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ChristienMeindertsma_2010G-_世界如何因猪而转_
Hello. I would like to start my talk with actually two questions, and the first one is: 你们好。我想先问大家 两个问题,第一:
How many people here actually eat pig meat? 在座有多少人吃猪肉？
Please raise your hand. 请举手。
Oh, that's a lot. 噢,真不少啊。
And how many people have actually seen a live pig producing this meat? 那么,有多少人 见过一头活的肉猪？
In the last year? 是在最近一年以内。
In the Netherlands, where I come from, you actually never see a pig, which is really strange, because, on a population of 16 million people, we have 12 million pigs. 在荷兰,我的家乡, 你根本见不到活猪,这很奇怪, 因为,我们人口有一千六百万, 而全国却有一千二百万头猪。
And well, of course, the Dutch can't eat all these pigs. 当然,荷兰人不可能吃完那么多头猪。
Dutch:adj.荷兰的; n.荷兰人; v.费用平摊地;
They eat about one-third, and the rest is exported to all kinds of countries in Europe and the rest of the world. 他们大概只能消耗三分之一的猪, 余下的出口到欧洲及世界其他国家。
exported:v.[贸易]出口;输出(export的过去分词);adj.出口的;
A lot goes to the U.K., Germany. 相当一部分出口到英国,德国。
And what I was curious about -- because historically , the whole pig would be used up until the last bit so nothing would be wasted ... 让我感到好奇的是－－ 由于在过去,人们会让猪的全身上下各个部分都派上用场, 这样就不会产生浪费......
curious:adj.好奇的,有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的; historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说;
and I was curious to find out if this was actually still the case. 我很想知道 现在的情况是否跟以前一样。
And I spent about three years researching. 于是,我用了三年时间来调查。
And I followed this one pig with number "05049" 我跟踪调查了一头 代号为05049的猪。
all the way up until the end and to what products it's made of. 一路追踪到底 并找到它最终被加工成哪些产品。
And in these years, I met all kinds people, like, for instance , farmers and butchers , which seems logical . 这几年,我见过了各种人, 比如说,农民和屠夫,这没什么奇怪的。
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; butchers:n.屠宰者(butcher的复数形式); logical:adj.合逻辑的,合理的;逻辑学的;
But I also met aluminum mold makers, ammunition producers and all kinds of people. 但是,我还见到了铝制模具的工人, 军火制造商 和其他各行各业的人。
aluminum:n.铝; mold:n.模具;模型;霉菌;类型;v.用可塑材料塑成;浇铸;发霉; ammunition:n.弹药;军火;v.装弹药于;装弹药;
And what was striking to me is that the farmers actually had no clue what was made of their pigs, but the consumers -- as in us -- had also no idea of the pigs being in all these products. 最让我吃惊的是, 那些养猪户对于猪的用途 一无所知, 而对于消费者 -- 也就是我们 -- 也不知道 猪被用于制造这些产品。
clue:n.提示;迹象;(纵横填字谜、游戏或问题的)提示词语;v.提示;为…提供线索; consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数)
So what I did is, 于是,
I took all this research, and I made it into a -- well, basically it's a product catalog of this one pig, and it carries a duplicate of his ear tag on the back. 我把整个调查 做成一本书 -- 列出了这头猪被制成的各类产品, 书上还把它的耳标 挂在背面。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; catalog:n.目录册;产品样本;学校便览;一览表;v.(为…)编目录;(把…)按目录分类; duplicate:v.复制;使加倍;n.副本;复制品;adj.复制的;二重的; tag:n.标记;标签;标志;标牌;v.给…加上标签;把…称作;给…起诨名;
And it consists of seven chapters. 本书共有七章。
consists:v.由…构成;由…组成(consist的三单形式);
The chapters are skin, bones, meat, internal organs , blood, fat and miscellaneous . 包括猪皮、骨头、猪肉、内脏、 猪血、肥肉及猪杂碎。
internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的; organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数); miscellaneous:adj.混杂的,各种各样的;多方面的,多才多艺的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
In total, they weigh 103.7 kilograms. 这些全加起来, 共重103.7公斤。
And to show you how often you actually meet part of this pig in a regular day, 为了让大家看到 一天内你们与这头猪的接触有多频繁,
I want to show you some images of the book. 我想展示一下书中的几幅插图。
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
You probably start the day with a shower. 你可能起床之后会洗个澡。
So, in soap, fatty acids made from boiling pork bone fat are used as a hardening agent , but also for giving it a pearl-like effect. 那么,肥皂里的脂肪酸 就是由高温煮沸的猪骨脂 所提炼出的,可用作硬化剂 还能打造出肥皂的珠光效果。
fatty:adj.脂肪的;肥胖的;多脂肪的;脂肪过多的;n.胖子; pork:n.猪肉; hardening:n.硬化;淬火;锻炼;v.硬化;使强壮(harden的ing形式); agent:n.代理人,代理商;药剂;特工;v由…作中介;由…代理;adj.代理的;
Then if you look around you in the bathroom, you see lots more products like shampoo , conditioner , anti-wrinkle cream, body lotion , but also toothpaste . 接着,如果你环顾一下浴室, 就能看到更多类似的用品, 如洗发水、护发素、 抗皱霜、护肤乳 还有牙膏。
shampoo:n.洗头水;洗发液;香波;洗涤剂;v.洗头发; conditioner:n.调节器;调节剂;调料槽; anti-wrinkle:vt.抗老防皱; lotion:n.洗液;洗涤剂; toothpaste:n.牙膏;
Then, so, before breakfast, you've already met the pig so many times. 在用早餐之前, 你就已经跟这头猪亲密接触好几次了。
Then, at breakfast, the pig that followed, the hairs off the pig, or proteins from the hairs off the pig, were used as an improver of dough . 到了早餐时间, 这头猪的毛,或者说从这头猪的毛里提取出的蛋白质 被用作面团的优化剂。
proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); improver:n.改进者;改善者;改良物; dough:n.生面团;金钱;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Well, that's what the producer says: it's " improving ." 生产商是这么说的:“它能让面团更美味。”
improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词)
You know, of course. 当然啦。
In low-fat butter, or actually in many low-fat products, when you take the fat out, you actually take the taste and the texture out. 在低脂黄油,实际上,在许多低脂产品中, 当其中的脂肪被去掉之后,实际上产品的味道和质感也就丧失了。
low-fat:adj.低脂肪的; texture:n.质地;纹理;结构;本质,实质;
So what they do is they put gelatin back in in order to retain the texture. 为此,生产商会加入明胶 以保持产品的质感。
gelatin:n.明胶;动物胶;胶制品; retain:v.保留;保持;持有;继续拥有;
Well, when you're off to work, under the road or under the buildings that you see, there might very well be cellular concrete , which is a very light kind of concrete that's actually got proteins from bones inside, and it's also fully reusable. 当你下了班,你看到的路面底下,或建筑物下面, 很可能铺有微孔混凝土, 这种混凝土很轻, 其中就有从猪骨头中获取的蛋白质。 它还能被重复利用。
cellular:adj.细胞的;多孔的;由细胞组成的;n.移动电话;单元; concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖 very light:n.(船上发出的)求援信号弹;
In the train brakes, at least in the German train brakes, there's this part of the brake that's made of bone ash. 在火车的制动器里,至少在德国产的火车制动器里, 有一个零件 是由猪的骨灰制成的。
And in cheesecake and all kinds of desserts , like chocolate mousse , tiramisu , vanilla pudding , everything that's cooled in the supermarket, there's gelatin to make it look good. 在起司蛋糕和各种各样的甜点 比如巧克力慕斯,提拉米苏,香草布丁, 以及超市所有冷藏的食物里, 都添加了明胶来保持食物美观。
