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DIYNOctopodes_2018V-_章鱼是如何相互争斗的_
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| Greg Gage : The octopus is a rather strange-looking animal that exhibits amazingly complex behaviors. |
格雷格 · 盖奇（Greg Gage）: 章鱼不只是一个长相奇怪的动物, 它们还有着令人惊诧的复杂行为。 |
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Gage:vt.以…为担保;以…为赌注;n.计量器;挑战;抵押品; octopus:n.章鱼; strange-looking:样子奇怪的; exhibits:n.展览(exhibit的复数);陈列品;v.展览;陈列(exhibit的第三人称单数); complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
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| They have the most impressive nervous system in the entire invertebrate world. |
在整个无脊椎动物世界中,它们有着最为引人注目的神经系统。 |
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impressive:adj.感人的;令人钦佩的;给人以深刻印象的; nervous system:n.神经系统; invertebrate:adj.无脊椎的;无骨气的;n.无脊椎动物;无骨气的人;
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| They have about a half a billion neurons that are distributed throughout their body, such that two-thirds of the neurons are actually in its legs. |
它们全身上下分布着 多达大约五亿的神经元, 而且,其中三分之二的神经元 分布在它们的触角上。 |
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distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式) throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; two-thirds:n.三分之二;三分之二的;三分之二地;
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| Now mix this in with camouflaging cells, jet propulsion and a razor-sharp beak , and you have all the makings of a formidable predator . |
把这一特性再与它们的伪装细胞、 章鱼就有了成为 强大捕食者的一切必备武器。 |
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camouflaging:n.伪装,掩饰;vt.伪装,掩饰;vi.伪装起来; jet propulsion:n.喷气推进; razor-sharp:adj.锋利的;犀利的; beak:n.[鸟]鸟嘴;鹰钩鼻子;地方执法官;男教师; makings:n.素质;材料;制作物(making的复数); formidable:adj.强大的;可怕的;令人敬畏的;艰难的; predator:n.[动]捕食者;[动]食肉动物;掠夺者;
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| And then throw in the fact that the octopus is a solitary creature , and suddenly, we have ourselves a real cephalopod fight. |
外加章鱼是一个独居生物的事实, 突然,我们就有了 一场货真价实的头足类动物之战。 |
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solitary:adj.孤独的;独居的;n.独居者;隐士; creature:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人; cephalopod:n.头足类动物;头足类动物的;
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| (Bell) |
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| [DIY Neuroscience] |
【DIY 神经科学】 |
| We know that almost all animals fight -- for food, for territory , for mates . |
我们知道几乎所有动物都会争斗—— 为了食物、领地,或配偶。 |
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territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图; mates:n.朋友; v.交配;
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| The octopus is no different, and knowing their fighting behavior could help us better understand these fascinating creatures and how they interact . |
章鱼也一样, 了解它们的争斗行为 能帮助我们更好地了解 这些极具吸引力的生物 以及它们是如何相互交流的。 |
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fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词) creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数) interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
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| My friend Ilya has been observing the classic fighting behavior between California two-spot octopuses . |
我的朋友伊利亚一直 在观察加州双斑蛸章鱼的 典型争斗行为。 |
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observing:adj.观察的;注意的;观察力敏锐的;v.观察;遵守(observe的现在分词); classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; two-spot:n.两元;平分的牌;两分的骨牌; octopuses:章鱼(octopus的名词复数);
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| Ilya Chugunov: Most people think that it's " octopi ," |
伊利亚·楚古诺夫 (Ilya Chugunov): 大多数人认为这是 “octopi”, |
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octopi:n.章鱼;章鱼肉;
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| but that's actually incorrect. |
但实际上这是错误的。 |
| The correct plurals are either "octopuses" or "octopodes" |
如果你想用正宗希腊语 来形容章鱼, |
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plurals:[语]复数;
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| if you want to be very Greek about it. |
GG:所以你是怎么做你的实验的？ |
| GG: So how do you do your experiment? |
GG:所以你是怎么做你的实验的？ |
| IC: First, I like to set up the chamber just so it's ready, so I get a jug of water, I aerate it by shaking the jug. |
IC:首先,我要设置好这个小盒子, 我拿来一罐水, 不停摇晃使空气充分进入。 |
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chamber:n.(身体或器官内的)室,膛; adj.室内的; vt.把…关在室内; jug:n.[轻]水壶;监牢;vt.关押;放入壶中;vi.模仿夜莺叫; aerate:vt.充气;让空气进入;使暴露于空气中;
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| It seems that if the water is well-aerated, they're a lot more active. |
似乎这水已经充满气体了, 它们变得更加活跃了。 |
| This gives the octopuses some room to breathe. |
这给章鱼们更多空间来呼吸。 |
| I get the first octopus -- |
让我取出第一只章鱼—— |
| Here, buddy . Here, pal. |
嘿,伙伴,这里,朋友。 |
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buddy:n.伙伴,好朋友;密友;小男孩;v.做好朋友,交朋友;
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| Put it in, set up my GoPro, put the second octopus in, cover it up and leave it alone. |
把它放进去,装好我的 GoPro 摄影机, 把第二只章鱼放进去, 盖上盖子,把它们放在那里。 |
| (Bell ringing) |
规则 1 :总有一个挑衅者。 |
| Rule 1: There's always an aggressor . |
规则 1 :总有一个挑衅者。 |
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aggressor:n.侵略者;侵略国;挑衅者;
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| There's always one octopus on defense, one on offense . |
总有一只章鱼在防御, 一只在进攻。 |
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offense:n.犯罪,过错;进攻;触怒;引起反感的事物;
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| Usually the one that's taking up more space, that's more boastful , definitely the aggressor, most likely the winner of the fight. |
通常体积更大的 绝对会是挑衅者, 很可能是争斗的赢家。 |
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boastful:adj.自夸的;自负的;喜夸耀的; definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地;
