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ChrisNowinski_2017X-_可以把你的大脑给我吗？_追寻脑震荡和慢性创伤性脑病（cte）的真相_
I'm Chris Nowinski, and odds are if you've met me in the last five years 我是克里斯·诺因斯基, 如果你在过去的五年中曾遇见我,
odds:n.几率;胜算;不平等;差别;
I've asked you, after a few minutes, a bit of an odd question: 很有可能在我们交谈几分钟后, 我问了你一个怪问题:
Can I have your brain? 「可以把你的大脑给我吗？」
Now, it only seems like a strange question if you don't know my story so please let me share it with you. 如果你不知道我的故事, 那就看似是个怪问题, 让我与你们分享吧。
I grew up outside of Chicago, and I was an athlete and I was very lucky to get recruited to play football at Harvard University. 我在芝加哥郊区长大, 是一名运动员, 我很幸运地被哈佛大学录取踢足球。
athlete:n.运动员,体育家;身强力壮的人; recruited:v.招聘,雇佣;招募;(recruit的过去分词和过去式) Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生;
So that's me. 那就是我。
And then after graduating, like most Harvard graduates, 毕業后,像大多数哈佛毕業生一样,
I decided I wanted to join the WWE. 我决定加入世界摔角娱乐圈。
So that's also me. 所以那也是我。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Sure you remember me from Monday Night Raw in 2002 and 2003, and I had a blast playing what people affectionately like to call 当然你还记得 2002 和 2003 年的 Monday Night Raw, 我造成极大的回响, 扮演大家喜爱的常春藤名校势利鬼
blast:n.爆炸; v.爆破; affectionately:adv.亲切地;挚爱地;
Chris Harvard, the Ivy League snob . 克里斯·哈佛。
Ivy League:n.[教]常春藤联盟; snob:n.势利小人;谄上欺下的人;自命高雅的人;
(Laughter) （笑声）
It was perfect for me. 对我而言,那角色非常完美。
But unfortunately , 但不幸的是,
unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
I got kicked in the head by my colleague Bubba Ray Dudley, and I suffered a severe concussion . 我的头给拍挡 布巴?雷?达德利的脚踢中了, 我遭受严重的脑震荡。
colleague:n.同事,同僚; Bubba:n.(美)好老弟; severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; concussion:n.冲击;震荡;脑震荡;
And it led to what became permanent postconcussion symptoms : constant headaches, inability to sleep, depression , feeling in a fog. 导致永久性的脑震荡症候群症状: 持续头痛、难以入睡、 抑郁、感觉迷迷糊糊。
permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; postconcussion:用法,发音,音标,搭配,同义词,反义词和例句等在线英语服务。; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) inability:n.无能力;无才能; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁;
And in that first year, 而在第一年里,
I tried to figure out how could I make this pain go away. 我试图消除这痛苦,
And I wasn't getting the answers I needed from doctors, and so I started digging into the medical literature . 医生没给我需要的答案, 所以我开始深入研究医学文献,
literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作;
And I found there's this whole story about concussions that we weren't really being told. 发现了关于脑震荡 原先未知的完整事实。
concussions:n.冲击;震荡;脑震荡;
So I decided to write a book about it, called "Head Games: Football's Concussion Crisis " 所以我决定为此写一本书, 书名是「头部游戏: 美式足球的脑震荡危机」,
Crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
that came out in 2006. 在 2006 年出版。
But in that process , I learned it's not really just about concussions. 但在写作的过程中, 我了解到不仅是脑震荡而已,
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
I learned about a disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy or CTE. 有一种称为「慢性创伤性脑病」 或 CTE 的疾病存在。
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; chronic:adj.慢性的;长期的;习惯性的; traumatic:adj.外伤的;创伤的;n.外伤药; encephalopathy:n.[内科]脑病;
What we used to call punch-drunk , because we only knew about it from boxers. 过去只知道是拳击手的头 受到重击而醺醉的现象。
punch-drunk:adj.被打得头晕眼花的;东倒西歪的;
We knew that getting hit in the head too many times with boxers would cause their brain to essentially start to rot, to degenerate . 由于拳击手头部被多次击中, 会导致他们的大脑开始损坏及退化。
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; degenerate:v.退化;蜕变;衰退;adj.退化的;堕落的;颓废的;n.堕落的人
And they'd have symptoms like memory problems and problems with cognition , depression, impulse control issues , aggression . 他们会有一些症状 像记忆和认知问题、 抑郁、冲动控制问题,及侵略性。
cognition:n.认识;知识;认识能力; impulse:n.冲动;[电子]脉冲;刺激;神经冲动;推动力;v.推动; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) aggression:n.侵略;侵犯;攻击性;好斗情绪;
So basically , I got ... 基本上,我得知......
basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
I got injured at the right time , in which the first two NFL players were studied for this disease. 我的受伤时间刚刚好, 有两名前 NFL 球员, 因为这种疾病而被研究。
injured:adj.受伤的:委屈的: v.伤害,使受伤: n.伤员; at the right time:在适当时候;
And it turned out they both had it. 结果证明他们都有 CTE。
The first was Mike Webster , 50 years old, already had dementia . 第一人是迈克?韦伯斯特, 50 岁已经患有失智症。
Webster:n.编织者; dementia:n.[内科]痴呆;
The second, Terry Long, 45 years old when he took his life. 第二人是特里?龙, 于 45 岁时自杀。
Terry:n.厚绒布;毛毛圈;adj.起毛毛圈的;
The medical examiner in Pittsburgh decided to look at their brains and found this disease. 匹兹堡的医学檢查员 决定查看他们的大脑, 发现他们有这种病。
medical examiner:n.法医;验尸官; Pittsburgh:n.匹兹堡(美国一座城市);
I wrote a chapter about it, and I thought people would make a big deal out of it. 我为此写了一章, 以为人们会反应强烈。
a big deal:na.要人;重要的事;
But shockingly , even when the first two cases came in positive , there was never a national news story about this, what's going on in football with these cases of CTE. 但令我震惊的是 即使有前面两个阳性的病例, 从来没有全国性的新闻 报导足球界的这些 CTE 案例。
shockingly:adv.怕人地,非常地;不正当地; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片;
So the book comes out, not a whole lot is happening, and one day I read the newspaper -- November 20, 2006. 这本书上架了, 没多少事发生。 有一天我在读报纸── 当时是 2006 年 11 月 20 日,
I find out that Andre Waters just took his life. 发现安德烈·沃特斯刚自杀。
Those of you who know football, 对足球熟识的人,
Andre Waters was someone I grew up watching. 像我就是看着安德烈·沃特斯长大的,
Former Philadelphia Eagles strong safety , 他曾是费城老鹰队坚固的防守后卫,
Philadelphia:n.费城(美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部港市); strong safety:n.强卫(针对攻方攻势最强的一边进行防守);
[44] years old, a Division II football coach when he decided to put a gun to his head. 在 44 岁担任乙级足球教练时 举枪自杀。
Division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧;
In the article they reminded me, his nickname was Dirty Waters. 报导中提及他的绰号是 「骯脏的沃特斯」,
reminded:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的过去分词和过去式) nickname:n.绰号;昵称;v.给…取绰号;叫错名字;
He was known for leading with his head, so I thought I'm just going to look up did he ever talk about the concussions he had. 以头先行防守而闻名, 这使我想查查看 他是否曾经谈及自己脑震荡的事。
'"I stopped counting my concussions at 15. 「15 次脑震荡后我就不再数了。
I wouldn't say anything, I'd just sniff smelling salts and go back out there." （撞了头后）我什么都没说, 仅闻闻嗅盐提提神就又回球场。」
sniff:v.嗅;闻;用力吸;发觉;n.吸,闻;气味;以鼻吸气; smelling salts:n.嗅盐(有刺鼻的气味,旧时用作苏醒剂);
And I thought, I wonder if he might have CTE, too. 我纳闷他是否也有 CTE,
I wonder if:我不知道是否…？;
If that might have contributed to whatever made him choose to end his life. 那会不会是造成他 选择自杀的部分原因。
contributed:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物); (contribute的过去式和过去分词)
So I ended up calling the doctor who did the first two studies, and I said, "Hey, I think you should study Andre Waters." 所以我后来打电话给之前 做两项研究的医生,我说︰ 「嘿,我认为你应该研究 安德烈?沃特斯。」
And he said, "I'd be happy to. 他说:「我很乐意。
