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DanBerkenstock_2013S-_世界就是一个大型数据库。那么，我们该怎么拍摄它呢……_
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| Five years ago, I was a Ph.D. student living two lives. |
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| In one, I used NASA supercomputers to design next-generation spacecraft , and in the other I was a data scientist looking for potential smugglers of sensitive nuclear technologies . |
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supercomputers:n.[计]巨型计算机,超级计算机; spacecraft:n.[宇]宇宙飞船;航天器; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; smugglers:n.走私者;(smuggler的复数) sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人; nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
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| As a data scientist, I did a lot of analyses , mostly of facilities , industrial facilities around the world. |
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analyses:n.分析;解析;分解;梗概(analysis的复数形式); facilities:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;(facility的复数) industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票;
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| And I was always looking for a better canvas to tie these all together. |
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canvas:n.帆布;(帆布)画布;油画;vt.用帆布覆盖;
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| And one day, I was thinking about how all data has a location , and I realized that the answer had been staring me in the face. |
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location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位 staring:adj.凝视的,目不转睛的;显眼的;v.凝视;盯着看;显眼;(stare的现在分词)
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| Although I was a satellite engineer, |
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| I hadn't thought about using satellite imagery in my work. |
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imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化;
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| Now, like most of us, I'd been online, |
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| I'd see my house, so I thought, |
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| I'll hop in there and I'll start looking up some of these facilities. |
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hop:n.啤酒花;单足短距离跳跃;;v.单脚跳行;齐足(或双足)跳行;突然快速去某处;
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| And what I found really surprised me. |
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| The pictures that I was finding were years out of date , and because of that, it had relatively little relevance to the work that I was doing today. |
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out of date:adj.过时的; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; relevance:n.关联;适当;中肯;
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| But I was intrigued . |
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intrigued:adj.感兴趣的; v.密谋; (intrigue的过去式和过去分词)
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| I mean, satellite imagery is pretty amazing stuff . |
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stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
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| There are millions and millions of sensors surrounding us today, but there's still so much we don't know on a daily basis. |
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sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数);
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| How much oil is stored in all of China? |
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| How much corn is being produced? |
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| How many ships are in all of our world's ports? |
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| Now, in theory, all of these questions could be answered by imagery, but not if it's old. |
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| And if this data was so valuable , then how come I couldn't get my hands on more recent pictures? |
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valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
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| So the story begins over 50 years ago with the launch of the first generation of U.S. government photo reconnaissance satellites. |
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launch:v.发射(导弹,火箭等); n.发射; first generation:adj.出生在美国的;原件第一代; reconnaissance:n.[军]侦察;勘测(等于reconnoissance);搜索;事先考查;
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| And today, there's a handful of the great, great grandchildren of these early Cold War machines which are now operated by private companies and from which the vast majority of satellite imagery that you and I see on a daily basis comes. |
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majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
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| During this period, launching things into space, just the rocket to get the satellite up there, has cost hundreds of millions of dollars each, and that's created tremendous pressure to launch things infrequently and to make sure that when you do, you cram as much functionality in there as possible. |
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launching:n.发射;开办;起飞;v.开始从事,发起,发动;(launch的现在分词) tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; infrequently:adv.很少发生地;稀少地; cram:v.把…塞进; n.填塞; functionality:n.功能;[数]泛函性,函数性;
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| All of this has only made satellites bigger and bigger and bigger and more expensive, now nearly a billion, with a b, dollars per copy. |
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| Because they are so expensive, there aren't very many of them. |
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| Because there aren't very many of them, the pictures that we see on a daily basis tend to be old. |
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| I think a lot of people actually understand this anecdotally , but in order to visualize just how sparsely our planet is collected, some friends and I put together a dataset of the 30 million pictures that have been gathered by these satellites between 2000 and 2010. |
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anecdotally:adv.anecdotal的变形,轶事的,逸事的,趣闻的; visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现; sparsely:adv.稀疏地;贫乏地; put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; dataset:na.数据集;数传机;
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| As you can see in blue, huge areas of our world are barely seen, less than once a year, and even the areas that are seen most frequently, those in red, are seen at best once a quarter. |
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As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地;