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| The loser's pretty obvious . |
败者就相对明显。 |
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obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
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| They get pushed around, they curl up, hide in a corner. |
它们被推来推去, 它们蜷缩起来,躲在角落。 |
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curl:v.卷;蜷缩;鬈曲;(使)成拳曲状;n.(一绺)鬈发;(头发)拳曲;卷状物;螺旋状物;
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| A lot of the time, when there's initial contact , if one of them is too much on the defensive side, the second one will sort of poke at it, grab at its tentacle and see, "Hey, do you want to fight me, do you want to turn around? |
很多时候, 在它们初次接触彼此的时候, 如果其中一只章鱼太过具有防御性, 另外一只章鱼就会戳它、试探它, 抓住它的触角并看着它: “嘿,你想和我打架吗？ 你想转过身吗？ |
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initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系; defensive:n.辩护;守势;adj.防御的;保护的;保卫的;戒备的; poke:v.刺,捅;戳;伸出;刺探;闲荡;n.戳;刺;袋子;懒汉; grab:v.攫取;霸占;将…深深吸引;n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物; tentacle:n.触手,[动]触须,[动]触角;
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| Do you want to start a wrestling match?" |
你想开始一场摔跤比赛吗？” |
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wrestling:n.摔跤运动;v.摔跤;奋力对付;全力解决;(wrestle的现在分词)
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| So it'll just poke and run away. Come back, poke and run away. |
所以它就只会试探,跑开, 再回来,试探,再跑开。 |
| (Bell ringing) |
规则 2 :避免眼神交流。 |
| Rule 2: Avoid eye contact. |
规则 2 :避免眼神交流。 |
| When the octopuses come towards each other to begin the fight, they don't actually face each other. |
当章鱼们靠近,准备开始争斗, 它们一般不会面对彼此。 |
| They approach sideways . |
它们是侧身靠近对方的。 |
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approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; sideways:adv.往一侧;侧着;侧面朝前;
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| The defensive octopus tries to face away from the attacker until it's the critical moment it knows there's no way to avoid a fight. |
防御性的章鱼会尝试看向别处, 避免和进攻者的眼神交流, 直到关键时刻—— 它们知道一场争斗无法避免。 |
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attacker:n.攻击者;进攻者; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的;
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| GG: Really, the one who's waiting to the last moment is the defensive octopus. |
GG:真的吗？会等到最后一刻的 竟是防御性章鱼。 |
| (Bell ringing) |
规则 3 :发出颜色闪烁信号。 |
| Rule 3: Flash your colors. |
规则 3 :发出颜色闪烁信号。 |
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Flash:n.闪光; v.闪光; adj.庞大的;
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| The aggressor in a fight will quickly and sharply flash bright black on his arms when he's about to initiate a fight. |
进攻者即将要挑起一场争斗时, 它的触手会快速且急剧地闪烁黑色。 |
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sharply:adv.急剧地;锐利地; initiate:vt.开始,创始; n.开始; adj.新加入的;
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| (Bell ringing) |
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| GG: Ooh, and already -- |
GG:喔哦！已经—— |
| IC: We're seeing some action. |
IC:我们现在能看见它的争斗行为了。 |
| Looks like they've spotted each other. |
看来它俩已经注意对方很久了。 |
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spotted:adj.有花点的;有斑点的;v.看见;看出;发现;让步;(spot的过去分词和过去式)
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| GG: Right. So now he's going to come -- He's approaching , but not directly at him. |
GG:没错。它现在要…… 它在靠近,但没有直接靠近它。 |
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approaching:v.靠近,接近;接洽;建议;要求;(approach的现在分词) directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
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| IC: Yeah, they're like almost completely antiparallel . |
IC:没错,它们基本上 是在反向平行移动。 |
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antiparallel:adj.[数]反平行的;
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| GG: And then right there -- |
GG:之后就在那里…… |
| IC: Yeah. They contact, and then their arms clash together. |
IC:对。它们接触了, 它们的触手在相互抵触彼此。 |
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clash:v.冲突; n.冲突;
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| (String music) |
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| GG: So we've taken the first steps in understanding fighting in the octopus. |
GG:所以我们已经进行了 了解章鱼争斗的第一步。 |
| And you might be asking yourself: Why does this even matter? |
你可能在自问: 这到底有何要紧？ |
| Well, these types of curiosity-based research questions can often lead to some unexpected insights and discoveries. |
这些基于好奇的研究问题 通常可以给我们带来 一些令人出乎意料的观点和发现。 |
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unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的; insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数);
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| We've learned a lot about ourselves from studying marine animals. |
我们通过研究海洋生物, 也更多地了解了自己。 |
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marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵;
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| Squid have taught us about how our neurons communicate, and the horseshoe crab has taught us about how our eyes work. |
乌贼让我们知道 我们自己的神经元是如何沟通的, 马蹄蟹告诉我们 我们的眼睛是如何工作的。 |
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Squid:n.鱿鱼;乌贼;枪乌贼; horseshoe:vt.装蹄铁于;n.马蹄铁;U形物; crab:n.蟹;螃蟹;蟹肉;阴虱病;v.捕蟹;用爪抓;使侧航;使斜行;
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| So it's not too far of a stretch to say that some of these behaviors that we're seeing in the California two-spot octopus are similar to ours. |
所以,要是说我们从 加州双斑蛸身上观察到的行为 和我们自己的行为类似 也丝毫不过分。 |
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stretch:v.伸展;延伸;伸出;舒展;n.伸展;弹性;舒展;一片;adj.有弹力的;
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