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DaliaMogahed_2012S-_点燃阿拉伯之春的态度_
My talk today is about something maybe a couple of you have already heard about. 我今天的演讲的内容 也许你们中间的一些人已经听说过了。
It's called the Arab Spring. 它就是阿拉伯之春。
Anyone heard of it? 有没有人听说过？
(Applause) （鼓掌）
So in 2011, power shifted , from the few to the many, from oval offices to central squares, from carefully guarded airwaves to open-source networks. 在2011年,权力发生了转移, 从少数人手中到多数人手里, 从椭圆形办公室转移到了中心广场上, 从被严密控制的管道 到开发的网络。
shifted:转移;移动(shift的过去式和过去分词); oval:n.椭圆形;卵形;澳大利亚式橄榄球球场;adj.椭圆形的;卵形的; airwaves:n.电视广播; open-source:adj.(计算机)开放源代码;
But before Tahrir was a global symbol of liberation , there were representative surveys already giving people a voice in quieter but still powerful ways. 但是在Tahrir广场成为解放的符号之前, 已经有有代表性的调查 给了人们一个表达自己的话语的机会 用一种无声的,但是有力的方法。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; symbol:n.象征;符号;标志; liberation:n.释放,解放; representative:n.代表; adj.典型的; surveys:n.调查(survey的复数);
I study Muslim societies around the world at Gallup . 我在Gallup公司研究世界各地的穆斯林社会。
Gallup:vi.进行民意测验;vt.对…进行民意测验;
Since 2001, we've interviewed hundreds of thousands of people -- young and old, men and women, educated and illiterate . 从2001年开始, 我们采访了成千上万的人们—— 各个年龄的,男的和女的, 受过教育的,和没有受过教育的。
interviewed:v.对(某人)进行面试(或面谈); (媒体)采访(interview的过去分词和过去式) illiterate:adj.文盲的;不识字的;没受教育的;n.文盲;
My talk today draws on this research to reveal why Arabs rose up and what they want now. 我今天的演讲利用这些研究 来揭示为什么阿拉伯人会起来反抗 和他们现在想要什么。
reveal:v.显示;透露;揭露;泄露;n.揭露;暴露;门侧,窗侧;
Now this region 's very diverse , and every country is unique . 现在这个地区非常多元化, 所以每个国家都很独特。
region:n.地区;范围;部位; diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
But those who revolted shared a common set of grievances and have similar demands today. 但是那些起来反抗的人们 都有同意的苦难 并且有同样的诉求。
revolted:adj.起义的;起来反抗的;厌恶的;v.反叛(revolt的过去式); grievances:n.不平的事;委屈;抱怨;牢骚;(grievance的复数)
I'm going to focus a lot of my talk on Egypt. 我会在我的演讲中很大程度上集中讲述埃及。
It has nothing to do with the fact that I was born there, of course. 当然,这并不是因为我出生在那里。
But it's the largest Arab country and it's also one with a great deal of influence . 而是因为它是最大的阿拉伯国家 而且它有很大的影响力。
a great deal of:大量; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变;
But I'm going to end by widening the lens to the entire region to look at the mundane topics of Arab views of religion and politics and how this impacts women, revealing some surprises along the way. 但是最后我会把视角放大到整个地区 来讨论更广泛性的话题 针对阿拉伯世界的宗教和政治 和它们如何影响妇女, 这个过程中会讲到一些令人意外的发现。
widening:v.(使)变宽;拓宽;(使)扩展,程度加深,范围扩大;(widen的现在分词) lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影; mundane:adj.世俗的,平凡的;世界的,宇宙的; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用; revealing:adj.暴露的;发人深省的;v.揭示;露出;显示;展示;(reveal的现在分词)
So after analyzing mounds of data, what we discovered was this: 在分析了成堆的数据之后, 我们发现:
analyzing:adj.分析的;v.分析(analyze的现在分词); mounds:n.小丘;小山岗;一堆;许多;大量;(mound的复数)
Unemployment and poverty alone did not lead to the Arab revolts of 2011. 仅仅是失业率和贫困本身 并不是引起2011年大规模阿拉伯世界反抗的唯一原因。
Unemployment:n.失业;失业率;失业人数; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣; revolts:vi.反抗;反叛;反感,厌恶;vt.使反感;使恶心;n.反抗;叛乱;反感;
If an act of desperation by a Tunisian fruit vendor sparked these revolutions , it was the difference between what Arabs experienced and what they expected that provided the fuel. 如果说一个突尼斯水果商贩的铤而走险 直接导致了这次革命, 那么就是阿拉伯人所经历的 和他们的期盼之间的差距 是这次革命的内因。
