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DanielBogreUdell_2019S-_如何避免语言灭绝_-
Languages don't just die naturally . 语言不会自动消失。
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地;
People abandon mother tongues, because they're forced to. 人们被迫抛弃母语,
abandon:n.狂热;放任;v.遗弃;放弃;
Often, the pressure is political. 经常是因为政治原因。
In 1892, the US Army general Richard Henry Pratt argued that killing indigenous cultures was the only alternative to killing indigenous people. 在 1892 年, 美国陆军将军里查德·亨利·普拉特 认为消灭土着文化 是取代屠杀的唯一替代方式。
Pratt:n.屁股; indigenous:adj.本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的; alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择;
'"Kill the Indian," he said, "but save the man." 他说:“杀了印第安文化,却不杀人。”
And until 1978, the government did just that, removing indigenous children from their families and forcing them into boarding schools where they were given English names and punished for speaking their languages. 直到 1978 年, 政府一直采取了这样的措施。 让土着孩子离开家人, 逼迫他们去寄宿学校,给他们英文名, 不让他们说他们的语言。
Assimilation was a compliment to genocide . 这种文化的融合和种族灭绝差不多。
Assimilation:n.同化;吸收;[生化]同化作用; compliment:n.恭维;称赞;问候;致意;道贺;v.恭维;称赞; genocide:n.种族灭绝;灭绝整个种族的大屠杀;
Seven thousand languages are alive today, but few are recognized by their own governments or supported online. 现在世界上有 7000 种语言, 但是被当地政府认可, 或在网络上被认可的寥寥无几。
recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式)
So for people from the vast majority of cultures, globalization remains profoundly alienating . 所以,对于绝大多数文化背景的人, 全球化会让他们越来越疏远。
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: globalization:n.全球化; profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地; alienating:使疏远;离间;转让(alienate的现在分词);
It means giving up your language for someone else's. 这意味着,要为其他语言 而放弃自己的母语。
And if nothing changes, as many as 3,000 languages could disappear in 80 years. 如果事情没有改变的话, 3000 种语言会在 80 年之内消失。
disappear:v.消失;失踪;不复存在;
But things are changing. 但是事情正在变化。
Around the world, people are reviving ancestral languages and rebuilding their cultures. 世界各地, 人们都在复活祖先的语言, 并重建他们的文化。
reviving:v.(使)苏醒,复活;使重做;重新上演;(revive的现在分词) ancestral:adj.祖先的;祖传的;
As far as we know, language reclamation began in the 1800s when, at a time of rising antisemitism , 据我们所了解的, 复苏语言的工作开始 于反犹太主义猖狂的十九世纪,
As far as:至于…; reclamation:n.开垦;收回;再利用;矫正; antisemitism:n.反犹太主义;
Jewish communities looked to their ancestral language, Hebrew , as a means of cultural revival . 犹太人民认为他们的祖先语言, 希伯来语, 是一种文化复兴的方式。
Jewish:adj.犹太人的;犹太族的; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) Hebrew:n.希伯来人,犹太人;希伯来语;adj.希伯来语的;希伯来人的; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; revival:n.复兴;复活;苏醒;恢复精神;再生效;
And though it had been dormant for over 1,000 years, it was well preserved in books of Jewish religion and philosophy . 虽然希伯来语已经沉睡了一千多年, 但它还是被犹太宗教和哲学的书籍 完好地保存了下来。
dormant:adj.休眠的;静止的;睡眠状态的;隐匿的; well preserved:adj.保养得很好的;保存得很好的; philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观;
So Jewish activists studied and taught it to their children, raising the first native speakers in nearly 100 generations. 所以犹太学者研究了 并教育他们的孩子希伯来语, 养育了近一百代里的第一代 以希伯来语为母语的犹太人。
Today, it's the mother tongue of five million Jews. 现在,希伯来语 是超过五百万犹太人的母语。
mother tongue:n.母语;本国语;
And at least for me, an assimilated English-speaking member of the Jewish diaspora , a pillar of cultural sovereignty . 至少对于我来说, 作为一个说英语的犹太人, 这是文化自治的表现。
assimilated:吸收; diaspora:n.离散的犹太人;犹太人的离散; pillar:n.支柱; v.用柱子装饰[支持]; sovereignty:n.主权;主权国家;君主;独立国;
Two thousand years later, we're still here. 两千年后, 希伯来语还存在。
Now, until recently , 一直以来,
recently:adv.最近;新近;
Hebrew's reawakening was an anomaly . 希伯来语的复苏仍是 一件不寻常的事情。
