返回首页

ClayShirky_2012G-_互联网将如何（在某一天）转变政府_
I want to talk to you today about something the open-source programming world can teach democracy , but before that, a little preamble . 今天我想要探讨一些事情
open-source:adj.(计算机)开放源代码; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; preamble:n.序文;电报报头;先兆;vi.作序文;
Let's start here. 我们以此开始
This is Martha Payne. Martha's a 9-year-old Scot who lives in the Council of Argyll and Bute. 这是玛莎。佩恩,一个九岁的苏格兰小女孩 她住在阿盖尔-比特区的康斯尔
Scot:n.税赋,税金; Council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构;
A couple months ago, Payne started a food blog called NeverSeconds, and she would take her camera with her every day to school to document her school lunches. 几个月前,佩恩开了一个关于美食的博客 叫做“独一无二”,然后她每天… 学校的午餐
blog:n.博客;部落格;网络日志;
Can you spot the vegetable? (Laughter) 你能辨认出蔬菜吗？
And, as sometimes happens, this blog acquired first dozens of readers, and then hundreds of readers, and then thousands of readers, as people tuned in to watch her rate her school lunches, including on my favorite category , "Pieces of hair found in food." (Laughter) 然后又有了几千个读者,人们乐于 看她对学校午餐的评价 ”食物里有几根头发“（笑声）
acquired:adj.习得的; v.获得; (acquire的过去分词和过去式) tuned:v.(为乐器)调音,校音;调整,调节(发动机);调频道(tune的过去分词和过去式) category:n.种类,分类;[数]范畴;
This was a zero day. That's good. 这天的午餐得到零分。幸好
And then two weeks ago yesterday, she posted this. 然而,两周前的一天,她发了一篇日志
A post that read: "Goodbye."
And she said, "I'm very sorry to tell you this, but my head teacher pulled me out of class today and told me 然后她说:很抱歉的告诉你们,但是 我的班主任把我叫出教室,告诉我
head teacher:校长
I'm not allowed to take pictures in the lunch room anymore.
I really enjoyed doing this. 我真的很喜欢做这件事
Thank you for reading. Goodbye."
You can guess what happened next, right? (Laughter) 你们可以猜到后来发生了什么,是吧？
The outrage was so swift , so voluminous , so unanimous , that the Council of Argyll and Bute reversed themselves the same day and said, "We would, we would never censor a nine-year-old." (Laughter) 就是在同一天,他们辩解到:我们绝对… 绝对不会审查一个九岁小孩的博客
outrage:n.愤怒,愤慨;暴行;侮辱;vt.凌辱,强奸;对…施暴行;激起愤怒; swift:n.[鸟]雨燕; adj.飞快的; voluminous:adj.大量的;多卷的,长篇的;著书多的; unanimous:adj.全体一致的;意见一致的;无异议的; reversed:v.颠倒; (reverse的过去分词和过去式) censor:v.审查;删剪;n.审查员;
Except, of course, this morning. (Laughter)
And this brings up the question, what made them think they could get away with something like that? (Laughter) 这就产生了一个问题 他们凭什么认为
get away with:侥幸成功,侥幸逃脱;
And the answer is, all of human history prior to now. 答案就是,人类自古以来就是如此
prior:adj.先前的; n.(小隐修院)院长; v.居先;
(Laughter) So, what happens when a medium suddenly puts a lot of new ideas into circulation ? 所以 当媒体突然把一堆新观点公之于众的时候
medium:n.(传播信息的)媒介;手段;工具;方法;adj.中等的;中号的; circulation:n.流通,传播;循环;发行量;
Now, this isn't just a contemporaneous question.
contemporaneous:adj.同时期的;同时代的,同时发生的;
This is something we've faced several times over the last few centuries. 我们已经面对了无数次
When the telegraph came along, it was clear that it was going to globalize the news industry. 它意味着全球化新闻产业
telegraph:n.[通信]电报机,电报;vt.电汇;流露出;打电报给…;vi.打电报; globalize:vt.使全球化;
What would this lead to? 这会带来什么？
Well, obviously, it would lead to world peace. 很显然,这一定会让世界和平
The television, a medium that allowed us not just to hear but see, literally see, what was going on elsewhere in the world, what would this lead to? 电视作为一个媒介,不仅让我们听世界 正在发生着什么,这些事件又导致了什么？
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处;
World peace. (Laughter) 就是世界和平
The telephone? 那么电话呢？
You guessed it: world peace.
