, "OPP" is a call-and-response song. |
《OPP》是一首对唱形式的歌。 |
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call-and-response:呼应;
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| So throughout the talk, I'm going to put lyrics up on the screen, and I'm going to recite some and I'm going to prompt you when it's your turn to do the response, OK? |
所以在我今天的讲话中, 会将歌词放在屏幕上, 我会读一些, 然后带动大家, 到你们的时候 给我一些回应,好吗？ |
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throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; lyrics:n.歌词;抒情诗(lyric的复数); recite:v.朗诵;(口头)列举;逐一讲述; prompt:n.提示; v.提示; adj.迅速; v.准时地;
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| (Cheers) |
（欢呼） |
| Now, I know some people in this audience know this song, so I need you to lead the way with the tempo and the rhythm , if that's alright, OK? |
好的,我知道在座的 有些朋友听过这首歌, 所以我需要听过 这首歌的朋友带动节拍, 可以的话,就这样做,好吗？ |
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lead the way:带路,示范; tempo:n.速度,发展速度;拍子; rhythm:n.节奏;韵律;
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| Right, y'all ready? |
好的,准备好了吗？ |
| You down with OPP? |
丹妮尔:你对OPP无法自拔吗？ |
| Audience: Yeah, you know me! |
观众:是啊,你懂的！ |
| DNL: You down with OPP? |
丹妮尔:你对OPP无法自拔吗？ |
| Audience: Yeah, you know me! |
观众:是啊,你懂的！ |
| DNL: You down with OPP? |
丹妮尔:你对OPP无法自拔吗？ |
| Audience: Yeah, you know me! |
观众:是啊,你懂的！ |
| DNL: That was perfect. |
丹妮尔:完美。 |
| Thank you. |
感谢大家。 |
| '"OPP, how can I explain it? |
（歌词）“我该怎么解释OPP呢？ |
| I'll take it frame by frame it. |
请让我逐字逐词说明。 |
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frame:n.框架; v.设计; adj.有木架的;
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| To have y'all jumping shout and singing it |
直到大家全都一起唱跳。 |
| O is for other, P is for people. scratch your temple. |
O代表‘其它’,P代表‘人们’, 大家思考一下。 |
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scratch:n.擦伤; adj.打草稿用的; v.抓;
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| The last P, well, that's not that simple." |
最后一个P嘛,可没那么单纯。” |
| Now, in the song, the MC hints that it's a five-letter word, but to keep it rated PG, he simply refers to it as "property." |
在这首歌里,饶舌歌手暗示 这是一个五个字母的单词, 但由于涉及成人内容, 作者简单地把它 称为资产（property）。 |
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hints:n.暗示,提示(hint的复数形式);v.暗示,示意(hint的单三形式); refers:v.谈及;提到;提及;涉及;描述;(refer的第三人称单数)
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| The song is about cheating on your significant other . |
这首歌是关于出轨的。 |
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significant other:n.有特殊关系的那一位(如配偶、情人、恋人);
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| Now, around the time that this song was in heavy rotation , biologists were in deep discussion about whether bird species , notably songbirds and waterfowl were actually monogamous or not. |
在这首歌特别流行的时候, 生物学家们深刻讨论了鸟类, 特别是夜莺和水禽类 是否真的是一夫一妻制。 |
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rotation:n.旋转;循环,轮流; biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); species:n.[生物]物种;种类; notably:adv.显著地;尤其; songbirds:黄莺(songbird的复数) waterfowl:n.[鸟]水禽;[鸟]水鸟; monogamous:adj.一夫一妻的;[动]单配的;
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| See, for decades, generations of science students were taught that well over 90 percent of the bird species were monogamous. |
几十年来,一代又一代的 科学专业学生们 |
| A male and female mating faithfully for life. |
一雌一雄彼此一生忠贞不渝。 |
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female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; faithfully:adv.忠实地;如实地;诚心诚意地;深信着地;
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| That was until the late 1980s, when a new laboratory technique came on the scene, which could copy DNA from a small tissue or fluid sample and decode the genetics of individuals . |
直到二十世纪八十年代末, 一项新的实验技术问世了。 这项技术能够从少量组织 或液体样本中复制DNA, 然后解码个体的基因。 |
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laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; technique:n.技巧,技术;手法; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织; fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体; decode:vt.[计][通信]译码,解码;vi.从事破译工作; genetics:n.遗传学; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
