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CraigCostello_2019X-_密码学家，量子计算机和信息战_-
I'm in the business of safeguarding secrets, and this includes your secrets. 我从事保护秘密的工作, 其中就包括你们的秘密。
safeguarding:v.保护;保障;捍卫;(safeguard的现在分词)
Cryptographers are the first line of defense in an ongoing war that's been raging for centuries: a war between code makers and code breakers. 密码学家是数百年来 持续不断的战争中的 第一道防线: 是代码编写者 和代码破译者之间的战争。
Cryptographers:n.译解密码者;担任密码者; ongoing:n.发展; adj.持续存在的; raging:adj.愤怒的,狂暴的;v.发怒,恼火(rage的现在分词);
And this is a war on information. 这是一场信息战争。
The modern battlefield for information is digital . 现代信息战场是数字化的。
battlefield:n.战场;沙场;斗争的领域;容易引发冲突的情况 digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键;
And it wages across your phones, your computers and the internet. 它发动于你的手机, 你的电脑 和互联网。
wages:n.[劳经]工资; v.开展(运动等)(wage的第三人称单数形式);
Our job is to create systems that scramble your emails and credit card numbers, your phone calls and text messages -- and that includes those saucy selfies -- 我们的工作是建立系统, 来打乱你们的电子邮件内容, 信用卡号,电话内容和短信—— 这包括那些搞笑的自拍照——
scramble:vt.攀登; n.抢夺,争夺; vi.爬行,攀登; credit card:n.[经]信用卡; saucy:adj.俏丽的,漂亮的,活泼的;无礼的,卤莽的,莽撞的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
so that all of this information can only be descrambled by the recipient that it's intended for. 这样,所有的这些信息 只能由预期的接收者解密。
recipient:n.容器,接受者;容纳者;adj.容易接受的,感受性强的; intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式)
Now, until very recently , we thought we'd won this war for good. 一直以来, 我们都一直以为自己 永远赢得了这场战争。
recently:adv.最近;新近;
Right now, each of your smartphones is using encryption that we thought was unbreakable and that was going to remain that way. 现在,你们每个人的手机都在使用 我们认为永远 无法被破解的加密手段,
smartphones:智能手机(smartphone的复数); encryption:n.加密;加密术; unbreakable:adj.牢不可破的;不易破损的;
We were wrong, because quantum computers are coming, and they're going to change the game completely. 我们错了, 因为量子计算机即将加入这场战争, 它们会彻底改变游戏规则。
quantum:n.量子论;额;美国昆腾公司(世界领先的硬盘生产商);
Throughout history, cryptography and code-breaking has always been this game of cat and mouse. 纵观历史, 密码学和密码破解 一直是猫和老鼠的游戏。
Throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; cryptography:n.密码学;密码使用法;
Back in the 1500s, 回到十五世纪,
Queen Mary of the Scots thought she was sending encrypted letters that only her soldiers could decipher . 苏格兰的玛丽女王认为 她正在发送 只有她的士兵可以破解的加密信件。
Scots:adj.苏格兰的;苏格兰人的;苏格兰英语的;n.苏格兰人;苏格兰语; encrypted:v.把…加密(或编码);(encrypt的过去式和过去分词) decipher:n.密电译文;v.解释;
But Queen Elizabeth of England, she had code breakers that were all over it. 但是英格兰的伊丽莎白女王 手下有无数的密码破译者。
They decrypted Mary's letters, saw that she was attempting to assassinate Elizabeth and, subsequently , they chopped Mary's head off. 他们破解了玛丽的信件, 发现了她正试图刺杀伊丽莎白, 随后,他们砍掉了玛丽的头。
decrypted:vt.译电文;解密码;解释; attempting:v.努力;尝试;试图;(attempt的现在分词) assassinate:vt.暗杀;行刺; subsequently:adv.随后,其后;后来; chopped:v.切碎;剁碎;砍;劈;降低;取消;(chop的过去分词和过去式)
A few centuries later, in World War II, the Nazis communicated using the Engima code, a much more complicated encryption scheme that they thought was unbreakable. 几个世纪之后的第二次世界大战, 纳粹使用恩尼格玛密码进行通讯, 是一种他们认为牢不可破的 更复杂的加密机制。