vendor:n.卖主;小贩;[贸易]自动售货机; sparked:v.点燃,发动(spark的过去式,过去分词);鼓舞; revolutions:n.革命,转数(revolution的复数形式); provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式)
To tell you what I mean, consider this trend in Egypt. 为了说明我的意思, 请大家考虑在埃及的这种趋势。
trend:n.趋势;动向;趋向;动态;v.走向;趋向;
On paper the country was doing great. 从纸面上看,这个国家的状况非常好。
In fact, it attracted accolades from multinational organizations because of its economic growth. 事实上, 国际组织都对它给予了很高评价 因为它的经济发展。
accolades:n.赞美,表扬(accolade的复数形式);称号; multinational:adj.跨国公司的;多国的;n.跨国公司; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
But under the surface was a very different reality. 但是表面之下的,是非常不同的现实。
In 2010, right before the revolution, even though GDP per capita had been growing at five percent for several years, 在2010年,就在革命之前, 即使从国民生产总值看 已经连续数年以5%的速度增长,
per capita:adj.每人的;人均的;
Egyptians had never felt worse about their lives. 埃及人从来没有感到生活如此的糟糕。
Egyptians:n.埃及人;埃及语;(Egyptian的复数)
Now this is very unusual, because globally we find that, not surprisingly , people feel better as their country gets richer. 这非常反常, 因为从全球看,我们发现,一点儿也不出意料的是, 当他们的国家变得富裕的时候,人们的感受应该更好。
surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地
And that's because they have better job opportunities and their state offers better social services . 那是因为他们有更多的工作机会 并且他们的国家也会提供更好的社会服务。
social services:n.社会福利制度(由当地政府组织,向困难者提供帮助的制度);
But it was exactly the opposite in Egypt. 但是在埃及情况正好相反。
As the country got more well-off , unemployment actually rose and people's satisfaction with things like housing and education plummeted . 当国家的情况变好的时候, 失业率而发是上升的 人们的满意度 对于像住房和教育这样的事物直线下降。
well-off:adj.富裕的;顺利的,走运的;繁荣昌盛的; satisfaction:n.满意,满足;赔偿;乐事;赎罪; plummeted:n.[测]铅锤,坠子;vi.垂直落下;(价格,水平等)骤然下跌;
But it wasn't just anger at economic injustice . 但是这并不仅仅是针对经济不公平的愤怒。
injustice:n.不公正;不讲道义;
It was also people's deep longing for freedom. 这也是人们对于自由的长久的诉求。
Contrary to the clash of civilizations theory, 和文明理论相反,
Contrary:adj.相反的;对立的;adv.相反地;n.相反;反面; clash:v.冲突; n.冲突; civilizations:n.文明(civilization的复数形式);
Arabs didn't despise Western liberty , they desired it. 阿拉伯人并不轻视西方式的自由, 他们非常渴望它。
despise:vt.轻视,鄙视; liberty:n.自由;许可;冒失;
As early as 2001, we asked Arabs, and Muslims in general around the world, what they admired most about the West. 早在2001, 我们问阿拉伯人,和全球的穆斯林, 关于西方,他们最渴望的是什么。
in general:总之,通常;一般而言;
Among the most frequent responses was liberty and justice. 在最常见的答案中 是自由和公正。
frequent:adj.频繁的;经常发生的;v.常到(某处); responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数)
In their own words to an open-ended question we heard, "Their political system is transparent and it's following democracy in its true sense." 以他们自己的语言回答一个开放式的问题时, 我们听到这样的话,“他们的政治体制更透明 “并且真正实现了民主。”
open-ended:adj.开放式的;无限制的;自由回答的;两端未封闭的; transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
Another said it was "liberty and freedom and being open-minded with each other." 另一个答案是:“解放和自由 和它们的完全相溶。”
open-minded:adj.虚心的;思想开明的;无偏见的;
Majorities as high as 90 percent and greater in Egypt, Indonesia and Iran told us in 2005 that if they were to write a new constitution for a theoretical new country that they would guarantee freedom of speech as a fundamental right, especially in Egypt. 高达90%以上的人 埃及,印度尼西亚和伊朗 在2005年告诉我们 他们将要起草新的宪法 对于 一个理论上的新国家 它能保证言论自由 作为一项基本的自由, 尤其是在埃及。
