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ClaireWardle_2019-_如何协助将互联网转变为信任之地？_-
No matter who you are or where you live, 无论你是谁或者住在哪,
I'm guessing that you have at least one relative that likes to forward those emails. 我猜你们身边至少有一位 喜欢转发那些电子邮件的亲戚。
relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物;
You know the ones I'm talking about -- the ones with dubious claims or conspiracy videos. 你们知道我说的那些邮件 是带有可疑声明 或阴谋论录像的邮件。
dubious:adj.可疑的;暧昧的;无把握的;半信半疑的; claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数) conspiracy:n.阴谋;共谋;阴谋集团;
And you've probably already muted them on Facebook for sharing social posts like this one. 而且你们可能已经在 Facebook 上屏蔽了他们, 不想收到这种信息,像这个。
muted:adj.减轻的; v.消音; (mute的过去分词和过去式)
It's an image of a banana with a strange red cross running through the center. 这是一张香蕉的图片, 香蕉中间有一个奇怪的红色十字。
And the text around it is warning people not to eat fruits that look like this, suggesting they've been injected with blood contaminated with the HIV virus. 旁边的文字在警告人们 不要吃这样的水果, 指出了它们已经被注射了 被 HIV 病毒污染的血液。
injected:v.(给…)注射(药物等); (inject的过去分词和过去式) contaminated:v.污染;玷污,毒害(人的思想或品德);(contaminate的过去分词和过去式) HIV:n.艾滋病病毒;
And the social share message above it simply says, "Please forward to save lives." 而且它上面的分享消息写着: “为了拯救生命,请转发。”
Now, fact-checkers have been debunking this one for years, but it's one of those rumors that just won't die. 事实审查员多年来 一直在揭露这一说法的真相, 但这只是那些 永远不会消失的传闻之一。
debunking:揭露(debunk的现在分词); rumors:n.谣传,流言(rumor的复数);v.谣传(rumor的第三人称单数);
A zombie rumor. 一个僵尸谣言。
zombie:n.行尸走肉;蛇神;木讷呆板的人;
And, of course, it's entirely false. 当然它是完全虚假的。
It might be tempting to laugh at an example like this, to say, "Well, who would believe this, anyway?" 去嘲笑这样一个例子可能很诱人, 大家会说: “反正,谁会相信这个呢？”
tempting:adj.吸引人的;诱惑人的;v.引诱;(tempt的现在分词);
But the reason it's a zombie rumor is because it taps into people's deepest fears about their own safety and that of the people they love. 但说这是僵尸谣言的原因是 它利用了关于人们对自身安全 和他们所爱之人的 最深层次的恐惧。
And if you spend as enough time as I have looking at misinformation , you know that this is just one example of many that taps into people's deepest fears and vulnerabilities . 而且如果你们花费和我一样多 的时间来看这个误传, 你们会知道这只是众多 利用人们最深层的 恐惧和脆弱的例子之一。
misinformation:n.误报;错误的消息; vulnerabilities:n.缺陷(vulnerability的复数形式);脆弱点;
Every day, across the world, we see scores of new memes on Instagram encouraging parents not to vaccinate their children. 每一天,在世界范围内, 我们都能看到 Instagram 上出现的 大量新表情包在鼓励父母 不要给孩子接种疫苗。
memes:模因(meme的复数); Instagram:照片分享(一款运行在iPhone平台上的应用程序); vaccinate:vi.接种疫苗;vt.给…注射疫苗;n.被接种牛痘者;
We see new videos on YouTube explaining that climate change is a hoax. 我们看到 YoutTube 上的新视频 在解释说气候变化问题是个骗局。
And across all platforms , we see endless posts designed to demonize others on the basis of their race, religion or sexuality . 在所有平台上,我们看见了 因为种族、宗教或性取向的不同, 而妖魔化他人的无穷无尽的帖子。
platforms:n.平台; v.把…放在台上; endless:adj.无止境的;连续的;环状的;漫无目的的; demonize:v.妖魔化;使…成为魔鬼; on the basis of:根据;基于…; sexuality:n.[胚]性别;性欲;性征;性方面的事情(比如性行为或性能力);
Welcome to one of the central challenges of our time. 欢迎来到我们这个时代 的主要挑战之一。
How can we maintain an internet with freedom of expression at the core , while also ensuring that the content that's being disseminated doesn't cause irreparable harms to our democracies , our communities and to our physical and mental well-being ? 我们如何在维护互联网 言论自由核心的同时, 也能确保正在传播的内容 不会对我们的民主、我们的社区 和我们的身心健康 造成不可弥补的伤害？
maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见); expression:n.表现,表示,表达; core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; ensuring:v.保证;确保;担保(ensure的现在分词); content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足; disseminated:adj.浸染的;散播性的;v.散布(disseminate的过去分词);撒播; irreparable:adj.不能挽回的;不能修补的; democracies:民主; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; well-being:n.幸福;康乐;
Because we live in the information age, yet the central currency upon which we all depend -- information -- is no longer deemed entirely trustworthy and, at times, can appear downright dangerous. 因为我们生活在信息时代, 但是我们所有人都依赖的 中央货币——信息—— 不再完全值得信赖, 而且有时会显得非常危险。
currency:n.货币;通货; deemed:v.认为;视为;相信;(deem的过去分词和过去式) trustworthy:adj.可靠的;可信赖的; downright:adj.明白的;直率的;显明的;adv.完全,彻底;全然;
This is thanks in part to the runaway growth of social sharing platforms that allow us to scroll through, where lies and facts sit side by side , but with none of the traditional signals of trustworthiness . 这部分“归功”于 社交共享媒体的迅猛发展, 让我们可以在谎言和真相 并存的世界里滑屏浏览, 但是没有任何 传统的可信赖的信号。
runaway:adj.逃亡的;逃走的;n.逃跑;逃走的人; scroll:n.纸卷;卷轴;涡卷形装饰;v.滚屏;滚动; side by side:adj.并肩的;并行的; traditional:传统的,惯例的, trustworthiness:n.可信赖;确实性;
And goodness -- our language around this is horribly muddled . 天啊——我们关于这方面 的语言极其混乱。
horribly:adv.可怕地;让人吃惊 muddled:adj.糊涂的;混乱的;头脑昏昏然的;v.使一团糟(muddle的过去分词);
People are still obsessed with the phrase " fake news," 人们仍然沉迷于“假新闻”这一短语,
obsessed:v.使痴迷;使迷恋;使着迷;(obsess的过去式和过去分词) fake:n.假货;骗子;假动作;v.捏造;假装…的样子;adj.伪造的;
despite the fact that it's extraordinarily unhelpful and used to describe a number of things that are actually very different: lies, rumors, hoaxes, conspiracies , propaganda . 尽管事实是,该短语毫无帮助, 并且被用来描述一系列实际上 非常不同的东西: 谎言、谣言、恶作剧、 阴谋、宣传鼓吹……
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; extraordinarily:adv.非常;格外地;非凡地; unhelpful:adj.无益的;不予帮助的; describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; conspiracies:密谋(conspiracy的名词复数); propaganda:n.宣传;传道总会;
And I really wish we could stop using a phrase that's been co-opted by politicians right around the world, from the left and the right, used as a weapon to attack a free and independent press. 我非常希望我们可以停止使用 这一世界各地的政治家 共同选择的一个短语, 从左派到右派, 停止将它作为武器来攻击 自由和独立的新闻媒体。
co-opted:v.增选(某人)为委员;拉拢;笼络;(co-opt的过去分词和过去式) politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数) independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等);
(Applause) （掌声）
Because we need our professional news media now more than ever. 因为我们比以往任何时候 都更需要我们的专业新闻媒体。
professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员;
And besides , most of this content doesn't even masquerade as news. 而且除此之外,大多数内容 甚至都没有被伪装成新闻,
besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外; masquerade:n.掩藏;掩饰;化装舞会;v.假扮;乔装;伪装;
It's memes, videos, social posts. 而是以表情包、视频、 社交帖子的形式存在。
And most of it is not fake; it's misleading . 而且大部分内容 不是假的,而是误导。
misleading:adj.误导的;引入歧途的;v.误导;引入歧途;使误信;(mislead的现在分词)
We tend to fixate on what's true or false. 我们倾向于专注在真假上。
fixate:v.(使)固定,注视;
But the biggest concern is actually the weaponization of context . 但是最大的担忧实际上是 语境的武器化。
concern:v.涉及,关系到;使担心;n.关系;关心;关心的事; weaponization:武器化;太空武器化;核武器化 context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
Because the most effective disinformation has always been that which has a kernel of truth to it. 因为最有效的虚假信息 一直是具有真实内核的那些。
effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; disinformation:n.故意的假情报;虚假信息; kernel:n.核心,要点;[计]内核;仁;麦粒,谷粒;精髓;
Let's take this example from London, from March 2017, a tweet that circulated widely in the aftermath of a terrorist incident on Westminster Bridge. 举一个 2017 年 3 月伦敦的例子, 在威斯敏斯特桥 恐怖袭击事件发生后 的一个广为流传的推文。