Nazis:n.纳粹;纳粹党人(nazi的复数); complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) scheme:n.计划;方案;体系;体制;阴谋;v.密谋;图谋;想;认为;
But then good old Alan Turing , the same guy who invented what we now call the modern computer, he built a machine and used it to break Enigma . 但是之后的艾伦·图灵, 那个发明了我们 称为现代计算机的人, 制作了一个机器, 用它来破解恩尼格玛。
Turing:n.图灵机(一种可不受储存容量限制的假想计算机); Enigma:n.谜,不可思议的东西;
He deciphered the German messages and helped to bring Hitler and his Third Reich to a halt . 他破译了德国人的消息, 并协助使得希特勒和 他的第三帝国停滞不前。
deciphered:n.密电译文;vt.解释;译解; Third Reich:n.第三帝国(1933至1945年间的德国纳粹政权); halt:v.停止;立定;踌躇,犹豫;n.停止;立定;休息;
And so the story has gone throughout the centuries. 这种故事已经重复了多个世纪。
Cryptographers improve their encryption, and then code breakers fight back and they find a way to break it. 密码学家不断改善他们的加密方式, 然后密码破译者进行反击, 找到一种方法来破解它。
improve:v.改进;改善;
This war's gone back and forth , and it's been pretty neck and neck . 这场战争来来回回, 而且双方差不多并驾齐驱。
back and forth:前后移动的,来回的,反复的; neck and neck:adj.并排的;并驾齐驱的;
That was until the 1970s, when some cryptographers made a huge breakthrough . 直到 19 世纪 70 年代, 一些密码学家取得了巨大的突破。
breakthrough:n.突破;开始取得成功之时;adj.突破性的;
They discovered an extremely powerful way to do encryption called " public-key cryptography." 他们发现了一种 非常强大的加密方式, 叫做“公钥密码学”。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; public-key:公用密钥,公用关键字;
Unlike all of the prior methods used throughout history, it doesn't require that the two parties that want to send each other confidential information have exchanged the secret key beforehand . 与之前用过的所有方式不同, 它不需要想要交换 秘密信息的通讯双方 提前交换密钥。
prior:adj.先前的; n.(小隐修院)院长; v.居先; confidential:adj.机密的;表示信任的;获信任的; beforehand:adv.事先;预先;adj.提前的;预先准备好的;
The magic of public-key cryptography is that it allows us to connect securely with anyone in the world, whether we've exchanged data before or not, and to do it so fast that you and I don't even realize it's happening. 公钥密码学的魔力在于, 它允许我们安全地 与世界上任何人连接起来, 无论我们事先交换过数据与否, 它能让我们可以快速地通讯, 甚至没有意识到它正在发生。
securely:adv.安全地;牢固地;安心地;有把握地;
Whether you're texting your mate to catch up for a beer, or you're a bank that's transferring billions of dollars to another bank, modern encryption enables us to send data that can be secured in a matter of milliseconds . 无论你正给同伴发短信相约喝酒, 还是你正在转账 数十亿美元到另一家银行, 现代加密技术使 我们能够在几毫秒内 发送被保护的数据。
mate:n.助手,大副; v.使配对; transferring:n.[计]转移,传递;v.移动,[计]转移(transfer的现在分词形式); enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数) milliseconds:n.[计量]毫秒(millisecond的复数形式);
The brilliant idea that makes this magic possible, it relies on hard mathematical problems. 使这个魔法成为可能的绝妙主意, 依赖于困难的数学问题。
relies:信任; mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的;
Cryptographers are deeply interested in things that calculators can't do. 密码学家对计算器无法 做到的事情深感兴趣。
calculators:n.[计]计算器(calculator的复数);
For example, calculators can multiply any two numbers you like, no matter how big the size. 例如,计算器可以让 你喜欢的任何两个数字相乘, 无论数字有多大。
multiply:vt.乘; vi.乘; v.多样地; adj.多层的;
But going back the other way -- starting with the product and then asking, "Which two numbers multiply to give this one?" -- that's actually a really hard problem. 但是反过来—— 有相乘后的结果,然后问 “哪两个数字相乘得出的这个数字？” 这实际上是个非常难的问题。