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| Now as aerospace engineering grad students, this chart cried out to us as a challenge. |
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aerospace:n.航空宇宙;[航]航空航天空间; engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) grad:n.毕业生;校友;
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| Why do these things have to be so expensive? |
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| Does a single satellite really have to cost the equivalent of three 747 jumbo jets? |
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equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; jumbo:adj.巨大的;特大的;n.庞然大物;巨型喷气式飞机;体大而笨拙的人或物;
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| Wasn't there a way to build a smaller, simpler, new satellite design that could enable more timely imaging ? |
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enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行; timely:adj.及时的;适时的;adv.及时地;早; imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式)
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| I realize that it does sound a little bit crazy that we were going to go out and just begin designing satellites, but fortunately we had help. |
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fortunately:adv.幸运地;
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| In the late 1990s, a couple of professors proposed a concept for radically reducing the price of putting things in space. |
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proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式;
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| This was hitchhiking small satellites alongside much larger satellites. |
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hitchhiking:v.搭便车;搭顺风车;(hitchhike的现在分词)
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| This dropped the cost of putting objects up there by over a factor of 100, and suddenly we could afford to experiment, to take a little bit of risk, and to realize a lot of innovation . |
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factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入; afford:v.给予,提供;买得起; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
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| And a new generation of engineers and scientists, mostly out of universities, began launching these very small, breadbox-sized satellites called CubeSats. |
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| And these were built with electronics obtained from RadioShack instead of Lockheed Martin. |
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electronics:n.电子学;电子工业; obtained:v.获得(obtain的过去分词);
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| Now it was using the lessons learned from these early missions that my friends and I began a series of sketches of our own satellite design. |
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missions:n.任务; v.给…交代任务; (mission的复数) series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; sketches:n.[测]草图; v.素描,写生(sketch的第三人称单数);
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| And I can't remember a specific day where we made a conscious decision that we were actually going to go out and build these things, but once we got that idea in our minds of the world as a dataset, of being able to capture millions of data points on a daily basis describing the global economy , of being able to unearth billions of connections between them that had never before been found, it just seemed boring to go work on anything else. |
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specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; conscious:adj.意识到的;故意的;神志清醒的; capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 describing:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的现在分词) global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; economy:n.经济;节约;理财; unearth:vt.发掘;揭露,发现;从洞中赶出; boring:adj.无聊的;令人厌烦的;n.钻孔;v.使厌烦;钻孔;(bore的现在分词)
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| And so we moved into a cramped , windowless office in Palo Alto , and began working to take our design from the drawing board into the lab. |
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cramped:adj.狭小的;拥挤的;密密麻麻的;v.阻碍,阻止;(cramp的过去分词和过去式) windowless:adj.没有窗的; Alto:n.女低音;男声最高音;中音乐器;adj.中音部的; drawing board:n.绘画板;图画板;制图板;
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| The first major question we had to tackle was just how big to build this thing. |
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tackle:v.处理; n.用具;
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| In space, size drives cost, and we had worked with these very small, breadbox-sized satellites in school, but as we began to better understand the laws of physics, we found that the quality of pictures those satellites could take was very limited , because the laws of physics dictate |
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limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) dictate:v.决定;口述;支配;强行规定;n.规定;命令;
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| that the best picture you can take through a telescope is a function of the diameter of that telescope, and these satellites had a very small, very constrained volume. |
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telescope:n.望远镜;v.(使)叠套缩短;精简; diameter:n.直径;对径;放大率;放大倍数; constrained:adj.不自然的; v.约束; (constrain的过去分词和过去式)
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| And we found that the best picture we would have been able to get looked something like this. |
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| Although this was the low-cost option , quite frankly it was just too blurry to see the things that make satellite imagery valuable. |
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low-cost:adj.廉价的;价格便宜的; option:n.选择;可选择的东西; blurry:adj.模糊的;污脏的;不清楚的;
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| So about three or four weeks later, we met a group of engineers randomly who had worked on the first private imaging satellite ever developed, and they told us that back in the 1970s, the U.S. government had found a powerful optimal tradeoff -- |
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randomly:adv.随便地,任意地;无目的,胡乱地;未加计划地; optimal:adj.最佳的;最理想的; tradeoff:n.权衡;折衷;(公平)交易(等于trade-off);
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| that in taking pictures at right about one meter resolution , being able to see objects one meter in size, they had found that they could not just get very high-quality images , but get a lot of them at an affordable price. |
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resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议; high-quality:adj.高质量的; images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) affordable:adj.负担得起的;
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| From our own computer simulations , we quickly found that one meter really was the minimum viable product to be able to see the drivers of our global economy, for the first time, being able to count |