circulated:v.(液体或气体)环流,循环;传播;流传;散布;(circulate的过去式和过去分词) aftermath:n.后果;余波; Westminster:n.威斯敏斯特(伦敦市的一个行政区);议会;
This is a genuine image, not fake. 这是个真实的图片,不是假的。
genuine:adj.真实的,真正的;诚恳的;
The woman who appears in the photograph was interviewed afterwards, and she explained that she was utterly traumatized . 照片里的女子在事后接受了采访, 她解释到 她精神上完全受到了打击。
interviewed:v.对(某人)进行面试(或面谈); (媒体)采访(interview的过去分词和过去式) utterly:adv.完全地;绝对地;全然地;彻底地,十足地; traumatized:adj.心理受到创伤的;v.使受创伤(traumatize的过去式和过去分词);
She was on the phone to a loved one, and she wasn't looking at the victim out of respect. 事件发生当时 她和爱人在打电话, 出于尊重, 她没有看向身旁的受害者。
victim:n.受害人;牺牲品;牺牲者;
But it still was circulated widely with this Islamophobic framing , with multiple hashtags , including: #BanIslam. 但是它仍然以 伊斯兰恐惧症为主题广为流传, 并带有多个主题标签, 包括:#BanIslam（禁止伊斯兰人）。
framing:v.给…做框;作伪证陷害;制订;拟订;n.框架;结构;骨骼;(frame的现在分词) multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; hashtags:标签;话题标签;标签运用;
Now, if you worked at Twitter, what would you do? 如果你在推特工作, 你会怎么做？
Would you take that down, or would you leave it up? 你会把它撤下平台, 还是让它留在那？
My gut reaction , my emotional reaction , is to take this down. 我的直觉和情感反应 是把它撤下来。
gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的 reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的;
I hate the framing of this image. 我讨厌对这个图片的“包装”。
But freedom of expression is a human right , and if we start taking down speech that makes us feel uncomfortable, we're in trouble. 但是言论自由是人类的权力, 如果我们开始 把让我们感到不舒服的言论撤下, 我们就有麻烦了。
human right:n.人权;
And this might look like a clear-cut case, but, actually, most speech isn't. 而且这个可能看起来是 一个清晰明了的案例, 但实际上,大多数言论不是。
clear-cut:adj.清晰的;轮廓鲜明的;
These lines are incredibly difficult to draw. 这些边界很难描绘。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
What's a well-meaning decision by one person is outright censorship to the next. 一个人的善意决定 是对下一个人的公然审查。
well-meaning:adj.善意的;好心的; outright:v.全部地; adj.完全的,彻底的; censorship:n.审查制度;审查机构;
What we now know is that this account, Texas Lone Star, was part of a wider Russian disinformation campaign, one that has since been taken down. 现在我们知道的是, 这个账户,德克萨斯孤星, 是一个更大的 俄罗斯造谣运动的一部分, 此后已经被扳倒。
Would that change your view? 这会改变你的看法吗？
It would mine, because now it's a case of a coordinated campaign to sow discord . 会改变我的, 因为现在这个案子的性质 变成了一场播种不和谐种子的 协作运动。
coordinated:v.使协调;使相配合;搭配,协调;(coordinate的过去分词和过去式) sow:n.母猪; v.播种; adj.(美)雌的; discord:n.不和;不调和;嘈杂声;vi.不一致;刺耳;
And for those of you who'd like to think that artificial intelligence will solve all of our problems, 而对于你们中那些认为 人工智能将会解决我们 所有问题的人来说,
artificial intelligence:n.人工智能;
I think we can agree that we're a long way away from AI that's able to make sense of posts like this. 我认为我们可以同意 在人工智能能够理解这种帖子前 我们还有很长的一段路要走。
make sense of:搞清…的意思;
So I'd like to explain three interlocking issues that make this so complex and then think about some ways we can consider these challenges. 所以我想解释一下 让这事变得如此复杂的 三个环环相扣的问题, 然后琢磨出些方法来思考这些挑战。
interlocking:adj.连锁的;n.连锁;咬合作用; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
First, we just don't have a rational relationship to information, we have an emotional one. 首先,我们只是没有 与信息建立起理性关系, 我们的关系是感性的。
rational:n.理性;人类;合理的事物;[数]有理数;adj.合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的;
It's just not true that more facts will make everything OK, because the algorithms that determine what content we see, well, they're designed to reward our emotional responses . 并非更多的事实真相 会让一切顺利, 因为决定我们 能看见什么内容的算法, 是被设计来 奖励我们的情感反应。
determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏; responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数)
And when we're fearful , oversimplified narratives , conspiratorial explanations and language that demonizes others is far more effective. 而当我们恐惧时, 过于简化的叙述、阴谋论解释, 和妖魔化事物的语言 更加有效。
fearful:adj.可怕的;担心的;严重的; oversimplified:adj.过于简单化的;v.过于简单化(oversimplify的过去分词形式); narratives:n.叙述,故事;叙述的手法(narrative复数); conspiratorial:adj.阴谋的;阴谋者的; demonizes:vt.妖魔化;使…成为魔鬼;
And besides, many of these companies, their business model is attached to attention, which means these algorithms will always be skewed towards emotion. 此外,有很多公司, 他们的商业模式 与人们的关注度息息相关, 这意味着这些算法 总是会偏向情感。
attached:adj.依恋;v.重视;把…固定;(attach的过去分词和过去式) skewed:adj.歪斜的;曲解的;
Second, most of the speech I'm talking about here is legal . 第二,我现在谈论的 大多数言论是合法的。
legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的;
It would be a different matter if I was talking about child sexual abuse imagery or content that incites violence . 如果我在说的是 儿童性虐待图片, 或者是煽动暴力的内容, 就是另外一回事。
abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂; imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化; incites:vt.煽动;激励;刺激; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲;
It can be perfectly legal to post an outright lie. 公开撒谎可以是完全合法的。
But people keep talking about taking down " problematic " or "harmful" content, but with no clear definition of what they mean by that, including Mark Zuckerberg, who recently called for global regulation to moderate speech. 但是人们一直在讨论撤下 “有问题的”或“有害的”内容, 但是并没有对它们是什么 有明确的定义, 包括马克·扎克伯格, 他最近呼吁 全球监管来缓和言论。
problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的; definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释; recently:adv.最近;新近; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; regulation:n.规则;法规;控制;规章制度;adj.规定的;必须穿戴的;必须使用的; moderate:v.缓和; adj.适度的; n.持温和观点者(尤指政见);
And my concern is that we're seeing governments right around the world rolling out hasty policy decisions that might actually trigger much more serious consequences when it comes to our speech. 而我的担心是,我们看见了 世界各地的政府 推出仓促的政策决定, 但是它可能实际上触发了 对于我们的言论更严重的后果。
hasty:adj.轻率的;匆忙的;草率的; policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; trigger:n.触发器; v.触发; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
And even if we could decide which speech to take up or take down, we've never had so much speech. 而且即使我们可以决定 哪个言论留住或撤下来, 我们从来没有过 现在这么多的言论。
Every second, millions of pieces of content are uploaded by people right around the world in different languages, drawing on thousands of different cultural contexts . 每一秒,几百万的内容, 以不同的语言 被世界各地的人上传, 吸取了上千种不同的文化背景。
uploaded:vt.上传; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; contexts:n.环境,[计]上下文(context复数);
We've simply never had effective mechanisms to moderate speech at this scale , whether powered by humans or by technology . 我们根本没有有效的机制, 无论是通过人工还是技术手段 去缓和这种规模的言论内容,
mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
And third, these companies -- Google , Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp -- they're part of a wider information ecosystem . 然后第三,这些公司—— 谷歌,推特,脸书,WhatsApp —— 它们是广阔的 信息生态系统的一部分。
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; WhatsApp:智能手机;联络电话; ecosystem:n.生态系统;
We like to lay all the blame at their feet, but the truth is, the mass media and elected officials can also play an equal role in amplifying rumors and conspiracies when they want to. 我们喜欢把所有责任 都推到他们身上,但事实是, 大众媒体和民选官员 只要他们想, 也可以在扩大谣言和阴谋上 发挥同等作用。