Sorry for the spoiler alert , but no world peace. Not yet.
spoiler:n.剧透(透露与电影,书籍或者游戏内容有关的信息。); alert:n.警报; adj.警觉的; v.向…报警;
Even the printing press , even the printing press was assumed to be a tool that was going to enfo rce 甚至还有印刷机
printing press:n.印刷机;
Catholic intellectual hegemony across Europe. 散布到欧洲的工具
Catholic:adj.天主教的;宽宏大量的;n.天主教徒;罗马天主教; intellectual:n.知识分子;脑力劳动者;adj.智力的;脑力的;理智的;有才智的; hegemony:n.霸权;领导权;盟主权;
Instead, what we got was Martin Luther's 95 Theses , the Protestant Reformation , and, you know, the Thirty Years' War. All right, so what all of these predictions of world peace got right is that when a lot of new ideas suddenly come into circulation, it changes society. 新教改革,你知道的… 那么世界和平的预言有多少可信？
Theses:n.论文;命题(thesis的复数); Protestant:adj.抗议的;持异议的;n.抗议者;持异议者; Reformation:n.革新;改善; predictions:n.预测,预言(prediction复数形式);
What they got exactly wrong was what happens next.
The more ideas there are in circulation, the more ideas there are for any individual to disagree with. 越多的观点被传播 就意味着更多的观点被反对
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
More media always means more arguing.
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
That's what happens when the media's space expands .
expands:v.展开; (expand的第三人称单数)
And yet, when we look back on the printing press in the early years, we like what happened. 然后我们回首一下印刷机的时代
We are a pro-printing press society. 我们处在一个速印时代。
So how do we square those two things, that it leads to more arguing, but we think it was good? 所以,我们如何平衡这两件事:
And the answer, I think, can be found in things like this. 至于答案,我想可以通过这样的事情来得出
This is the cover of " Philosophical Transactions ,"
Philosophical:adj.哲学的(等于philosophic);冷静的; Transactions:n.处理,[图情]会报;汇报(transaction复数);
the first scientific journal ever published in English in the middle of the 1600s, and it was created by a group of people who had been calling themselves "The Invisible College," 发行于16世纪中期
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报; Invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物;
a group of natural philosophers who only later would call themselves scientists, and they wanted to improve the way natural philosophers argued with each other, and they needed to do two things for this. 这群自然派哲学家 自然派哲学家之间争辩的方式 他们需要做的有两件事
philosophers:n.哲学家(philosopher的复数); improve:v.改进;改善;
They needed openness . They needed to create a norm which said, when you do an experiment, you have to publish not just your claims , but how you did the experiment. 换句话说,当你要进行一个实验的时候 你不能只是公开你的结论 也要公开实验的过程
openness:n.公开;宽阔;率真; norm:n.规范;标准;定额;常态;v.规范;规定; publish:v.出版;发表;公布; claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数)
If you don't tell us how you did it, we won't trust you. 如果你不告诉我们你做了什么,我们就无法信任你
But the other thing they needed was speed. 另一件他们所需的事情,就是速度
They had to quickly synchronize what other natural philosophers knew. Otherwise, you couldn't get the right kind of argument going. 其他自然派科学家的资讯,否则 你就会错过正在开展的辩论
synchronize:vt.使…合拍;使…同步;vi.同步;同时发生;
The printing press was clearly the right medium for this, but the book was the wrong tool. It was too slow. 但是书籍却是一个错误的工具。传播得太慢
And so they invented the scientific journal as a way of synchronizing the argument across the community of natural scientists. 借此来传播自然派科学家 对于社会的争辩
synchronizing:adj.同步的;v.同步,整步(synchronize的ing形式); community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
The scientific revolution wasn't created by the printing press.
revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
It was created by scientists, but it couldn't have been created if they didn't have a printing press as a tool. 但是如果没有印刷机这个工具
So what about us? What about our generation, and our media revolution, the Internet? 那么我们呢？我们这一代 我们的传媒革命呢,互联网？
Well, predictions of world peace? Check. (Laughter) 那么,对于世界和平的预测呢？当然！
More arguing? Gold star on that one. (Laughter) 更多的争论？这个观点可以加一颗星！（笑声）
(Laughter)
I mean, YouTube is just a gold mine . (Laughter) 我的意思是,YouTube就是一个金库（笑声）
gold mine:金矿,金山;
Better arguing? That's the question.
So I study social media, which means, to a first approximation , I watch people argue. 最接近的解释就是:我从旁观察人们的争论
approximation:n.[数]近似法;接近;[数]近似值;
And if I had to pick a group that I think is our Invisible College, is our generation's collection of people trying to take these tools and to press it into service, not for more arguments, but for better arguments, 尝试使用各种工具
I'd pick the open-source programmers. 我选择了开放源代码的程序
Programming is a three-way relationship between a programmer, some source code , and the computer it's meant to run on, but computers are such famously inflexible interpreters of instructions 以及电脑的运行,不过电脑 需要固定的程式还进行解读和操作
three-way:adj.三向的;有三人参加的; source code:n.源(代)码; famously:adv.著名地;极好地; inflexible:adj.顽固的;不可弯曲的;不屈挠的;不能转变的; interpreters:n.解释器;直译程式;[计]解释程序;口译者(interpreter的复数);
that it's extraordinarily difficult to write out a set of instructions that the computer knows how to execute , and that's if one person is writing it. 真的很难很难很难
extraordinarily:adv.非常;格外地;非凡地; execute:vt.实行;执行;处死;
Once you get more than one person writing it, it's very easy for any two programmers to overwrite each other's work if they're working on the same file, or to send incompatible instructions that simply causes the computer to choke , and this problem grows larger the more programmers are involved . 如果他们用相同文件进行操作,要写出2个程序或者 很容让电脑当机 问题会变得很严重 会有更多的程序被牵连其中
overwrite:vt.重写; vi.写得过多或过长; n.重写; (美)代理佣金; incompatible:adj.不相容的;矛盾的;不能同时成立的;n.互不相容的人或事物; choke:n.窒息; v.阻塞; (尤指感情激动而)说不出话来; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
To a first approximation, the problem of managing a large software project is the problem of keeping this social chaos at bay. 最近有一次,有一个大型的管理软件 在海湾区造成了社会的动乱
chaos:n.混沌,混乱;
Now, for decades there has been a canonical solution to this problem, which is to use something called a "version control system," 如今的几十年里,有一个标准的
canonical:adj.依教规的;权威的;牧师的;n.牧师礼服; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
and a version control system does what is says on the tin. 这个系统会丝毫不差地做你要它做的事
It provides a canonical copy of the software on a server somewhere. 它能提供在服务器上 软件运行的备份
The only programmers who can change it are people who've specifically been given permission to access it, and they're only allowed to access the sub-section of it that they have permission to change. 只能是有特别受权的人 他们也要被授权去进行修改
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地;
And when people draw diagrams of version control systems, the diagrams always look something like this. 人们把系统运行的图示画出来 就好像这样
All right. They look like org charts. 类似于组织结构图
And you don't have to squint very hard to see the political ramifications of a system like this.
squint:vi.眯眼看; vt.使斜眼; n.斜视; adj.斜视的; ramifications:n.(众多复杂而又难以预料的)结果,后果;(ramification的复数)
This is feudalism : one owner, many workers. 这其实就是封建制度:一个所有者,无数工人
feudalism:n.封建主义;封建制度;
Now, that's fine for the commercial software industry.
commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告;
It really is Microsoft's Office. It's Adobe's Photoshop. 必然微软,即以Adobe公司的Photoshop
The corporation owns the software.
corporation:n.法人;(大)公司;法人团体;市政委员会;
The programmers come and go.