cheesecake:n.奶酪蛋糕;半裸体的女人照片; desserts:n.(饭后)甜点,甜食;(dessert的复数) mousse:n.奶油冻;头发定型剂;摩丝;v.在…上抹摩丝; tiramisu:n.意大利式甜点; pudding:n.甜点;热布丁糕
Fine bone china -- this is a real classic . 骨瓷－－这个很经典。
bone china:n.骨质瓷; classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的;
Of course, the bone in fine-bone china gives it its translucency and also its strength, in order to make these really fine shapes, like this deer. 当然,骨瓷中的骨粉 给瓷器增添了一层蒙胧感 同时让瓷器更坚固, 这样才能制作出这些精美的造型, 就像这头小鹿。
translucency:n.半透明;
In interior decorating , the pig's actually quite there. 在室内装修方面,这头猪的贡献尤为显著。
interior:n.内部;内陆;内地;里面;adj.内部的;里面的; decorating:v.装饰;装潢;粉刷;油漆;(decorate的现在分词)
It's used in paint for the texture, but also for the glossiness. 它被用来控制颜料质感, 和光泽度。
In sandpaper , bone glue is actually the glue between the sand and the paper. 砂纸中把砂和纸粘在一起的胶水 实际上就是骨胶。
sandpaper:n.砂纸;vt.用砂纸擦光; glue:n.胶;胶水;v.粘贴;
And then in paintbrushes , hairs are used because, apparently , they're very suitable for making paintbrushes because of their hard-wearing nature. 再来就是猪毛做成的刷子, 很显然,猪毛是非常适合用来制作刷子的, 因为它很耐磨。
paintbrushes:n.画笔(paintbrush的复数); apparently:adv.显然地;似乎,表面上; suitable:adj.合适的;适宜的;适当的;适用的; hard-wearing:耐磨的;
I was not planning on showing you any meat, because, of course, half the book's meat, and you probably all know what meats they are. 我不打算给你们看关于猪肉的图片, 因为,当然啦,这本书一半的篇幅都在讲猪肉, 你们也都知道猪肉的用途。
But I didn't want you to miss out on this one, because this, well, it's called "portion-controlled meat cuts." 但是,我想让大家看看这张图, 因为......这叫做“控量切割肉”。
And this is actually sold in the frozen area of the supermarket. 这实际上是在超市的 冷鲜区出售的肉。
And what it is ... it's actually steak. 这是牛排。
So, this is sort of cow, but what happens when you slaughter a cow -- at least in industrial factory farming -- they have all these little bits of steak left that they can't actually sell as steak, so what they do is they glue them all together with fibrin from pig blood into this really large sausage , then freeze the sausage , cut it in little slices and sell those as steak again. 在牛肉区出售, 然而,事实上,当一头牛被宰杀之后 -- 至少在屠宰场里是这样的情况 -- 会剩下零碎的牛排肉 但是这些碎肉又不能作为牛排出售, 于是,屠宰场就用猪血中提取的纤维蛋白 把这些碎肉粘在一起 制成一个硕大的肉肠, 把它冷冻,再切成小片 最后把这些肉片作为牛排出售。
slaughter:vt.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;使惨败;n.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;消灭; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; fibrin:n.[生化]纤维蛋白,血纤蛋白; sausage:香肠,腊肠, slices:n.切片,切割(slice的复数形式);v.切成薄片(slice的三单形式);
And this also actually happens with tuna and scallops . 一些金枪鱼和扇贝也经过这样的处理。
scallops:n.扇贝;扇形饰边;v.给…加上扇形饰边;(scallop的第三人称单数和复数)
So, with the steak, you might drink a beer. 吃着牛排,你可能还会来点啤酒。
In the ont c olor="Black"> brewing ont c olor="Black"> process , there's lots of cloudy ont c olor="Black"> elements in the beer, so to get rid of these cloudy elements, what some companies do is they pour the beer through a kind of gelatin sieve in order to get rid of that ont c olor="Black"> cloudiness . 啤酒在酿造的过程中,会产生大量浑浊物, 为了除去这些浑浊物, 一些酿酒公司 会把啤酒倒入一种明胶过滤网 来把浑浊物去掉。
brewing:n.酿造(啤酒); v.酿制(啤酒); (brew的现在分词) process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数) so:这么,那么