If I asked you to find which two-digit numbers multiply to give 851, even with a calculator, most people in this room would have a hard time finding the answer by the time I'm finished with this talk. 如果我让你找出 哪两个两位数相乘等于 851, 即使有计算器, 这个房间里的大多数人 在我完成本次演讲之前, 都很难找到答案。
two-digit:二位的;
And if I make the numbers a little larger, then there's no calculator on earth that can do this. 而且如果我让数字变得更大些, 地球上没有任何计算器可以做到。
In fact, even the world's fastest supercomputer would take longer than the life age of the universe to find the two numbers that multiply to give this one. 实际上,甚至是世界上 最快的超级电脑 要找到两个相乘得到该数字的数字 将花费比宇宙寿命更长的时间。
supercomputer:n.[计]巨型计算机,超级计算机;
And this problem, called " integer factorization ," 而这个问题,被叫做“整数分解”,
integer:n.[数]整数;整体;完整的事物; factorization:n.[数]因子分解;[数]因式分解;
is exactly what each of your smartphones and laptops is using right now to keep your data secure. 就是现在你们每部手机和电脑 正在用来保护你们的 数据安全的方法。
laptops:n.便携式电脑;笔记本电脑;(laptop的复数)
This is the basis of modern encryption. 这是现代加密的基础。
And the fact that all the computing power on the planet combined can't solve it, that's the reason we cryptographers thought we'd found a way to stay ahead of the code breakers for good. 而地球上所有计算能力联合起来 也无法解决这个问题的事实 正是我们密码学家认为 我们找到了一种方式 能永远领先于编码破坏者的原因。
computing:n.计算;计算机技术;信息处理技术;v.计算;求出;(compute的现在分词)
Perhaps we got a little cocky because just when we thought the war was won, a bunch of 20th-century physicists came to the party, and they revealed that the laws of the universe, 也许我们有点自大, 因为就在我们以为战争胜利的时候, 一批 20 世纪的物理学家 也加入了进来, 他们揭示了宇宙的定律
cocky:adj.自大的;骄傲的;过于自信的; a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; physicists:n.物理学家;机械唯物论者(physicist的复数); revealed:v.揭示;显示;露出;(reveal的过去分词和过去式)
the same laws that modern cryptography was built upon, they aren't as we thought they were. 并不是我们想象的那样, 而现代密码学的建立 就基于这些定律。
We thought that one object couldn't be in two places at the same time . 我们认为一个物体 不能同时处于两个地方。
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
It's not the case. 事实并非如此。
We thought nothing can possibly spin clockwise and anticlockwise simultaneously . 我们认为没有任何东西可以同时进行顺时针和逆时针旋转。
spin:v.旋转;纺纱;吐丝;纺线;n.头晕;(快速)旋转;常用于英式英语;晕头转向; anticlockwise:adj.逆时针的;反时针方向的;adv.逆时针地; simultaneously:adv.同时地;
But that's incorrect. 但这也不是正确的。
And we thought that two objects on opposite sides of the universe, light years away from each other, they can't possibly influence one another instantaneously . 我们认为分别位于 宇宙两侧的两个物体 彼此相距若干光年, 它们不可能瞬间相互影响。
light years away:光年以外;似水流年;个光年已过去; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; instantaneously:adv.即刻;突如其来地;
We were wrong again. 我们又错了。
And isn't that always the way life seems to go? 生活也总是这样,不是吗？
Just when you think you've got everything covered, your ducks in a row, a bunch of physicists come along and reveal that the fundamental laws of the universe are completely different to what you thought? 就在你认为你搞定了所有事情, 万事俱备的时候, 一批物理学家出现, 并揭示了宇宙的基本定律 它搞砸了一切。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的;
(Laughter)
And it screws everything up.