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| Now, before that technique, we were never ever certain about, 100 percent, who the parents of baby birds were. |
在这项技术出现之前, 我们从来都不百分百确定, 鸟宝宝的父母到底是谁。 |
| All we had were our field notes. |
我们那时所有的证据 只有现场考察的笔记。 |
| And we would know which adults lived in a nest and which ones fed the baby birds. |
根据这些笔记,我们知道了 哪些成年鸟住在鸟巢中, 哪些喂养鸟宝宝。 |
| Well, come to find out, study after study kept coming in and we found so much evidence of infidelity -- |
后来越来越多的研究表明, 我们发现了大量出轨的证据—— |
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evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; infidelity:n.(夫妻或伴侣间的)不忠行为;通奸;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| among bird species, particularly these songbirds that we thought were the pinnacle of monogamy. |
存在于鸟类之间, 尤其是鸣禽之间, 而我们以为鸣禽 是最践行一夫一妻制的种类了。 |
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particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; pinnacle:n.高峰;小尖塔;尖峰;极点;vt.造小尖塔;置于尖顶上;置于高处;
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| It would have made Maury Povich jealous for the ratings . |
（如果公开结果）这是让莫里·波维奇 （美国脱口秀名人）都嫉妒的收视率。 |
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jealous:adj.妒忌的;猜疑的;唯恐失去的;戒备的; ratings:n.评级;等级(rating的复数形式);
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| It rocked biology and ornithology so hard, we had to modify and expand the entire definition of monogamy. |
这一事实深刻地震撼了 生物学和鸟类学界, 我们不得不修正和扩大 一夫一妻制的整个定义。 |
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biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; ornithology:n.鸟类学;鸟学论文; modify:vt.修改,修饰;更改;vi.修改; expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释;
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| Now, it was so bad that this was the headline of the "New York Times" science section, |
这件事情的影响如此广泛, 使它成为了《纽约时报》 1990年8月刊 |
| August, 1990. |
科学板块的头条。 |
| '"Mating for Life? It's not for the Birds or the Bees." |
“终身厮守？ 鸟类和蜜蜂才不适用。” |
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for the Birds:对牛弹琴;毫无意义的;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| We had to come up with new definitions . |
我们需要想出一个新的定义。 |
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come up with:提出;想出;赶上; definitions:n.[数]定义(definition的复数形式);
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| The situation where an individual would change partners, either between breeding seasons or just simply because they didn't like their partner anymore? |
鸟类换掉他们的伴侣, 要么是发生在交配的季节, 要么仅仅只因为 他们不再喜欢各自的伴侣。 |
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breeding:n.繁殖;饲养;教养;再生;v.生产;培育;使…繁殖;(breed的现在分词)
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| We now call this " serial monogamy." |
我们现在把它称作 “系列一夫一妻制”。 |
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serial:adj.顺序排列的; n.电视连续剧;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| I didn't know it was going to be this funny. |
我不知道这个发现这么有趣。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| The situation where we know the male and female pair together and all the babies belong to both partners? |
我们知道雌雄配对在一起, 那么所有的鸟宝宝都属于这对父母, |
| We call that "genetic monogamy." |
我们把它称作“遗传性一夫一妻制”。 |
| And we now recognize that it only holds true for about 14 percent of the songbird species, which we were very certain were truly monogamous. |
然而我们现在认识到这个数据, 在鸣禽种类中只有14%是正确的, 而我们曾经确信 这些鸟类是严格的一夫一妻制。 |
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recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
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| And with this reclassification , we realized that in a lot of those field observations where we saw a male and female sharing a nest, comaintaining a territory , even provisioning offspring together, often included a few baby birds that did not belong to the male partner. |
随着这次修正, 我们意识到 在野外观察的大多数事例中, 我们看到的雌雄鸟同居, 共同捍卫自己的领土, 甚至是共同养育后代, 这些幼鸟中通常有几个 不是雄鸟的后代。 |
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reclassification:n.重新分类;再次分级; observations:n.观察,观察值;观察结果;(observation的复数形式); territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图; provisioning:n.准备金提取;v.供应补给品(provision的ing形式); offspring:n.后代,子孙;产物;