This actually also goes for wine as well as fruit juice. 红酒和果汁的酿造过程中也有这道工序。
as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
There's actually a company in Greece that produces these cigarettes that actually contain hemoglobin from pigs in the filter . 希腊有一家公司 生产这种香烟。 它的过滤嘴中含有猪的血红蛋白。
hemoglobin:n.[生化]血红蛋白(等于haemoglobin);血红素; filter:n.滤波器;过滤器;滤光器;滤声器;v.过滤;渗入;(用程序)筛选;缓行;
And according to them, this creates an artificial lung in the filter. 这家公司称, 他们在过滤嘴中植入了一个人造肺。
according to:根据,据说; artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So, this is actually a healthier cigarette. 因此,这是一种更有益健康的香烟。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Injectable collagen -- or, since the '70s, collagen from pigs -- has been used for injecting into wrinkles . 注射用胶原质 -- 十九世纪七十年代以后,猪的胶原质 -- 被用来防止皱纹的产生。
Injectable:n.血管注射剂;adj.可注射的; collagen:n.[生化]胶原,胶原质; injecting:v.(给…)注射(药物等);(给…)添加,增加(某品质);(inject的现在分词) wrinkles:n.皱纹;皱痕;v.起皱纹;皱起;(使)起皱褶;(wrinkle的第三人称单数和复数)
And the reason for this is that pigs are actually quite close to human beings, so the collagen is as well. 这是因为猪和人类实际上很相似, 我们的胶原质也很相似。
Well, this must be the strangest thing I found. 这是我最奇特的发现。
This is a bullet coming from a very large ammunition company in the United States. 这颗子弹 是美国一家规模很大的军火公司生产的。
bullet:n.子弹;只选某党全部候选人的投票;豆子;vi.射出;迅速行进; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
And while I was making the book, 当我写这本书的时候,
I contacted all the producers of products, because I wanted them to send me the real samples and the real specimens . 我联系了所有产品的制造商, 让他们给我送一些实物样品 和实物标本。
contacted:v.联系,联络(如用电话或信件)(contact的过去分词和过去式) specimens:n.[试验]试样,[图情]样本(specimen的复数);
So I sent this company an email saying, "Hello. I'm Christien. I'm doing this research. 于是我给这家公司发了封邮件 我说:“您好,我是克莉丝汀。我在做这项研究。
And can you send me a bullet?" 您可以给我寄来一颗子弹吗？”
(Laughter) （笑声）
And well, I didn't expect them to even answer my email. 我可没指望他们会给我回音。
But they answered, and they said, "Why, thank you for your email. What an interesting story. 结果他们回复了我, 说:“感谢您的邮件。您的故事很有意思。
Are you in anyway related to the Dutch government?" 请问您跟荷兰政府有什么关系吗？”
I thought that was really weird , as if the Dutch government sends emails to anyone. 我觉得很奇怪, 好像荷兰政府经常乱给人发邮件似的。
weird:adj.奇怪的;奇异的;离奇的;n.命运;宿命;命运女神;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So, the most beautiful thing I found, at least what I think is the most beautiful, in the book, is this heart valve . 我发现的最美的产品, 至少我个人认为是本书里最美的,是这个心脏瓣膜。
valve:n.阀;[解剖]瓣膜;真空管;活门;v.装阀于;以活门调节;
It's actually a very low-tech and very high-tech product at the same time . 它有技术含量低的一面 同时又是个高科技产品。
low-tech:adj.低技术的; high-tech:adj.高科技的,高技术的;仿真技术的;n.高科技; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
The low-tech bit is that it's literally a pig's heart valve mounted in the high-tech bit, which is a memory metal casing. 说它技术含量低,是因为,它实际上就是把一个高科技的 带有记忆功能的金属网 套在一个猪的心脏瓣膜上。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: mounted:adj.骑马的; v.准备; (mount的过去分词和过去式)