The problem is, the first two cases died in the county in which I work, and I could study them as part of my job. 但问题是,前两次死亡个案 发生在我工作的郡, 我的工作范围许可研究它们的情况。
county:n.郡,县;
I can't do that with Andre Waters, he died in Florida. 沃特斯在佛罗里达州去世, 我没法处理。
If you want me to study him, you're going to have to figure out how to get me the brain." 如果你想让我研究他的情况,
So I said, "OK. 我说:「好的。
How does one get a brain?" 如何取得大脑？」
(Laughter) （笑声）
So I racked my brain and I thought, why don't I call the medical examiner who I think has the brain right now? 我绞尽脑汁, 想到,何不打电话给法医？ 大脑现在应该在他那裏。
racked:v.使痛苦不堪;使受折磨;(rack的过去分词和过去式)
So I called up the medical examiner in Florida, and I said, "Hey, you don't know me, but do you still have the brain of Andre Waters?" 我打电话给佛罗里达州的法医, 说:「嘿,你不认识我,但 安德烈?沃特斯的脑还在你哪儿吗？」
(Laughter) （笑声）
And he said, "Yes, I do." 他说:「是的,在这里。」
I said, "OK, are you going to study him for CTE?" 我说:「好,你打算研究 他有没有 CTE 这方面的问题吗？」
And he said no, in fact at that time he didn't believe that was a real disease. 他说不,当时他并不认为 CTE 是一种真正的疾病。
I said, "OK, if you're not, do you mind if I have it?" 我说:「好,如果你用不着, 你介意把这个脑给我吗？」
do you mind:你介意吗？;
And he said, "Well, young man, 他说:「这样子吧,年轻人,
I can't give you the brain. 我不能把这个脑给你。
You need his family's permission. 你需要得到他家人的同意。
But if you do get the permission of his next of kin , 如果他的近亲许可了,
next of kin:近亲属;
I will release the brain to you." 我就把大脑交给你。」
release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与;
And I said, "Great!" 我说:「太棒了！」
And then I realized I had to figure out who his next of kin was and ask them, and it turned out it was Andre Waters's 88-year-old mother. 接着我意识到必须找出 他的近亲是谁,询问他们。 结果是沃特斯 88 岁的母亲。
And I sat there, and I took a breath and I thought, "Am I really going to cold-call an 88-year-old grieving mother who just lost her son to suicide ?" 我坐在那里,深吸一口气,想︰ 「真的要唐突地打电话 给一个儿子刚刚自杀, 88 岁的悲伤母亲吗？」
cold-call:n.推销商品的电话; grieving:v.悲伤,悲痛,伤心;使悲伤;使伤心;(grieve的现在分词) suicide:n.自杀;自杀行为;自杀者;adj.自杀的;v.自杀;vi.自杀;
And almost everything in me said, "Don't do it. 我的内心挣扎着说:「不要这样做。
It's too much to put this poor woman through, she's been through so much already." 实在太过分, 会伤透一个可怜女人的心, 她已经受够了。」
But then this other voice in my head said, "You know what? 但是,我脑海中有另一个声音说: 「知道吗？
If guys are killing themselves from this disease and we could study it to maybe prevent this from happening in the future, sometimes you've just got to suck it up and do something that's very hard." 如果人们正在因 CTE 而自杀, 我们可以通过研究 防止未来再发生同样的事, 有时你要忍受痛苦, 做一些极困难的事情。」
suck it up:振作起来;别抱怨了;
So I called her. 所以我打电话给她。
First time, nobody answered. 第一次,电话没人接听。
Second time, no one answered, third... no voice mails. 第二次,电话没人接听, 第三次......没语音信箱。
The fifth time, I got an answer. 第五次,有人接电话了。
And thank God that Andre Waters's family was so gracious about the call and said, "You know what, we want to know what happened to Andre. 感谢上帝,沃特斯的家人 如此亲切地接电话,回答说: 「你知道吗,我们想知道 安德烈发生了什么事。
gracious:adj.亲切的;高尚的;和蔼的;雅致的;int.天哪;哎呀;
We want to know why he changed so much in the last five years of his life." 我们想知道在过去的五年中, 他的变化为何如此之大。」