screws:n.[机]螺丝; v.用螺钉固定;
See, in the teeny tiny subatomic realm , at the level of electrons and protons , the classical laws of physics, the ones that we all know and love, they go out the window. 结果就是,在微小的亚原子领域, 在电子和质子的级别上, 我们都熟知和热爱的 物理的经典定律, 不复存在。
teeny:adj.极小的;微小的; subatomic:adj.[化学]亚原子的;原子内的; realm:n.领域,范围;王国; electrons:n.[物]电子(electron的复数形式); protons:n.[物]质子;氢核(proton的复数); classical:adj.古典的;经典的;传统的;第一流的;n.古典音乐;
And it's here that the laws of quantum mechanics kick in. 而量子力学定律就在这里展开。
quantum mechanics:n.量子力学;
In quantum mechanics, an electron can be spinning clockwise and anticlockwise at the same time, and a proton can be in two places at once. 在量子力学中, 电子可以同时进行 顺时针和逆时针旋转, 而一个质子可以 同时处于两个位置。
spinning:n.纺纱(手艺):纺线v.(使)旋转:纺线:纺纱;(spin的现在分词)
It sounds like science fiction , but that's only because the crazy quantum nature of our universe, it hides itself from us. 这听起来像科幻小说, 但是这仅仅是因为 宇宙的疯狂量子本质, 对我们隐藏了自己,
science fiction:科幻小说;
And it stayed hidden from us until the 20th century. 直到 20 世纪。
But now that we've seen it, the whole world is in an arms race to try to build a quantum computer -- a computer that can harness the power of this weird and wacky quantum behavior. 但是现在我们看见了, 整个世界 都在争相尝试建造量子计算机—— 一种能够利用古怪的 量子行为力量的计算机。
arms race:n.军备竞赛; harness:vt.治理; n.马具; weird:adj.奇怪的;奇异的;离奇的;n.命运;宿命;命运女神; wacky:adj.乖僻的,古怪的;
These things are so revolutionary and so powerful that they'll make today's fastest supercomputer look useless in comparison . 这些东西太具有颠覆性了, 而且如此强大, 会使得现在最快的超级计算机 相比之下看起来毫无用处。
revolutionary:adj.革命性的;革命的;彻底变革的;n.改革者;革命者; comparison:n.比较;对比;相比;
In fact, for certain problems that are of great interest to us, today's fastest supercomputer is closer to an abacus than to a quantum computer. 实际上,对于我们非常 感兴趣的某些问题, 如今最快的超级电脑 更接近于一个算盘, 而不是量子计算机。
for certain:肯定地;确凿地; abacus:n.算盘;
That's right, I'm talking about those little wooden things with the beads . 是的,我说的就是那种 带有珠子的小小的木制品。
wooden:adj.木制的;木头的;木头似的;死板的 beads:n.(有孔的)珠子;(玫瑰)念珠;(液体的)小滴;(bead的复数)
Quantum computers can simulate chemical and biological processes that are far beyond the reach of our classical computers. 量子计算机可以 模拟化学和生物过程, 这远远超出了传统计算机的范围。
simulate:vt.模仿;假装;冒充;adj.模仿的;假装的; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
And as such, they promise to help us solve some of our planet's biggest problems. 因此,它们很可能会帮助我们 解决地球上一些最大的问题。
They're going to help us combat global hunger; to tackle climate change; to find cures for diseases and pandemics for which we've so far been unsuccessful; to create superhuman artificial intelligence; 他们将帮助我们战胜全球饥饿; 应对气候变化, 找到我们迄今为止未能成功的 治疗疾病和全球性传染病的方法, 创造超人类的人工智能,
combat:v.战斗;防止;减轻;与…搏斗;n.战斗;搏斗;打仗; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; tackle:v.处理; n.用具; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; pandemics:大流行;流行病; superhuman:adj.超人的;人类能力所不能及的;属于神仙的;n.超人; artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的;
and perhaps even more important than all of those things, they're going to help us understand the very nature of our universe. 以及比所有这些事情都重要的, 它将帮助我们理解宇宙的本质。
But with this incredible potential comes an incredible risk. 但是伴随着不可思议的潜力, 也带来了不可思议的风险。
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
Remember those big numbers I talked about earlier? 还记得我之前说过的大数字吗？
I'm not talking about 851. 我现在说的不是 851。
In fact, if anyone in here has been distracted trying to find those factors , 实际上,如果你们任何人 因为要找到这些因数而分心,