But there was one programmer who decided that this wasn't the way to work. 工作不应该这样
This is Linus Torvalds. 这个人就是林納斯.托瓦茲
Linus:n.莱纳斯;
Torvalds is the most famous open-source programmer, created Linux , obviously, and Torvalds looked at the way the open-source movement had been dealing with this problem.
Linux:n.Linux操作系统(一种类似于UNIX的计算机操作系统);
Open-source software, the core promise of the open-source license , is that everybody should have access to all the source code all the time, but of course, this creates the very threat of chaos you have to forestall in order to get anything working. 开放了源代码的软件,其核心就是授权 随时随地都可以？当然了,这样的创举
core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; license:v.许可;批准; forestall:vt.先发制人,预先阻止;垄断,屯积;领先;占先一步;
So most open-source projects just held their noses and adopted the feudal management systems. 所以,大部分开放源代码的程序,硬着头皮地
adopted:adj.被收养的;被采用的;v.采用;接受;(adopt的过去式和过去分词); management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段;
But Torvalds said, "No, I'm not going to do that."
His point of view on this was very clear.
point of view:观点;见地;立场;
When you adopt a tool, you also adopt the management philosophy embedded in that tool, and he wasn't going to adopt anything that didn't work the way the Linux community worked. 当你接受使用一种工具,你也要接受 他不会接受没有操作性的方式 而Linux操作系统却得到实现了
philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观; embedded:adj.嵌入式的;植入的;内含的;v.嵌入(embed的过去式和过去分词形式);
And to give you a sense of how enormous a decision like this was, this is a map of the internal dependencies within Linux, within the Linux operating system , which sub-parts of the program rely on which other sub-parts to get going. 都依赖于另一些子部门才能运作
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的; dependencies:n.依赖性,相关性;管理; operating system:n.(计算机)操作系统; rely:vi.依靠;信赖;
This is a tremendously complicated process .
tremendously:adv.非常地;可怕地;惊人地; complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
This is a tremendously complicated program, and yet, for years, Torvalds ran this not with automated tools but out of his email box. 很多年下来,托瓦茲在运营这个系统 并不是使用自动化的工具,而是他的电子邮箱
automated:adj.自动化的;v.(使)自动化;(automate的过去式和过去分词)
People would literally mail him changes that they'd agreed on, and he would merge them by hand. 然后他会自己着手去合并这些改变。
merge:vt.合并;使合并;吞没;vi.合并;融合;
And then, 15 years after looking at Linux and figuring out how the community worked, he said, "I think I know how to write a version control system for free people."
And he called it "Git." Git is distributed version control. 他称之为Git,即分布式版本控制系统
distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式)
It has two big differences with traditional version control systems.
traditional:传统的,惯例的,
The first is that it lives up to the philosophical promise of open-source. Everybody who works on a project has access to all of the source code all of the time. 首先他要遵守一个理念 就是开放源代码,每一个为此项目工作的人
And when people draw diagrams of Git workflow , they use drawings that look like this. 就会像这样
workflow:n.工作流,工作流程;
And you don't have to understand what the circles and boxes and arrows mean to see that this is a far more complicated way of working than is supported by ordinary version control systems. 你必须要理解这些循环 方块和箭头的意义,这远远比 传统的版本控制系统 要复杂的多
But this is also the thing that brings the chaos back, and this is Git's second big innovation . 当然也会带来一些混乱 这就是Git的第二个改革
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
This is a screenshot from GitHub, the premier Git hosting service, and every time a programmer uses Git to make any important change at all, creating a new file, modifying an existing one, merging two files, Git creates this kind of signature . 每当程序员使用Git 合并多个文件,Git就会生成这么个签名
screenshot:n.屏幕截图(截图软件名称); premier:adj.第一的;最初的;n.总理,首相; hosting:v.主办,主持;主持;做东;(host的现在分词) modifying:修饰; merging:v.合并,结合,并入;相融;(merge的现在分词) signature:n.署名;签名;信号;
This long string of numbers and letters here is a unique identifier tied to every single change, but without any central coordination . 这是一串由字幕和数字组成的代码 而且并不会经过其他程序的处理
string:n.字符串; v.悬挂; adj.由弦乐器组成的; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; identifier:n.标识符,认同者;检验人,鉴定人; coordination:n.协调,调和;对等,同等;
Every Git system generates this number the same way, which means this is a signature tied directly and unforgeably to a particular change. 也就是说这些签名是直接
generates:[计]生成;发生; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
This has the following effect:
A programmer in Edinburgh and a programmer in Entebbe can both get the same -- a copy of the same piece of software. 一个在爱丁堡的程序员和一个在乌干达恩德培德程序员 可以得到相同的软件的的备份
Edinburgh:n.爱丁堡(英国城市名);
Each of them can make changes and they can merge them after the fact even if they didn't know of each other's existence beforehand . 每个人都可以进行修改,然后整合 即使他们互相不知道 彼此的存在也没关系
beforehand:adv.事先;预先;adj.提前的;预先准备好的;
This is cooperation without coordination. 这是不需要协调的合作
cooperation:n.合作;配合;
This is the big change.