Indonesia:n.印尼,印度尼西亚(东南亚岛国); constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成; theoretical:adj.理论的;理论上的;假设的;推理的; guarantee:n.保证;担保;保证人;保证书;抵押品;v.保证;担保; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
Eighty-eight percent said moving toward greater democracy would help Muslims progress -- the highest percentage of any country we surveyed . 88%的人说,向着更为民族的方向发展 会有助于穆斯林的发展—— 在所有的国家中这是最高的比例了。
percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成; surveyed:v.调查,俯视(survey的过去式和过去分词形式);考察,调研;
But pressed up against these democratic aspirations was a very different day-to-day experience, especially in Egypt. 但是（民众）表达这种民主的诉求 却是另外一种情况, 尤其是在埃及。
democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; aspirations:n.愿望; day-to-day:adj.日常的;逐日的;
While aspiring to democracy the most, they were the least likely population in the world to say that they had actually voiced their opinion to a public official in the last month -- at only four percent. 一方面,对于民主非常的渴求, 他们又是世界上最不可能 向官方表达自己的意见的人群 上个月 这个数据是仅仅4%。
aspiring:adj.渴望从事…的; v.渴望(成就); (aspire的现在分词) official:adj.官方的;正式的;公务的;n.官员;公务员;高级职员;
So while economic development made a few people rich, it left many more worse off. 所以一方面,经济发展让一些人先富起来, 却让更多的人状况更差。
As people felt less and less free, they also felt less and less provided for. 当人们感到越来越不自由, 他们也感受到得到的越来越少。
So rather than viewing their former regimes as generous if overprotective fathers, they viewed them as essentially prison wardens . 所以,人们并没有把以前的政权看作是 慷慨的过度保护自己的长辈, 他们把他们视作是监狱的典狱长。
regimes:n.政治制度,政权,政体(regime的名词复数); generous:adj.慷慨的,大方的;宽宏大量的;有雅量的; overprotective:adj.过分保护的;过分溺爱的; essentially:adv.本质上;本来; wardens:n.区长;看守人;典狱官;学监;
So now that Egyptians have ended Mubarak's 30-year rule, they potentially could be an example for the region. 所以现在埃及人终止了穆巴拉克长达30年的统治, 他们可以成为 这个地区的一个榜样。
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地;
If Egypt is to succeed at building a society based on the rule of law, it could be a model. 如果埃及可以成功地 建立一个法治之上的社会, 它可以成为一个榜样。
If, however, the core issues that propelled the revolution aren't addressed , the consequences could be catastrophic -- not just for Egypt, but for the entire region. 如果,然而 导致革命的核心问题不能被解决, 后果可能是灾难性的—— 不仅仅是对埃及, 而是对整个地区来说。
core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) propelled:adj.推进的;v.推动;驱使(propel的过去分词); addressed:v.写(收信人)姓名地址:致函:演说:演讲:向…说话; (address的过去分词和过去式) consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数); catastrophic:adj.灾难的;悲惨的;灾难性的,毁灭性的;
The signs don't look good, some have said. 迹象看起来并不好,有些人说。
Islamists, not the young liberals that sparked the revolution, won the majority in Parliament . 伊斯兰份子,而不是引起革命的开明派 赢得了议会的大多数。
liberals:n.自由主义者(liberal的复数); majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: Parliament:n.议会,国会;
The military council has cracked down on civil society and protests and the country's economy continues to suffer. 军方 已经镇压了平民的抗议 并且这个国家的经济还在继续遭受打击。
military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构; cracked:adj.疯狂;破裂的;有裂纹的;v.破裂;裂开;断裂;(crack的过去分词和过去式) protests:v.抗议;反对(protest的三单形式);n.抗议(protest的复数); economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
Evaluating Egypt on this basis alone, however, ignores the real revolution. 单独从这个基础上考查埃及,而且, 忽视了真正的革命。