distracted:adj.心烦意乱; v.转移(注意力); (distract的过去分词和过去式) factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
I'm going to put you out of your misery and tell you that it's 23 times 37. 我要把你从苦难中解救出来, 告诉你答案是 23 乘 37 。
put you out:把你;你添麻烦;把你们; misery:n.痛苦,悲惨;不幸;苦恼;穷困;
(Laughter) （笑声）
I'm talking about the much bigger number that followed it. 我要说的是比那大得多的数字。
While today's fastest supercomputer couldn't find those factors in the life age of the universe, a quantum computer could easily factorize numbers way, way bigger than that one. 虽然当今最快的超级计算机 无法在宇宙生命周期中 找到那些因数, 但一个量子计算机可以轻易的 分解比那大很多很多的数字。
factorize:vt.因式分解;把复杂计算分解为基本运算;
Quantum computers will break all of the encryption currently used to protect you and I from hackers . 量子计算机将打破我们现在 用来保护大家免受 黑客攻击的所有加密算法。
currently:adv.当前;一般地; hackers:n.黑客,骇客;电脑黑客(hacker的复数);
And they'll do it easily. 它们会轻松做到的。
Let me put it this way: if quantum computing was a spear, then modern encryption, the same unbreakable system that's protected us for decades, it would be like a shield made of tissue paper. 让我这样说吧: 如果量子计算是一根长矛, 那么现代加密—— 几十年来一直保护着我们的 牢不可破的系统, 就像是纸巾做的盾牌。
shield:n.盾;防护物;保护者;v.遮蔽;包庇;避开;保卫; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;
Anyone with access to a quantum computer will have the master key to unlock anything they like in our digital world. 有权访问量子计算机的任何人 都将拥有万能钥匙, 可以解锁他们在数字化世界中 喜欢的任何东西。
master key:n.万能钥匙;
They could steal money from banks and control economies . 他们可以从银行偷钱, 并控制经济,
economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数)
They could power off hospitals or launch nukes . 他们可以关闭医院电源, 或者发射核武器,
launch:v.发射(导弹,火箭等); n.发射; nukes:n.核武器(nuke的复数); v.用核武器攻击;
Or they could just sit back and watch all of us on our webcams without any of us knowing that this is happening. 或者他们可以只是坐下来, 通过网络摄像头看着我们, 而我们没有人知道发生了什么。
webcams:n.网路摄影机(webcam的复数);
Now, the fundamental unit of information on all of the computers we're used to, like this one, it's called a "bit." 我们习惯使用的 所有计算机上的基本信息单元, 像这个, 叫做一个“比特”。
A single bit can be one of two states: it can be a zero or it can be a one. 一个比特可以处于两个状态之一: 它可以是 0 或者 1。
When I FaceTime my mum from the other side of the world -- and she's going to kill me for having this slide -- 当我和地球另一端的妈妈 视频的时候—— 她会因为我做了 这张幻灯片杀了我的——
FaceTime:视频聊天;视频通话;露面时间;会面时间;
(Laughter) （笑声）
we're actually just sending each other long sequences of zeroes and ones that bounce from computer to computer, from satellite to satellite, transmitting our data at a rapid pace. 我们实际上只是在给彼此 发送一长串的 0 和 1, 在计算机之间,卫星之间反复, 高速地传输着我们的数据。
sequences:n.[数][计]序列,顺序;继起的事(sequence的复数形式); bounce:v.反弹;反射;(使)弹起;n.弹跳;跳动;弹性; transmitting:v.传送;输送;发射;传播;传染;(transmit的现在分词)
Bits are certainly very useful. 比特当然非常有用。
In fact, anything we currently do with technology is indebted to the usefulness of bits. 实际上,我们现在 技术上做的任何事情 都多亏了比特。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; indebted:adj.感激的;负债的;蒙恩的; usefulness:n.有用;有效性;有益;
But we're starting to realize that bits are really poor at simulating complex molecules and particles . 但是我们开始意识到, 在模拟复杂的分子和粒子方面, 比特做得很差。
simulating:n.模拟;假装; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式);
And this is because, in some sense, subatomic processes can be doing two or more opposing things at the same time as they follow these bizarre rules of quantum mechanics. 这是因为,在某种意义上, 亚原子过程可以同时做两个或更多 相反的事情, 因为他们遵循量子力学的 这些怪异规则。