Now, I tell you all of this not to convince you that it's great that open-source programmers now have a tool that supports their philosophical way of working, although I think that is great. 虽然我真的觉得这的确很棒
convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说;
I tell you all of this because of what I think it means for the way communities come together. 我告訴你们这些,是因为我从中看到了 这对不同社群间的整合产生的意义
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
Once Git allowed for cooperation without coordination, you start to see communities form that are enormously large and complex . 你就会开始看到非常巨大
enormously:adv.巨大地,庞大地;非常地,在极大程度上; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
This is a graph of the Ruby community. 这是一个Ruby的社群的图示
Ruby:n.红宝石;深红色;v.把…弄红;把…涂染成红色;adj.红宝石(色)的;
It's an open-source programming language, and all of the interconnections between the people -- this is now not a software graph, but a people graph, all of the interconnections among the people working on that project ?? 红宝石是一种开放原始码程式语言 这不是一个软体图示,而是人际的图示 所有在同一个企划共同工作的人们
interconnections:n.相互连接;彼此连系;
and this doesn't look like an org chart. 而这一点都不像个组织结构图
This looks like a dis-org chart, and yet, out of this community, but using these tools, they can now create something together. 从这个社群里,而不单单只是使用那些工具
So there are two good reasons to think that this kind of technique can be applied to democracies in general and in particular to the law. 所以现在有两个很好的理由这样想: 普遍的民主制度,尤其是在法律上
technique:n.技巧,技术;手法; applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) democracies:民主; in general:总之,通常;一般而言; in particular:尤其,特别;
When you make the claim, in fact, that something on the Internet is going to be good for democracy, you often get this reaction . 但事实上,当你这样告诉别人:
reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
(Music) (Laughter) （音乐）（笑声）
Which is, are you talking about the thing with the singing cats? Like, is that the thing you think is going to be good for society?
To which I have to say, here's the thing with the singing cats. That always happens. 总是会有的
And I don't just mean that always happens with the Internet, 我并不只是指这总是发生在网路上
I mean that always happens with media, full stop .
full stop:n.句号;句点;adv.就是这话;
It did not take long after the rise of the commercial printing press before someone figured out that erotic novels were a good idea. (Laughter) 在商业性印刷兴起后 印制色情小说是门好生意（笑声）
erotic:adj.色情的;性爱的;性欲的;n.好色之徒; novels:n.小说;(novel的复数)
You don't have to have an economic incentive to sell books very long before someone says, "Hey, you know what I bet people would pay for?" (Laughter) 你不必靠经济诱因来卖书单价,卖多久 就会有人说:“欸,想知道我赌多少在 大家愿意花多少钱买这些书吗？“（笑声）
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的; bet:n.打赌;赌注;预计;估计;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿;
It took people another 150 years to even think of the scientific journal, right? So -- (Laughter) (Applause) 创办科学杂志,对吧？所以 - （笑声,掌声）
So the harnessing by the Invisible College of the printing press to create the scientific journal was phenomenally important, but it didn't happen big, 这是个重要事件,但并不是个划时代的里程碑
harnessing:v.给(马等)装上挽具(harness的现在分词);治理,利用; phenomenally:adv.现象上地;明白地;从感官认识到;
and it didn't happen quick, and it didn't happen fast, so if you're going to look for where the change is happening, you have to look on the margins . 而且它发展的速度不快 所以如果你想知道改变发生在哪里 你必须从边缘地带寻找
margins:n.边缘; v.给…镶边; (margin的复数)
So, the law is also dependency-related. 法律也是互相依赖的
This is a graph of the U.S. Tax Code, and the dependencies of one law on other laws for the overall effect. 以及其整体效果
overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的;
So there's that as a site for source code management.