mass media:n.大众传媒; amplifying:adj.放大的;
As can we, when we mindlessly forward divisive or misleading content without trying. 我们也一样,当我们漫不经心地 转发分裂性或误导性的内容时, 甚至没有费力。
mindlessly:adv.不费心思地;愚蠢地; divisive:adj.分裂的;区分的;造成不和的;
We're adding to the pollution. 我们正在加剧这种“污染”。
I know we're all looking for an easy fix. 我知道我们都在 寻找简单的解决方法。
But there just isn't one. 但就是一个都没有。
Any solution will have to be rolled out at a massive scale, internet scale, and yes, the platforms, they're used to operating at that level. 任何解决方案都必须 以大规模推出,互联网的规模, 而且的确,这些平台 已经习惯在那种级别的规模上运行。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
But can and should we allow them to fix these problems? 但是我们可以并应该 允许他们来解决这些问题吗？
They're certainly trying. 他们当然在努力。
But most of us would agree that, actually, we don't want global corporations to be the guardians of truth and fairness online. 但是我们大多数人都会同意, 实际上,我们不希望跨国公司 成为网上真理与公平的守护者。
corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式); guardians:n.保护人,[法]监护人(guardian的复数形式);
And I also think the platforms would agree with that. 我也认为这些平台也会同意。
And at the moment, they're marking their own homework. 此时此刻, 他们正在展现属于自己的成果。
They like to tell us that the interventions they're rolling out are working, but because they write their own transparency reports, there's no way for us to independently verify what's actually happening. 他们想告诉我们 他们实施的干预措施正在奏效, 但是因为他们编写的是 他们自己的透明度报告, 我们无法独立验证实际的情况。
interventions:n.[法]干预,干涉;处置(intervention的复数); transparency:n.透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃; independently:adv.独立地;自立地; verify:vt.核实;查证;
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And let's also be clear that most of the changes we see only happen after journalists undertake an investigation and find evidence of bias or content that breaks their community guidelines . 我们也要清楚, 大多数我们看到的变化 只发生在记者进行了调查 并找到了存在 违反社区规则的偏见 和内容的证据之后。
journalists:n.新闻记者(journalist的复数); undertake:v.承担;从事;负责;承诺; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; guidelines:n.指导方针;参考;
So yes, these companies have to play a really important role in this process , but they can't control it. 所以是的,这些公司必须 在这个过程中扮演重要角色, 但是他们无法控制它。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
So what about governments? 那么政府呢？
Many people believe that global regulation is our last hope in terms of cleaning up our information ecosystem. 很多人相信全球监管 是清理我们信息生态系统的 最后希望。
But what I see are lawmakers who are struggling to keep up to date with the rapid changes in technology. 但是我看见的是正在努力跟上 技术迅速变革的立法者。
lawmakers:立法者(lawmaker的复数); up to date:adj.最新的;最近的;现代的;
And worse, they're working in the dark, because they don't have access to data to understand what's happening on these platforms. 更糟的是, 他们在黑暗中摸索工作, 因为他们没有获取数据的权限 来了解这些平台上 正在发生些什么。
And anyway, which governments would we trust to do this? 更何况,我们会相信 哪个政府来做这件事呢？
We need a global response, not a national one. 我们需要全球的回应, 不是国家的。
So the missing link is us. 所以缺少的环节是我们。
missing link:n.(理解问题或使事物完整的)必要的环节;
It's those people who use these technologies every day. 是每天使用这些技术的那些人。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
Can we design a new infrastructure to support quality information? 我们能不能设计一个新的基础设施 来支持高质量信息？
infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
Well, I believe we can, and I've got a few ideas about what we might be able to actually do. 我相信我们可以, 我已经有了一些想法, 关于我们实际上可以做什么。
So firstly , if we're serious about bringing the public into this, can we take some inspiration from Wikipedia ? 所以首先,如果认真考虑 让公众参与进来, 我们可以从维基百科 汲取一些灵感吗？