opposing:adj.对立的; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的现在分词) bizarre:adj.奇异的(指态度,容貌,款式等);
So, late last century, some really brainy physicists had this ingenious idea: to instead build computers that are founded on the principles of quantum mechanics. 所以,上个世纪后期, 一些非常聪明的物理学家 建立基于量子力学原理的计算机。
brainy:adj.聪明的;脑筋好的;有头脑的; ingenious:adj.有独创性的;机灵的,精制的;心灵手巧的; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
Now, the fundamental unit of information of a quantum computer, it's called a "qubit." 量子计算机的基本信息单位 叫做一个“量子比特” （qubit）,
It stands for "quantum bit." 是 “quantum bit”的缩写。
Instead of having just two states, like zero or one, a qubit can be an infinite number of states. 一个量子比特可以有无限个状态, 而不再是只有 0 或 1 两个状态。
infinite:adj.无限的,无穷的; n.无限;
And this corresponds to it being some combination of both zero and one at the same time, a phenomenon that we call " superposition ." 这对应于它同时是 0 和 1 的 某种组合, 我们称这种现象为“叠加”。
corresponds:v.相一致;符合;类似于;相当于;通信;(correspond的第三人称单数) combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); superposition:n.[数]叠加,重合;
And when we have two qubits in superposition, we're actually working across all four combinations of zero-zero , zero-one, one-zero and one-one . 当我们有两个量子比特 叠加在一起时, 实际上,我们正在研究四种组合, 0 - 0 ,0 - 1 ,1 - 0 ,和 1 - 1。
combinations:n.[数]组合;制品(combination的复数);合谱; zero-zero:adj.能见度为零的;零视度的; one-one:adj.成对比的;一对一的(等于one-to-one);
With three qubits, we're working in superposition across eight combinations, and so on. 有三个量子比特时, 我们在研究八种组合的叠加状态, 以此类推。
Each time we add a single qubit, we double the number of combinations that we can work with in superposition at the same time. 每次我们增加一个量子比特, 我们需要同时处理的 叠加状态的组合数量 将加倍。
And so when we scale up to work with many qubits, we can work with an exponential number of combinations at the same time. 所以当我们扩大规模, 处理很多量子比特时, 我们需要同时处理的组合状态数量呈指数型增加。
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; exponential:adj.指数的;n.指数;
And this just hints at where the power of quantum computing is coming from. 而这就暗示了量子计算的 力量从何而来。
hints:n.暗示,提示(hint的复数形式);v.暗示,示意(hint的单三形式);
Now, in modern encryption, our secret keys, like the two factors of that larger number, they're just long sequences of zeroes and ones. 如今,在现代加密中, 我们的密钥, 例如大数的分解因子, 它们只是 0 和 1 的长序列。
To find them, a classical computer must go through every single combination, one after the other , until it finds the one that works and breaks our encryption. 为了找到它们, 一个传统计算机必须 实验所有的组合可能, 一个接着一个, 直到找到那对可以 成功破译加密的组合。
one after the other:相继地,一个接一个地;
But on a quantum computer, with enough qubits in superposition, information can be extracted from all combinations at the same time. 但是在量子计算机中, 有了足够多的 叠加状态的量子比特, 可以在同一时间 从所有组合中提取信息。
extracted:adj.萃取的;引出的;v.提取(extract的过去式及过去分词);
In very few steps, a quantum computer can brush aside all of the incorrect combinations, home in on the correct one and then unlock our treasured secrets. 只需几个步骤, 一个量子计算机就可以 撇开所有不正确的组合, 留住正确的那个, 然后解锁我们珍贵的秘密。
brush aside:v.扫除;漠视;不理,不顾;
Now, at the crazy quantum level, something truly incredible is happening here. 在疯狂的量子级别, 着实令人难以置信的事情发生了。
The conventional wisdom held by many leading physicists -- and you've got to stay with me on this one -- is that each combination is actually examined by its very own quantum computer inside its very own parallel universe. 许多顶尖物理学家所拥有的 传统智慧—— 这点你们得跟上我—— 每个组合实际上 是由自己的量子计算机 在自己的平行宇宙中检验的。
conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的; wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问; parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等);