site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址;
But there's also the fact that law is another place where there are many opinions in circulation, but they need to be resolved to one canonical copy, and when you go onto GitHub, and you look around, there are millions and millions of projects, almost all of which are source code, 你会看到难以计数的制作计画
resolved:adj.下定决心; v.解决; (resolve的过去分词和过去式)
but if you look around the edges, you can see people experimenting with the political ramifications of a system like that. 但如果你往网路边缘找,你会发现 有人正在实验这种系统的 政治效应
Someone put up all the Wikileaked cables from the State Department , along with software used to interpret them, including my favorite use ever of the Cablegate cables, which is a tool for detecting naturally occurring haiku in State Department prose. 和用来解读的软体一起放上网路 包括一种我最爱用在他们公布的
cables:n.缆绳;钢索;电缆;电报;v.发电报;(cable的第三人称单数和复数) State Department:n.(美国)国务院; detecting:n.检测;检定;v.发现;探知(detect的现在分词);adj.探测的; naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; occurring:n.事件;事故;事变;
(Laughter)
Right. (Laughter)
The New York Senate has put up something called 纽约州参议院设立了名为
Senate:n.参议院,上院;(古罗马的)元老院;
Open Legislation , also hosting it on GitHub, again for all of the reasons of updating and fluidity . “公开立法”法案,也使用GitHub上的服务 同样是为了更新速度与流畅度
Legislation:n.立法;法律; updating:v.更新;向…提供最新信息;使现代化;(update的现在分词) fluidity:n.[流]流动性;流质;易变性;
You can go and pick your Senator and then you can see a list of bills they have sponsored . 你可以上去浏览你们区的参议员 就可以看到他们支持的法案
Senator:n.参议员; sponsored:adj.(活动或比赛)为慈善筹款而举办的; v.赞助(活动、节目等); (sponsor的过去式和过去分词)
Someone going by Divegeek has put up the Utah code, the laws of the state of Utah, and they've put it up there not just to distribute the code, but with the very interesting possibility that this could be used to further the development of legislation. 并不是只为了
Utah:n.美国犹他州;
Somebody put up a tool during the copyright debate last year in the Senate, saying, "It's strange that Hollywood has more access to Canadian legislators than Canadian citizens do. Why don't we use GitHub to show them what a citizen-developed bill might look like?" 有人发布了一样工具,说: “好莱坞比加拿大公民有更多接触 加拿大立法委员的管道,这非常奇怪。我们来用GitHub上
copyright:n.版权;著作权;adj.受版权保护的;未经准许不得复制的;v.获得…的版权; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑; legislators:n.立法委员;(legislator的复数)
And it includes this very evocative screenshot.
evocative:adj.唤起的;唤出的;
This is a called a " diff ," this thing on the right here.
diff:abbr.扩散器(diffuser);微分;差速器(differential);
This shows you, for text that many people are editing , when a change was made, who made it, and what the change is.
editing:v.编辑,校订(文章、书籍等);编选;(edit的现在分词)
The stuff in red is the stuff that got deleted. 红色是被删除的东西
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
The stuff in green is the stuff that got added.