Evaluating:v.估计;评价;评估;(evaluate的现在分词) ignores:v.忽视;对…不予理会;不予理睬;(ignore的第三人称单数)
Because Egyptians are more optimistic than they have been in years, far less divided on religious-secular lines than we would think and poised for the demands of democracy. 因为埃及人更加乐观 和过去的数年相比, 宗教差别造成的分离远远比 我们想象的要小 而且表现出了渴求民主的姿态。
optimistic:adj.乐观的;乐观主义的; poised:adj.摆好姿势准备行动的; v.保持(某种姿势);
Whether they support Islamists or liberals, 不管他们是支持伊斯兰份子,还是开明派,
Egyptians' priorities for this government are identical , and they are jobs, stability and education, not moral policing. 埃及人对于政府优先考虑的问题的看法非常一致, 那就是工作,稳定和教育, 并不是道德上的管制。
priorities:n.优先事项;优先权;重点;(priority的复数) identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物; stability:n.稳定性;坚定,恒心; moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的;
But most of all, for the first time in decades, they expect to be active participants , not spectators , in the affairs of their country. 但是归根结底 在过去数十年中,首次 他们想活跃地成为参与者,而不是旁观者, 在他们国家的事物中。
participants:n.参与者(participant的复数形式); spectators:n.观众;旁观者(spectator复数);
I was meeting with a group of newly-elected parliamentarians from Egypt and Tunisia a couple of weeks ago. 我曾经和一群刚刚当选的议员们见面 埃及和突尼斯的, 在几个周之前。
parliamentarians:n.国会议员,熟练而又有经验的议员;adj.议会的; Tunisia:n.突尼斯(非洲国家);
And what really struck me about them was that they weren't only optimistic, but they kind of struck me as nervous, for lack of a better word. 真正使得我对于他们感到惊奇的, 是他们不仅仅乐观, 他们让我惊奇的对于一个更好的 世界的渴求。
One said to me, "Our people used to gather in cafes to watch football" -- or soccer, as we say in America -- "and now they gather to watch Parliament." 他们中的一个人对我说, “我们的人曾经习惯于聚集在咖啡馆看足球比赛”—— 或者是我们北美叫的所谓英式足球—— “现在他们聚集在一起看议会会议。”
cafes:n.咖啡馆(cafe的复数);
(Laughter) （笑声）
'"They're really watching us, and we can't help but worry that we're not going to live up to their expectations ." “他们真的在看我们, 我们不由自主的担心 我们不能达到他们的期望。”
live up to:不辜负;做到;实践; expectations:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望;(expectation的复数)
And what really struck me is that less than 24 months ago, it was the people that were nervous about being watched by their government. 真正让我震撼的 是在不到两年之前, 真正让人们感到紧张的 是担心他们被他们的政府监视。
And the reason that they're expecting a lot is because they have a new-found hope for the future. 他们有那么多期待的原因 正是因为他们有一个刚刚建立起来的,对于未来的期望。
new-found:adj.新找到的;
So right before the revolution we said that Egyptians had never felt worse about their lives, but not only that , they thought their future would be no better. 所以就在革命发生之前 我们说,埃及人对于自己的生活从来没有感到如此的糟糕, 但是不仅仅是那样,他们认为他们的未来也不会更好。
only that:只是;要不是;
What really changed after the ouster of Mubarak wasn't that life got easier. 当穆巴拉克被赶下台之后,真正发生改变的, 不是生活变得容易了。
ouster:n.驱逐;剥夺;罢黜;
It actually got harder. 实际上更困难了。
But people's expectations for their future went up significantly . 但是人们对于未来的期许 在明显的变好。
significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地;
And this hope, this optimism , endured a year of turbulent transition . 这种期待,这种乐观, 在一年的动荡中一直在延续着。
optimism:n.乐观;乐观主义; endured:v.忍耐;忍受;持续;持久;(endure的过去分词和过去式) turbulent:adj.骚乱的,混乱的;狂暴的;吵闹的;激流的,湍流的; transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡;
One reason that there's this optimism is because, contrary to what many people have said, most Egyptians think things really have changed in many ways. 他们如此乐观的一个原因 是因为,和很多人说的不同, 大多数埃及人都认为,事情在很多方面都真得在发生变化。