Each of these combinations, they add up like waves in a pool of water. 每个组合,它们像波浪一样 积聚在水池中。
The combinations that are wrong, they cancel each other out. 错误的那些组合, 它们相互抵消掉。
And the combinations that are right, they reinforce and amplify each other. 而那些正确的组合, 它们加强并相互扩大。
reinforce:vt.加强,加固; vi.求援; n.加强; amplify:vt.放大,扩大;增强;详述;vi.详述;
So at the end of the quantum computing program, all that's left is the correct answer, that we can then observe here in this universe. 所以在量子计算过程结束时, 留下了的就只是 我们可以在这个宇宙中 看到的正确的答案。
observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视;
Now, if that doesn't make complete sense to you, don't stress. 如果你没有完全搞懂, 不要紧张。
(Laughter) （笑声）
You're in good company. 有人陪你们。
Niels Bohr, one of the pioneers of this field, he once said that anyone who could contemplate quantum mechanics without being profoundly shocked, they haven't understood it. 尼尔斯·波尔, 这个领域的先驱者之一, 他曾经说过任何 认真去思考量子力学 而没有被深深震惊到的人, 只是还没有理解它。
contemplate:v.沉思;注视;思忖;预期; profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地;
(Laughter) （笑声）
But you get an idea of what we're up against, and why it's now up to us cryptographers to really step it up. 但是你们已经知道了 我们要面对的, 以及为什么现在我们的密码学家 要加紧准备应对它。
And we have to do it fast, because quantum computers, they already exist in labs all over the world. 而且我们必须行动迅速, 因为量子计算机 已经存在于世界各地的实验室中。
labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数)
Fortunately , at this minute, they only exist at a relatively small scale, still too small to break our much larger cryptographic keys. 幸运的是,目前, 它们仅以相对较小的规模存在, 规模尚无法攻破我们那些 数量庞大的加密密钥。
Fortunately:adv.幸运地; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; cryptographic:adj.关于暗号的,用密码写的;
But we might not be safe for long. 但是我们安全不了太久了。
Some folks believe that secret government agencies have already built a big enough one, and they just haven't told anyone yet. 有些人认为秘密政府机构 已经建立了一个 足够大的量子计算机, 只是他们还没有告诉任何人。
agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数);
Some pundits say they're more like 10 years off. 一些专家说,还有十年时间。
pundits:权威(pundit的复数);
Some people say it's more like 30. 一些人说更有可能是 30 年。
You might think that if quantum computers are 10 years away, surely that's enough time for us cryptographers to figure it out and to secure the internet in time. 你们可能认为如果我们 距离量子计算机还有十年之远, 我们密码学家肯定还有 足够的时间可以想出办法 来及时保护我们的网络。
But unfortunately , it's not that easy. 但是不幸的是,没有那么容易。
unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
Even if we ignore the many years that it takes to standardize and deploy and then roll out new encryption technology, in some ways we may already be too late. 即使我们忽略进行标准化和部署 所要花费的多年时间, 然后推出新的加密技术, 在某些方面, 我们可能已经来不及了。
ignore:v.驳回诉讼;忽视;不理睬; standardize:vt.使标准化;用标准检验; deploy:v.部署;利用;[军事]展开;(使)张开;
Smart digital criminals and government agencies may already be storing our most sensitive encrypted data in anticipation for the quantum future ahead. 精明的数字犯罪分子和政府机构 可能已经抢在量子计算机 大规模应用之前, 开始存储我们最敏感的机密数据了。
sensitive:adj.敏感的;感觉的;易受影响的;n.敏感的人;有灵异能力的人; in anticipation:预先;
The messages of foreign leaders, of war generals or of individuals who question power, they're encrypted for now. 外国领导人, 战争将军, 或者质疑权力的个人, 他们的信息现在是加密的。
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
But as soon as the day comes that someone gets their hands on a quantum computer, they can retroactively break anything from the past. 但是只要那一天到来, 有人有能力操作量子计算机, 他们就可以追溯性地 破解过去的一切信息。