reawakening:vt.苏醒;再度觉醒(reawaken的现在分词形式); anomaly:n.异常;不规则;反常事物;
Few languages are as well preserved as ours was, and the creation of Israel , the first Jewish state in over 1,000 years, provided a space for Hebrew's daily use. 很少有语言像希伯来语一样 保存的如此完好, 再加上以色列的诞生, 这是一千年来第一个犹太国家, 让希伯来语能够被日常使用。
creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物; Israel:n.以色列(亚洲国家);犹太人,以色列人; provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式)
In other words, most cultures just weren't given a chance. 换句话说, 很多文化都没有这样的机会。
(Video) Good evening, I'm Elizabeth and I live in Cornwall . （视频）晚上好,我叫伊丽莎白, 我住在康沃尔郡。
Cornwall:n.康沃尔(英格兰西南部一郡,加拿大城市名);
That was Cornish, the ancestral language of Cornwall, which today is technically a county in southern England. 这是康沃尔语, 康沃尔的祖先语言。 康沃尔是英格兰南部的一个郡。
county:n.郡,县;
In the 1900s, Cornish activists fought for their culture. 在二十世纪初,康沃尔语支持者 为了他们的文化进行过斗争。
The language had been dormant for over 100 years, but they used old books and plays to teach it to their children. 这门语言已经沉睡了超过一百年了, 但是他们用旧书和话剧 来教育他们的孩子。
However, this new generation of Cornish speakers was scattered across Cornwall and unable to use the language freely. 说康沃尔语的新一代 零散地散布在康沃尔, 不能流畅的使用这门语言。
scattered:adj.零散的; v.撒; (scatter的过去分词和过去式)
By the 1990s, Cornish had reawakened , but it wasn't thriving . 到二十世纪九十年代, 康沃尔语开始复苏, 但是并不繁荣。
reawakened:n.前生记忆;v.再度觉醒(reawaken的过去分词形式); thriving:v.兴旺发达;繁荣;旺盛;茁壮成长;(thrive的现在分词)
Then, in the early 2000s, Cornish speakers found one another online and leveraged digital spaces to speak on a daily basis. 二十一世纪初, 说康沃尔语的人找到了 一个线上的网络对话空间。
leveraged:adj.杠杆的; v.举债经营; (leverage的过去式和过去分词); digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键;
From there, they organized weekly or monthly events where they could gather and speak in public. 从那之后,他们组织了 每周或每月的活动, 人们可以在公共场合聚集并交谈。
organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) monthly:n.月刊:adv.每个月:每月一次:adj.每月的:
Today, some schools teach Cornish. 现在,有些学校会教康沃尔语。
There are Cornish language signs, ice-cream commercials , 有康沃尔语的路标, 冰淇淋广告,
commercials:n.商业广告;宣传;商业股票;(commercial的复数)
Wikipedia , and even memes . 维基百科,甚至网络笑话。
Wikipedia:维基百科; memes:模因(meme的复数);
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Laughter) （笑声）
And with their language once again intact , the people of Cornwall have secured recognition as a Celtic nation alongside Ireland, Scotland and Wales. 有了完整的语言系统, 康沃尔人民已经获得了 与爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士 并列的凯尔特国家的称号。
intact:adj.完整的;原封不动的;未受损伤的; recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可;
They stared down centuries of forced assimilation and said, "We're not a county in England. 他们打败了几世纪的文化殖民, 并宣告:“我们不是英格兰的一个郡,
stared:v.盯着看;凝视;注视;(stare的过去分词和过去式)
We're a people in our own right. 我们是自己的民族。
And we're still here." 我们并没有消失。”
And they're not the only ones. 这样的例子还有很多。
The Tunica-Biloxi tribe of Louisiana is reviving their ancestral language. 路易斯安那州的突尼卡比罗西部落 也在复活他们的祖先语言。
tribe:n.部落;族;宗族;一伙; Louisiana:n.美国路易斯安那州;
(Video) My name is Teyanna. （视频）“我的名字是泰纳。
My friends, they call me "Quiet Storm." 我的朋友叫我*无声风暴*。”
It started in the 1980s, when Donna Pierite and her family started taking trips to Baton Rouge and New Orleans to photocopy old dictionaries stored away in university archives . 从二十世纪八十年代开始, 唐纳·皮里特和她的家人 去了巴吞鲁日和新奥尔良, 复印了大学档案里的旧字典。
Baton:n.(乐队)指挥棒;(接力赛的)接力棒; Rouge:n.胭脂; v.擦口红; adj.(罕)红的(只用于:R-Croix(英国)纹章局四属官之一; Orleans:n.奥尔良(法国城市); photocopy:n.复印件;影印;vi.影印,复印;vt.影印; archives:n.档案;档案馆;v.把…存档;(archive的第三人称单数和复数)
The goal was to study Tunica and teach it to the children and share it with the community . 他们的目标是为了学习突尼卡语, 并教给孩子和社区里的人们。