firstly:adv.首先(主要用于列举条目,论点时);第一; Wikipedia:维基百科;
They've shown us what's possible. 他们已经向我们展示了可能的方法。
Yes, it's not perfect, but they've demonstrated that with the right structures , with a global outlook and lots and lots of transparency, you can build something that will earn the trust of most people. 是的,它并不完美, 但是他们已经用正确的结构, 全球的视野 和很高很高的透明度证明了 你们可以建立一些 将赢得大多数人信任的东西。
demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); outlook:n.见解;前景;人生观;可能性;
Because we have to find a way to tap into the collective wisdom and experience of all users. 因为我们必须找到一种方法, 充分利用集体的智慧 和所有用户的经验。
collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问;
This is particularly the case for women, people of color and underrepresented groups. 妇女,有色人种和 未能充分代表大众的群体 尤其如此。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; underrepresented:adj.代表名额不足的;未被充分代表的;
Because guess what? 猜猜为什么？
They are experts when it comes to hate and disinformation, because they have been the targets of these campaigns for so long. 他们是仇恨和虚假信息方面的专家, 因为他们很久以来都是 这些信息运动的目标。
And over the years, they've been raising flags, and they haven't been listened to. 多年来,他们一直摇旗呐喊, 但是从来没有被听见。
This has got to change. 这必须改变。
So could we build a Wikipedia for trust? 所以我们能否为信任 创建一个维基百科？
Could we find a way that users can actually provide insights ? 我们能否找到一种 用户可以真正提供见解的方法？
insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数);
They could offer insights around difficult content-moderation decisions. 他们可以对有难度的 内容审核决定提出见解。
They could provide feedback when platforms decide they want to roll out new changes. 当平台决定要推出新变更时, 他们可以提出反馈。
feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈;
Second, people's experiences with the information is personalized . 第二,人们对信息的体验 是个性化的。
personalized:v.在…上标明主人姓名; (personalize的过去分词和过去式)
My Facebook news feed is very different to yours. 我脸书上的新闻推荐 与你们的非常不同。
Your YouTube recommendations are very different to mine. 你们的 YouTube 推荐 与我的也很不同。
recommendations:n.推荐;推荐信;推荐规范(recommendation的复数形式);
That makes it impossible for us to actually examine what information people are seeing. 这使得我们无法实际检查 大家看到的是什么信息。
So could we imagine developing some kind of centralized open repository for anonymized data, with privacy and ethical concerns built in? 那么,我们是否可以想象 为匿名数据 开发某种集中式开放存储库, 并内置隐私和道德问题？
centralized:adj.集中的;中央集权的;v.集中(centralize的过去分词); repository:n.贮藏室,仓库;知识库;智囊团; anonymized:隐去姓名资料;使匿名; privacy:n.隐私;秘密;隐居;隐居处; ethical:adj.伦理的;道德的;凭处方出售的;n.处方药; concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式);
Because imagine what we would learn if we built out a global network of concerned citizens who wanted to donate their social data to science. 因为想象一下, 如果我们建立一个 由关心且忧虑的 公民组成的全球网络, 他们希望将其社交数据捐赠给科学, 那么我们将学到什么？
concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) donate:v.赠送;献(血);捐献(器官);
Because we actually know very little about the long-term consequences of hate and disinformation on people's attitudes and behaviors. 因为我们实际上对 仇恨和虚假信息对 人们态度和行为产生的 长期后果知之甚少。
long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数);
And what we do know, most of that has been carried out in the US, despite the fact that this is a global problem. 而我们知道的是, 其中大部分是在美国进行的, 尽管这是一个全球性问题。
We need to work on that, too. 我们也需要为此努力。
And third, can we find a way to connect the dots? 第三点, 我们可以找到方法来连接个体吗？
No one sector , let alone nonprofit , start-up or government, is going to solve this. 没有一个部门可以解决这个问题, 更不用说非营利组织,初创企业 或政府部门了。