as soon as:一…就; retroactively:adv.追溯地;逆动地;
In certain government and financial sectors or in military organizations , sensitive data has got to remain classified for 25 years. 在某些政府和金融部门, 或在军事机构中, 敏感数据必须保密 25 年。
financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; sectors:n.部门; v.把…划成扇形; military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; classified:adj.机密的; v.将…分类; (classify的过去分词和过去式)
So if a quantum computer really will exist in 10 years, then these guys are already 15 years too late to quantum-proof their encryption. 所以如果量子计算机 真的在十年后出现, 那么这些人晚了 15 年, 已经来不及应对量子危机。
So while many scientists around the world are racing to try to build a quantum computer, us cryptographers are urgently looking to reinvent encryption to protect us long before that day comes. 所以当世界各地的科学家 竞相尝试建造量子计算机时, 我们密码学家正迫切 重塑我们的加密系统, 以在那天到来之前保护我们。
urgently:adv.迫切地;紧急地;急切地; reinvent:v.以新形象示人;以新形式出现;
We're looking for new, hard mathematical problems. 我们正在寻找新的数学难题。
We're looking for problems that, just like factorization, can be used on our smartphones and on our laptops today. 我们正在找 像数字分解那样的难题, 可以用在我们如今的 智能手机和电脑上。
But unlike factorization, we need these problems to be so hard that they're even unbreakable with a quantum computer. 但是不同于数字分解, 我们需要这个难题足够难, 难到它不能被量子计算机破解。
In recent years, we've been digging around a much wider realm of mathematics to look for such problems. 最近几年,我们一直在 探索更广阔的数学领域, 来寻找这样的难题。
mathematics:n.数学;数学运算;
We've been looking at numbers and objects that are far more exotic and far more abstract than the ones that you and I are used to, like the ones on our calculators. 我们一直在看那些 比你我习惯所见更加奇特的, 比计算器上的那些抽象得多的 数字和对象。
exotic:adj.异国的;外来的;异国情调的; abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要;
And we believe we've found some geometric problems that just might do the trick . 而且我们相信我们 已经找到了一些几何问题, 可能会有帮助。
geometric:adj.几何学的;[数]几何学图形的; do the trick:n.达到目的;获得成功;
Now, unlike those two- and three-dimensional geometric problems that we used to have to try to solve with pen and graph paper in high school, most of these problems are defined in well over 500 dimensions . 它不像那些我们 在高中时用图纸和笔 解决的二维或三维几何问题, 它们大多数定义在 500 个维度以上。
three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的; graph paper:n.方格纸;坐标纸;标绘纸; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; dimensions:n.规模,大小;
So not only are they a little hard to depict and solve on graph paper, but we believe they're even out of the reach of a quantum computer. 所以它们不只在草纸上 难以描述和解决, 而且我们相信它们超出了 量子计算机的计算范围。
depict:vt.描述;描画;
So though it's early days , it's here that we are putting our hope as we try to secure our digital world moving into its quantum future. 所以虽然现在还早, 但此时此刻,我们希望 在步入量子未来时, 可以确保我们数字世界的安全。
early days:初期;为时尚早;前期;
Just like all of the other scientists, we cryptographers are tremendously excited at the potential of living in a world alongside quantum computers. 就像所有其他的科学家, 我们密码学家对于未来 与量子计算机 一起生活的世界感到非常兴奋。
tremendously:adv.非常地;可怕地;惊人地;
They could be such a force for good. 这可能是正义的力量。
But no matter what technological future we live in, our secrets will always be a part of our humanity . 但是无论未来 我们有什么样的技术, 我们的秘密都将一直是 我们人性的一部分,
no matter what:不管什么…; technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
And that is worth protecting. 而它们值得被保护。
Thanks. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）