Programmers take this capability for granted .
capability:n.才能,能力;性能,容量; granted:v.不错,的确; conj.因为; v.同意,准予,允许; (grant的过去分词和过去式)
No democracy anywhere in the world offers this feature to its citizens for either legislation or for budgets , even though those are the things done with our consent and with our money. 世上没有任何民主国家可以提供 公民这样的机会,不论是关于立法或预算 就算那些事是在我们的
budgets:n.[财政]预算(budget复数形式);v.为…做预算(budget的第三人称单数形式); consent:vi.同意;赞成;答应;n.同意;(意见等的)一致;赞成;
Now, I would love to tell you that the fact that the open-source programmers have worked out a collaborative method that is large scale , distributed, cheap, and in sync with the ideals of democracy, I would love to tell you that because those tools are in place, the innovation is inevitable . But it's not. 如果可以的话,我很想告诉你们 开源程式设计师已经想出了 你们,这些工具都已经准备好了 因此改革是必然的,但事实并不是这样
collaborative:adj.合作的,协作的; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的;
Part of the problem, of course, is just a lack of information.
Somebody put a question up on Quora saying, "Why is it that lawmakers don't use distributed version control?" 不使用分散式版本控制的方式吗？“
lawmakers:立法者(lawmaker的复数);
This, graphically , was the answer. (Laughter) 这个则是图像示的答案（笑声）（图中文字 左:拥有Github 帐号的人 右:律师）
graphically:adv.生动地;活灵活现地;用图表表示;轮廓分明地;
(Laughter) (Applause) （笑声,掌声）
And that is indeed part of the problem, but only part.
The bigger problem, of course, is power. 当然,更大的问题出在权力
The people experimenting with participation don't have legislative power, and the people who have legislative power are not experimenting with participation. 那些实际参与以实验这个政治效应的人 并没有立法权,而有立法权的人 却不去参与这个实验
participation:n.参与;分享;参股; legislative:adj.立法的;有立法权的;n.立法权;立法机构;
They are experimenting with openness. 这些实验是关于公开性
There's no democracy worth the name that doesn't have a transparency move, but transparency is openness in only one direction, and being given a dashboard 公开性的一种面向,而给一艘
transparency:n.透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃; dashboard:n.汽车等的仪表板;马车等前部的挡泥板;
without a steering wheel has never been the core promise a democracy makes to its citizens. 沒有舵的船,也並不是民主国家 对人民的中心承諾
steering wheel:n.方向盘;(操)舵轮;
So consider this. 所以想想看这些
The thing that got Martha Payne's opinions out into the public was a piece of technology , but the thing that kept them there was political will. 玛莎。佩恩的想法能传达给大众
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
It was the expectation of the citizens that she would not be censored . 她不用接受审查
expectation:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望; censored:adj.设限,被检查过的;v.审查;删掉(censor的过去分词);
That's now the state we're in with these collaboration tools. 这才是我们目前和这些合作性工具的发展情況
collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌;
We have them. We've seen them. They work.
Can we use them?
Can we apply the techniques that worked here to this?
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数)
T.S. Eliot once said, "One of the most momentous things that can happen to a culture is that they acquire a new form of prose." 所能发生的最重大的事 是发现新的散文形式。“
momentous:adj.重要的;重大的;
I think that's wrong, but -- (Laughter) 我不这么认为,不过 --（笑声）
I think it's right for argumentation . Right?
argumentation:n.论证;争论;辩论;
A momentous thing that can happen to a culture is they can acquire a new style of arguing: trial by jury , voting, peer review , now this. Right? 一个文化里能发生的最重大的事情是 法官审判、投票、同侪审查、然后是这个,对吧？
jury:n.[法]陪审团;评判委员会;adj.应急的; peer review:n.各领域专家互相评阅;同行评审;同业监督小组;同业互查组织;
A new form of arguing has been invented in our lifetimes, in the last decade, in fact. 在我们的人生里,一种新的论辩方式已被发明 而且其实是在过去十年里发生的
It's large, it's distributed, it's low-cost , and it's compatible with the ideals of democracy. 而且它很适合实现民主制度的理想
low-cost:adj.廉价的;价格便宜的;
The question for us now is, are we going to let the programmers keep it to themselves? 这些程式设计师使用它吗？
Or are we going to try and take it and press it into service for society at large?
Thank you for listening. (Applause)
(Applause) （掌声）
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)