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simulations:n.[计]模拟(simulation的复数);[计]仿真; minimum:n.最低限度;最小值;最少量;极小量;adj.最低的;最小的;最低限度的; viable:adj.可行的;能养活的;能生育的;
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| the ships and cars and shipping containers and trucks that move around our world on a daily basis, while conveniently still not being able to see individuals . |
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move around:v.走来走去;绕着…来回转; conveniently:adv.便利地;合宜地; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
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| We had found our compromise . |
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compromise:n.妥协;折中;互让;和解;v.妥协;违背(原则);达不到(标准);使陷入危险;
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| We would have to build something larger than the original breadbox, now more like a mini-fridge, but we still wouldn't have to build a pickup truck. |
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original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; pickup:n.收集,整理;小卡车;拾起;搭车者;偶然结识者;
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| So now we had our constraint . |
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constraint:n.[数]约束;局促,态度不自然;强制;
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| The laws of physics dictated the absolute minimum-sized telescope that we could build. |
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dictated:adj.口述的(dictate的过去分词);v.口述(dictate的过去分词);
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| What came next was making the rest of the satellite as small and as simple as possible, basically a flying telescope with four walls and a set of electronics smaller than a phone book that used less power than a 100 watt lightbulb. |
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basically:adv.主要地,基本上; phone book:na.电话簿; watt:n.瓦特;
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| The big challenge became actually taking the pictures through that telescope. |
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| Traditional imaging satellites use a line scanner , similar to a Xerox machine, and as they traverse the Earth, they take pictures, scanning row by row by row to build the complete image. |
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Traditional:传统的,惯例的, scanner:n.[计]扫描仪;扫描器;光电子扫描装置; Xerox:n.施乐(商标名,美国办公设备制造公司); vt.用静电复印法复印; traverse:n.穿过; vt.穿过; vi.横越; adj.横贯的;
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| Now people use these because they get a lot of light, which means less of the noise you see in a low-cost cell phone image. |
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| The problem with them is they require very sophisticated pointing. |
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sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
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| You have to stay focused on a 50-centimeter target from over 600 miles away while moving at more than seven kilometers a second, which requires an awesome degree of complexity . |
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awesome:adj.令人敬畏的;使人畏惧的;可怕的;极好的; complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势
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| So instead, we turned to a new generation of video sensors, originally created for use in night vision goggles . |
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originally:adv.原来;起初; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; goggles:n.护目镜;风镜;游泳镜;v.瞪大眼睛看;(goggle的第三人称单数和复数)
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| Instead of taking a single, high quality image, we could take a videostream of individually noisier frames , but then we could recombine all of those frames together into very high-quality images using sophisticated pixel proces sing techniques here on the ground, at a cost of one one hundredth a traditional system. |
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individually:adv.个别地,单独地; frames:n.[计][电子][通信]帧,[电影]画面;[建][计]框架;眼镜架(frame的复数); recombine:vt.重组;再结合;vi.重组;再结合; techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数)
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| And we applied this technique to many of the other systems on the satellite as well, and day by day , our design evolved from CAD to prototypes to production units. |
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applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) day by day:adj.每天的; evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) CAD:n.无赖,下流人;下流男子,卑鄙的男人; prototypes:n.原型;技术原型;雏型;
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| A few short weeks ago, we packed up SkySat 1, put our signatures on it, and waved goodbye for the last time on Earth. |
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signatures:n.签名;鲜明特征(signature的复数);
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| Today, it's sitting in its final launch configuration ready to blast off in a few short weeks. |
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configuration:n.配置;结构;外形; blast:n.爆炸; v.爆破;
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| And soon, we'll turn our attention to launching a constellation of 24 or more of these satellites and beginning to build the scalable analytics that will allow us to unearth the insights in the petabytes of data we will collect. |
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constellation:n.[天]星座;星群;荟萃;兴奋丛; scalable:adj.可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的; analytics:n.[化学][数]分析学;解析学; insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数); petabytes:n.[计]拍字节;(petabytes是petabyte的复数);
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| So why do all of this? Why build these satellites? |
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| Well, it turns out imaging satellites have a unique ability to provide global transparency , and providing that transparency on a timely basis is simply an idea whose time has come. |
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unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; transparency:n.透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃;
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| We see ourselves as pioneers of a new frontier, and beyond economic data, unlocking the human story, moment by moment. |
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economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; unlocking:v.(用钥匙)开…的锁;发现;揭示;揭开;(unlock的现在分词)
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| For a data scientist that just happened to go to space camp as a kid, it just doesn't get much better than that. |
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| Thank you. |
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| (Applause) |
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