Tunica:n.[生物]膜;被膜;[生物]被囊; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
Today, they're leading a Tunica renaissance . 现在,他们正引领着突尼卡语的复兴。
renaissance:n.文艺复兴(欧洲14至17世纪);
Since 2014, there are nearly 100 speakers in language immersion classes, and according to a 2017 census , 32 new fluent speakers, some of whom, like Donna's daughter Elisabeth, are teaching Tunica to their children. 到 2004 年,有近 100 位 说突尼卡语的人在上语言课。 根据一个 2017 年的普查, 新增了 32 个能流利使用 突尼卡语的人, 其中有唐纳的女儿,伊丽莎白, 在教她们的孩子突尼卡语。
immersion:n.沉浸;陷入;专心; according to:根据,据说; census:vt.实施统计调查;n.人口普查,人口调查; fluent:adj.流畅的,流利的;液态的;畅流的;
These new speakers are creating content , 这些人在创造内容,
content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足;
Facebook videos and also memes. 脸书视频和网络笑话。
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Laughter) （笑声）
And the more they publish , the more they inspire other Tunica people to get involved . 他们创造得越多, 越来越多的突尼卡人就会加入他们。
publish:v.出版;发表;公布; inspire:v.激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
Recently, a tribal member living in Texas wrote Elisabeth on Facebook, asking how to say "bless these lands." 一个住在德州的部落成员在脸书上 问伊丽莎白如何说:“保佑这些土地。”
tribal:adj.部落的;部族的;n.(尤指南亚的)部落成员;
It was for a yard sign, so she could show her neighbors that her culture is alive and thriving today. 来当一个院子的标志, 所以她可以告诉她的邻居, 她的文化现在还活着 并很繁荣。
Now, Hebrew, Cornish and Tunica are just three examples from a groundswell of language activism on every continent . 希伯来语、康沃尔语和突尼卡语 只是世界各地语言复苏的三个例子。
groundswell:n.海啸;地隆; activism:n.行动主义;激进主义; continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的;
And whether they're Jèrriais speakers from the Channel Isles , or Kenyan sign language speakers from Nairobi, all communities working to preserve or reclaim a language have one thing in common: media , so their language can be shared and taught. 从在海峡群岛说耶里亚斯语的人, 到在内罗毕说肯尼亚手语的人, 所有保护和复兴一门语言的工作 都有一个共同点:媒体。 媒体让语言能够被分享和教导。
Isles:群岛; sign language:n.手势语; reclaim:v.开拓;回收再利用;改造某人,使某人悔改;n.改造,感化;再生胶; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
And as the internet grows, expanding media access and creation, preserving and reclaiming ancestral languages is now more possible than ever. 随着互联网的增长, 媒体的获取和创造也更简单了, 让保护和复兴祖先语言 从未有过的变成了可能。
expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词) preserving:n.保留,保存; reclaiming:v.取回;拿回;要求归还;开垦,利用;荒漠化;(reclaim的现在分词)
So what are your ancestral languages? 你的祖先语言是什么？
Mine are Hebrew, Yiddish , Hungarian and Scottish Gaelic , even though I was raised in English. 我的是希伯来语、意第绪语、 匈牙利语和苏格兰盖尔语, 虽然我在英语环境里长大。
Yiddish:n.意第绪语(中东欧犹太人及其在各国的后裔说的一种从高地德语派生的语言); adj.意第绪语的; Gaelic:n.盖尔语;adj.盖尔人的;
And luckily for me, each of these languages is available online. 我很幸运,这些语言再网上都有。
Hebrew in particular -- it came installed on my iPhone, it's supported by Google Translate , it even has autocorrect . 特别是希伯来语,我的手机上就有, 谷歌翻译也支持, 甚至还有自动纠错。
in particular:尤其,特别; installed:v.安装;设置;使就职(install的过去分词和过去式) Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; Translate:v.翻译;被翻译;被译成;(使)转变; autocorrect:v.自动更正;
And while your language may not be as widely supported, 即使你的语言没有很多资源,
I encourage you to investigate , because chances are, someone, somewhere, has started getting it online. 我也鼓励你做些研究, 因为有可能某个地方的某个人 正在开始创造资源。
investigate:v.调查;研究;审查;
Reclaiming your language and embracing your culture is a powerful way to be yourself in the age of globalization, because as I recently learned to say in Hebrew, "'n?nw 'dyyn k'n" -- we're still here. 复兴你的语言和接受自己的文化 是在全球化中保持自我的重要方法, 正如我刚学会的希伯来语所说, “*n?nw *dyyn k*n” 我们还存在。
embracing:n.拥抱;v.拥抱,包含;(embrace的现在分词)
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （鼓掌）