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| We call this "social monogamy." |
我们把这种情况称为 “社会性一夫一妻制”。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| And the mechanism responsible ? |
其演化机制呢？ |
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mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
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| Extra-pair copulation . |
”额外配对“。 |
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Extra-pair:un.备用线对; copulation:n.交配;交尾;连结;
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| '"It's OPP, time for other people's what you get it there's no room for relationship, there's just room to ..." |
（歌词）“OPP就是你眼前的人 已经属于其他人, （歌词）没有机会发展恋爱关系, 只有机会发展…” |
| Audience: "Hit it!" |
观众:性关系！ |
| '"How many brothers out there know just what I'm getting at? |
（歌词）“有多少仁兄知道我在说什么？ |
| Who thinks it's wrong because I was splitting and cohitting that. |
（歌词）有谁觉得我劈腿是不对的？ |
| Well if you do, that's OPP" |
（歌词）如果你这样做, 这就叫OPP。” |
| Actually, that's EPC |
事实上,这是EPC, |
| Which is the abbreviation for extra-pair copulation. |
额外配对（extra-pair copulation）的缩写。 |
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abbreviation:n.缩写;缩写词;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Now, we define extra-pair copulation as the mating outside of a pair bond. |
我们将额外配对定义为: 同原配之外的交配行为。 |
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define:v.定义;使明确;规定;
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| And just like we were discovering via science, it can lead to babies that don't belong to the male partner. |
同科学发现的结果一样, 额外配对会导致 鸟宝宝属于不同的雄性伴侣。 |
| Alright? |
对吧？ |
| Now, I first learned about EPCs years later, after all the science news broke while I was in graduate school . |
我多年后才了解到额外配对, 是在许多科学研究出现之后, 那时候我还是研究生。 |
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graduate school:研究所,研究院;
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| And as we were taking a class, talking about current discoveries and mating systems, this topic comes up. |
我和我的同学们在上课, 刚好讨论到 当时有关交配机制的一些发现。 这个话题就出现了。 |
| And as my professor's going through the definition and recounting all the dramatic turns of events that lead to these new revelations , |
当我的老师正讲述这些定义, 以及分析所有这些戏剧性的事例 导致了这些新发现时, |
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recounting:vt.叙述;重新计算;n.重算; dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; revelations:n.被暴露的真相;披露;揭露;(revelation的复数)
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| I'm sitting in class and a familiar song starts bopping in my head. |
我坐在教室里, 一首熟悉的歌在我脑海中响起。 |
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familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; bopping:v.跳博普舞;轻打(某人);(bop的现在分词)
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| I'm like, "You down with OPP? |
我开始默唱: “你对OPP无法自拔吗？ |
| Yeah, you know me!" |
是啊~你懂的！” |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| I mean, that's exactly what that song was about: |
我想说,这首歌非常准确地描述了 |
| EPCs. |
额外配对。 |
| And what I recognized is that this gives us an opportunity to revisit this song. |
而且我开始明白, 这给了我们一个机会 来重新探讨这首歌。 |
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recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式)
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| Let's switch the lyrics up. |
我们来换一下歌词。 |
| So say EPC. |
说EPC！ |
| Audience: EPC. |
观众:EPC！ |
| DNL: Say it, EPC! |
丹妮尔:说EPC！ |
| Audience: EPC! |
观众:EPC！ |
| '"I like to say it with pride now, when you do it, do it well, and make sure that it counts. |
（歌词）“我喜欢自豪地说出来。 （歌词）如果你要偷情, 就尽情地去吧,好好享受 |
| You're not down with a discount ." |
（歌词）这其中的激情全没半点折扣。” |
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discount:n.折扣;vt.低估;打折扣;打折出售
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| You down with EPC? |
你对EPC无法自拔吗？ 观众:是啊,你懂的！ |
| Audience: Yeah, you know me! |
你对EPC无法自拔吗？ 观众:是啊,你懂的！ |
| Now, I had always been playing songs in my head while I was in science class, kind of tapping into this index of pop culture and hip-hop songs. |
我上科学课的时候, 脑海里总是在唱歌。 好像流行文化和嘻哈歌曲的 引导更有利于我学习, |
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index:n.指标;指数;索引;指针;v.做索引;指出;编入索引中; hip-hop:n.街舞,即兴音乐;嘻哈;