sector:n.部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺;vt.把…分成扇形; let alone:更不必说;听任;不打扰; nonprofit:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的; start-up:n.启动;adj.起动阶段的;开始阶段的(异体字startup);
But there are very smart people right around the world working on these challenges, from newsrooms , civil society, academia , activist groups. 但是世界各地有 那些非常聪明的人们 在应对这些挑战, 包括新闻编辑部,民间社会组织, 学术界和维权组织。
newsrooms:n.新闻编辑部;报刊阅览室; civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; academia:n.学术界;学术生涯; activist:n.积极分子;激进主义分子;
And you can see some of them here. 你们在这可以看见其中的一些。
Some are building out indicators of content credibility . 有些正在建立内容可信度的指标。
indicators:n.指示信号;标志;指针;方向灯;(indicator的复数) credibility:n.可信性;确实性;
Others are fact-checking, so that false claims, videos and images can be down-ranked by the platforms. 其他人在做事实核查, 以至于虚假声明,视频和图像 可以被平台撤下。
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
A nonprofit I helped to found, First Draft , is working with normally competitive newsrooms around the world to help them build out investigative , collaborative programs. 我协助建立的一个非营利组织, 名叫“初稿”（First Draft）, 正在与世界各地通常竞争激烈的 新闻编辑室合作, 以帮助他们建立调查性协作项目。
Draft:n.草案; v.起草; adj.供役使的; normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地; competitive:adj.竞争的;比赛的;求胜心切的; investigative:adj.研究的;调查的;好调查的; collaborative:adj.合作的,协作的;
And Danny Hillis, a software architect , is designing a new system called The Underlay , which will be a record of all public statements of fact connected to their sources , so that people and algorithms can better judge what is credible . 丹尼·希利斯, 一个软件设计师, 正在设计一个 叫做 The Underlay 的新系统, 它将记录所有与其来源相连接的 公开事实陈述, 以便人们和算法可以 更好地判断什么是可信的。
architect:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者; Underlay:n.衬底;衬垫物;支撑物;vt.垫起;从下面支撑;vi.倾斜;向下延伸; statements:n.说明; v.(英国)对儿童进行特殊教育评估认定; (statement的第三人称单数和复数) sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数) credible:adj.可靠的,可信的;
And educators around the world are testing different techniques for finding ways to make people critical of the content they consume . 而且世界各地的教育者 在测试不同的技术, 以找到能使人们对所看到内容 产生批判的方法。
techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; consume:v.消耗;吃;毁灭;烧毁;
All of these efforts are wonderful, but they're working in silos , and many of them are woefully underfunded . 所有的这些努力都很棒, 但是他们埋头各自为战, 而且很多都严重资金不足。
silos:n.筒仓;粮仓;贮仓(silo的复数); woefully:adv.悲伤地;不幸地;使人痛苦地; underfunded:adj.资金不足的;v.对…提供的资金不足(underfund的过去分词);
There are also hundreds of very smart people working inside these companies, but again, these efforts can feel disjointed , because they're actually developing different solutions to the same problems. 在这些公司内部 也有成百上千的聪明人在努力, 但是同样, 这些努力让人感到不够连贯, 因为他们正在为同样的问题 建立不同的解决方案。
disjointed:adj.脱节的;杂乱的;脱臼的;
How can we find a way to bring people together in one physical location for days or weeks at a time, so they can actually tackle these problems together but from their different perspectives ? 我们怎么能找到一种方法, 把这些人同时 聚集在同一个地点几天或几周, 这样他们可以真正从不同角度 共同解决这些问题？
location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位 tackle:v.处理; n.用具; perspectives:n.[数]透视,远景,看法;构面;观点展示(perspective的复数形式);
So can we do this? 那么我们能做到吗？
Can we build out a coordinated, ambitious response, one that matches the scale and the complexity of the problem? 我们能否建立一种协调一致, 雄心勃勃的应对措施, 使其与问题的规模和复杂性相匹配？
ambitious:adj.野心勃勃的;有雄心的;热望的;炫耀的; complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势
I really think we can. 我真的认为我们可以。
Together, let's rebuild our information commons. 加入我们,重建我们的信息共享吧。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）