And what happens is this can be implanted into a human heart without open heart surgery , 这个瓣膜无须开心手术, 就能被植入人的心脏里。
implanted:植入的; surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室;
And once it's in the right spot, they remove the outer shell , and the heart valve, well, it gets this shape, and at that moment it starts beating, instantly. 一旦进入正确的位置, 金属网便被移除, 这样,心脏瓣膜,就变成了这个形状, 这时,它立即就开始跳动。
outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中; shell:n.壳;炮弹;壳层;骨架;v.脱壳;剥壳;采集贝壳;用壳体包被;short.shewill;
It's really a sort of magical moment. 这真是非常神奇的一刻。
So this is actually a Dutch company. 这是一家荷兰公司。
So I called them up, and I asked, "Can I borrow a heart valve from you?" 我给他们打电话,我问: “我能向你们借一片心脏瓣膜吗？”
And the makers of this thing were really enthusiastic . 这个产品的制造商非常热心。
enthusiastic:adj.热情的;热心的;狂热的;
So they were like, "Okay, we'll put it in a jar for you with formalin , and you can borrow it." 他们说:“好的,我们会把它放在一瓶福尔马林里面, 这样可以借给你了。”
formalin:n.[药]福尔马林;
Great. And then I didn't hear from them for weeks, so I called, and I asked, "What's going on with the heart valve?" 太好了。但是,过了好几周,一直没有他们的音信, 所以我又给他们打电话, 我问:“请问那个心脏瓣膜什么时候到啊？”
And they said, "Well the director of the company decided not to let you borrow this heart valve, because want his product to be associated with pigs." 他们回答说:“公司的主管 决定不把它借给你了, 因为他不想让别人把这个产品 跟猪联系起来。”
associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式)
(Laughter) （笑声）
Well, the last product from the book that I'm showing you is renewable energy -- actually, to show that my first question, if pigs are still used up until the last bit, was still true. 最后,我准备向大家介绍书中的一个产品是可再生能源 -- 这其实回答了我的第一个问题, 猪的各个部位是否都派上了用场,
renewable:adj.可再生的;可更新的;可继续的;n.再生性能源;
Well, it is, because everything that can't be used for anything else is made into a fuel that can be used as renewable energy source . 答案是肯定的,因为余下不能再做它用的部分 全被制成了一种燃料 可以用来做可再生能源。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
In total, I found 185 products. 我总共在猪身上找出了185中产品。
And what they showed me is that, well, firstly , it's at least to say odd that we don't treat these pigs as absolute kings and queens. 从这些产品中我有一些感触 首先, 我们没有把猪 当成宝贝 那就太奇怪了。
firstly:adv.首先(主要用于列举条目,论点时);第一; odd:adj.古怪的;奇数的;n.奇数; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
And the second, is that we actually don't have a clue of what all these products that surround us are made of. 第二,我们根本不知道身边各种产品 是由什么制成的。
And you might think I'm very fond of pigs, but actually -- well, I am a little bit -- but I'm more fond of raw materials in general . 你可能以为我对猪很感兴趣, 但是 -- 可能有一点吧 -- 我更感兴趣的是 各种产品的原材料。
in general:总之,通常;一般而言;
And I think that, in order to take better care of what's behind our products -- so, the livestock , the crops, the plants, the non-renewable materials, but also the people that produce these products -- the first step would actually be to know that they are there. 我认为,想要更好地利用 制造产品所需的资源 -- 牲畜,庄稼,植物, 不可再生资源, 还有生产者 -- 我们首先必须意识到他们的存在。
livestock:n.家畜;牲畜; non-renewable:adj.(自然资源的)非再生的;不可更新的;
Thank you very much. 非常感谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）