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| But when I would share my analogies with my science professors, all of whom were older white men, |
但是每当我向我的 科学老师分享我的比喻时, 我的老师都是较为年长的白人, |
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analogies:n.类比;类推法;
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| I often got blank and confused stares as responses . |
我得到的回应通常是 困惑和不解的眼神。 |
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confused:adj.困惑的; v.使糊涂; (confuse的过去分词和过去式) stares:vi.凝视,盯着看;显眼;vt.凝视,盯着看;n.凝视;注视; responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数)
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| But when I would share this with people from communities like mine, or other colleagues -- so, diverse communities -- this hip-hop science remix was a hit. |
但是当我将这些与我背景相同的人们, 或背景不同的同事们分享时, 这种嘻哈与科学的混搭真的很受欢迎。 |
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communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; remix:vt.使再混合;再搅拌;重新合成(乐曲等);n.混录版歌曲;
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| That's because I was either talking to people who looked and sounded like me, or at the very least, you know, listened to some of the same songs. |
这是因为我交谈的人们 要么与我长相特征或口音相似, 或者至少, 我们听的是同一种类的歌曲。 |
| We were sharing a common cultural lexicon . |
我们拥有相同的文化词汇。 |
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cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; lexicon:n.词典,辞典;
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| And with that lexicon, I was able to bring new science terms to them, and together, we were sharing a new comprehension of science for the culture. |
正是拥有这些词汇,我才能 向他们解释新的科学术语, 算起来,我们也是在分享 一种对文化的新的科学理解。 |
| Now, hip-hop song references are a really good tool for teaching content to students from hip-hop culture or urban communities. |
对于教导嘻哈文化背景下, 或城市社区背景下的学生, 嘻哈的确是个绝佳的工具。 |
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references:n.提到; v.查阅; (reference的第三人称单数和复数) content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的;
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| And I use it intentionally to connect to those students, tapping into vocabulary that they already know and systems that they already comprehend . |
我也特地用这种方法 来加强和学生的交流。 利用他们已知的词汇, 和他们已经理解的机制。 |
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intentionally:adv.故意地,有意地; comprehend:v.理解;包含;由…组成;
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| And what it does in that process is it ratifies them, us, our culture as knowledge purveyors . |
这种方法在教学过程中的作用是, 作为知识提供者,它改变了学生们, 我们以及我们的文化。 |
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process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; ratifies:vt.批准;认可; purveyors:n.承办商;伙食承办商;供应粮食者;供应货物或提供服务的人或公司;
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| I use hip-hop to frame and communicate science because I'm intentionally communicating science to broader audiences that public science outreach has traditionally overlooked . |
我用嘻哈来建构和传播科学, 因为我旨在 将科学传播给更广泛的群体。 在科学传播中这类群体 往往是被忽略的一部分人。 |
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outreach:vt.超越,伸出; vi.拓广,延伸; n.延伸,拓广; adj.扩大服务的; traditionally:adv.传统上;习惯上;传说上; overlooked:n.被忽视;v.忽视(overlook的过去式和过去分词形式);忽略;俯瞰;
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| And in the process, |
在这个过程中, |
| I am affirming the genius that thrives in the young minds of people from every hood everywhere. |
我也十分确信天才 会是在街头闲逛的某个兜帽青年。 |
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affirming:v.肯定属实;申明;断言(affirm的现在分词) genius:n.天才;天资;才能,本领; thrives:vi.繁荣,兴旺;茁壮成长;
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| So let me ask you one last time, you down with EPC? |
所以让我最后再问你们一次, 你对EPC无法自拔吗？ |
| Audience: Yeah, you know me! |
观众:是啊,你懂的！ |
| DNL: You down with EPC? |
丹妮尔:你对EPC无法自拔吗？ |
| Audience: Yeah, you know me! |
观众:是啊,你懂的！ |
| DNL: You down with EPC? |
丹妮尔:你对EPC无法自拔吗？ |
| Audience: Yeah, you know me! |
观众:是啊,你懂的！ |
| DNL: Who's down with EPC? |
丹妮尔:谁对EPC无法自拔？ |
| Audience: All the homies ! |
观众:所有兄弟！ |
|
homies:adj.舒适的;家庭似的;自在的;
|
| Thank you. |
谢谢大家。 |
| (Applause and cheers) |
（掌声与欢呼声） |