So while Egyptians were known for their single-digit turnout in elections before the revolution, the last election had around 70 percent voter turnout -- men and women. 所以,以前埃及人 参加选举的投票率是个位数 在革命之前, 上次选举的投票率是在70%左右—— 男人和女人。
single-digit:n.单位数; turnout:n.产量;出席者;出动;清除;[公路]岔道; voter:n.选举人,投票人;有投票权者;
Where scarcely a quarter believed in the honesty of elections in 2010 -- 2010年选举的时候,仅仅有大概25%的人相信选举的可信度——
scarcely:adv.几乎不,简直不;简直没有;
I'm surprised it was a quarter -- 90 percent thought that this last election was honest. 我很惊奇是四分之一—— 90%的人认为上次选举是可信的。
Now why this matters is because we discovered a link between people's faith in their democratic process and their faith that oppressed people can change their situation through peaceful means alone. 这一点很重要, 是因为我们发现了一种联系: 在人们对于他们民主进程的信念 和他们对于被 压迫的人们 可以改变他们的处境的这种信念之间 这种改变仅仅是通过和平的方式。
faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; oppressed:adj.受压制的,受压迫的;v.压迫;折磨(oppress的过去分词);
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Now I know what some of you are thinking. 现在我知道你们中的一些人在想什么。
The Egyptian people, and many other Arabs who've revolted and are in transition, have very high expectations of the government. 埃及人, 和其他的那些站起来,处在变革中的阿拉伯人, 对政府有很高的期许。
They're just victims of a long-time autocracy , expecting a paternal state to solve all their problems. 他们是长期的独裁统治的受害者, 向往着一个父亲般的国家 能解决他们所有的问题。
long-time:adj.长期;长期载荷; autocracy:n.独裁政治;专制政治;独裁政府;独裁统治的国家; paternal:adj.父亲的;得自父亲的;父亲般的;
But this conclusion would ignore a tectonic shift taking place in Egypt far from the cameras in Tahrir Square. 但是这样的结论忽视了 正在埃及发生的一次上层建筑的变革 而不仅仅是在Tahrir广场摄像机拍摄下的景象。
conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论; tectonic:adj.[地质]构造的;建筑的;地壳构造上的;
And that is Egyptians' elevated expectations are placed first on themselves. 那就是,埃及人对于他们自己提出了更高 的希望。
elevated:adj.提高的;高尚的;欢欣的;v.提高;振奋;提拔;(elevate的过去分词和过去式)
In the country once known for its passive resignation , where, as bad as things got, only four percent expressed their opinion to a public official, today 90 percent tell us that if there's a problem in their community , it's up to them to fix it. 在一个一直以来被认为是非常顺从的国家, 在那儿,事情变得很糟糕, 只有4%的人向公众的官方表达他们的不满, 今天,90%的人告诉我们 如果他们的社会中有问题, 将由他们来决定解决这些问题。
passive:adj.被动的,消极的;被动语态的;n.被动语态; resignation:n.辞职;放弃;辞职书;顺从; expressed:v.表示;表达;显而易见;不言自明;(express的过去分词和过去式) community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
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And three-fourths believe they not only have the responsibility, but the power to make change. 四分之三的人 相信他们不仅仅有责任, 而且有能力做出改变。
three-fourths:四分之三;
And this empowerment also applies to women, whose role in the revolts cannot be underestimated . 这种情况 也发生在女性身上, 她们在变革中的角色 不能被低估。
empowerment:n.许可,授权; applies:v.适用;申请;运用;专心;(apply的第三人称单数) underestimated:v.低估;对…估计不足;轻视(underestimate的过去分词和过去式)
They were doctors and dissidents , artists and organizers . 她们中有医生,持不同政见者, 艺术家和组织者。
dissidents:公开大唱反调者;持异议者;持不同政见者; organizers:n.主办单位,组织者(organizer的复数形式);
A full third of those who braved tanks and tear gas to ask or to demand liberty and justice in Egypt were women. 多达三分之一的和坦克和催泪弹作斗争的人 争取埃及自由和公正 的是妇女。
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Now people have raised some real concerns about what the rise of Islamist parties means for women. 现在人们开始认真的关注 伊斯兰派别的兴起对于妇女意味着什么。
concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式); Islamist:n.伊斯兰教主义者;回教教徒;
What we've found about the role of religion in law and the role of religion in society is that there's no female consensus . 我们发现,关于宗教在法律 和社会中的角色的结论 是妇女的地位的不一致。
female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; consensus:n.一致;舆论;合意;
We found that women in one country look more like the men in that country than their female counterparts across the border. 我们发现妇女在一个国家 看起来更像是男人在另外一个国家 而不是像那个国家里的女性。
counterparts:n.(契约)副本(counterpart的复数);相对物;相对应的人;
Now what this suggests is that how women view religion's role in society is shaped more by their own country's culture and context than one monolithic view that religion is simply bad for women. 这一点给我们的启示是 女性如何看待宗教在社会中的角色 更多地是由她们自己的国家的文化和环境塑造的 而不是由单一的观点 这种观点是,宗教就是简单地对女性不利。
context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; monolithic:adj.整体的;巨石的,庞大的;完全统一的;n.单块集成电路,单片电路;
Where women agree, however, is on their own role, and that it must be central and active. 女性们认为, 她们自己的角色 必须是起到关键作用,并且是主动的。
And here is where we see the greatest gender difference within a country -- on the issue of women's rights. 这是我们看到的在一个国家里,性别的差距最大的地方—— 在女性权利的问题上。
gender:n.性别;
Now how men feel about women's rights matters to the future of this region. 现在,女性对于女性权利的感觉 对于这个地区的将来是很重要的。
Because we discovered a link between men's support for women's employment and how many women are actually employed in professional fields in that country. 因为我们发现了一种关联 在男性对于女性就业的支持率 和多少妇女实际被雇佣之间 在那个国家的职业领域。
employed:v.雇用:应用:运用:使用(employ的过去分词和过去式) professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员;
So the question becomes, 问题就变成了,
What drives men's support for women's rights? 什么导致了男性对于女性权利的支持？
What about men's views of religion and law? 男人对于宗教和法律的观点是怎么样的？
[Does] a man's opinion of the role of religion in politics shape their view of women's rights? 一个人 对于整治中宗教的角色的观点 是不是塑造他们对于女性权利的看法？
The answer is no. 答案是不。
We found absolutely no correlation , no impact whatsoever , between these two variables . 我们没有发现任何关联, 无论如何没有任何相互影响 在这两个变量之间。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; correlation:n.[数]相关,关联;相互关系; whatsoever:pron.无论什么; variables:n.[数]变量;
What drives men's support for women's employment is men's employment, their level of education as well as a high score on their country's U.N. Human Development Index . 决定男性对于女性就业的支持的 是男人的就业, 他们受教育的水平 和 联合国人类发展指数的高分数。
as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; Index:n.指标;指数;索引;指针;v.做索引;指出;编入索引中;
What this means is that human development, not secularization , is what's key to women's empowerment in the transforming Middle East . 这意味着 人类的发展 而不是把宗教从教育中分离 是女性参与的关键 在中东变革中。
secularization:n.世俗化;还俗;把教育与宗教分离; transforming:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);使改观;(transform的现在分词) Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部);
And the transformation continues. 这种变革还在继续。
transformation:n.转变;(用于南非)民主改革;
From Wall Street to Mohammed Mahmoud Street, it has never been more important to understand the aspirations of ordinary people. 从华尔街到Mohammed Mahmoud大街 理解普通人的理想理想 从来没有如此的 重要过。
Wall Street:n.华尔街(美国纽约金融中心和证券交易所所在地); Mohammed:n.穆罕默德(伊斯兰教创立人);
Thank you. 谢谢。
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