And so we studied the brain, and it turned out that he did have CTE. 所以,我们研究那个脑, 事实证明他确实患有 CTE。
He became the third NFL player diagnosed with the disease. 他成为第三位被诊断 患有该病的 NFL 球员。
diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式)
This is what it looks like. 脑看起来就是这样。
He was somewhere between mild and severe. 他处于轻度和重度之间。
mild:adj.温和的; n.(英国的一种)淡味麦芽啤酒;
OK, we have three of three NFL players here. 好的,我们有三名 NFL 的球员在这里,
Maybe this needs to get a little bit more serious. 可能这需要更被重视些。
Maybe something's happening here. 也许当中发生了一些事情,
So I ended up starting the Concussion Legacy Foundation , actually formalized the work, so it wasn't just some guy calling for brains. 所以我最终成立了 「脑震荡后遗症基金会」, 正式展开这项工作。 我不仅是个打电话要脑的人,
Legacy:n.遗赠,遗产; Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立; formalized:adj.形式化的; v.使正式;
And I searched the world. 我还搜寻世界各地,
And I put together the best research team I could find. 尽我所能组成最好的研究团队。
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
So we partnered with Boston University, we partnered with scientists at the VA here in Boston, and we started a brain bank. 我们与波士顿大学、 波士顿美国退伍军人事务部的 科学家合作, 我们起动了一个大脑储存庫。
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市);
Turns out, if you want to know how to cure degenerative brain disease, you have to start by actually studying the brains. 原来,如果你想知道 如何治疗退行性脑病, 就必须从研究大脑开始。
degenerative:adj.退化的;变质的;退步的;
At this point, we were the first center in the world focused on CTE. 我们是目前世界上第一个 专注于研究 CTE 的中心。
It just had not been studied formally. 以前并没有正式的研究。
And so we start this brain bank, and it's my job to get the brains for Dr. Ann McKee and her brain bank, right in the middle. 我们启动这个脑庫, 我的工作是为相片中间的 安·麦基博士和脑庫取得脑。
We also work with Dr. Bob Stern , Dr. Robert Cantu, truly my dream team of scientists that I support. 我们还与鲍勃?斯特恩博士、 罗伯特?坎图博士合作, 我支持这梦寐以求的科学团队。
Stern:n.船尾;末端;adj.严厉的;坚定的; dream team:n.梦之队;最佳阵容;最佳组合;
So my job is to get the brains. 我的工作就是要获取大脑。
And I was very successful in those early years. 早年我非常成功。
Since 2007 I've started every day by reading the obituaries . 从 2007 年起 我每天早晨阅读讣文。
obituaries:n.讣闻;讣告;(obituary的复数)
And it's a tough way to live. 这是个艰难的生活方式,
And it's hard on me and it's even worse on these poor families that I've been calling for the last 10 years, to ask for their brains. 对我来说很难, 更可怜的是曾经在过去 10 年中 接我电话的那些家庭, 被要求捐出他们亲人的大脑。
And so early on in the process, as it started to really eat away at me, 早期的沉重工作使我精疲力竭,
I decided, you know what, can I find another way to get people to donate their brains to this research? 换个角度想,能否找到另一种方式, 让人们自愿捐献大脑作这项研究？
donate:v.赠送;献(血);捐献(器官);
And I figured out, what if we could create a culture of brain donation in this country? 如果我们要在这个国家 创造出捐赠大脑的文化, 怎样才办得到呢？
what if:如果…怎么办? donation:n.捐赠;捐赠物;赠送;
What if it became normal for athletes to donate their brain after they died? 运动员去世后捐出他们的脑 可否成为一种常态？
athletes:n.运动员;身强体健的人(athlete的复数形式);
And so what I started was a brain donation registry . 我从捐脑的注册过程开始。
registry:n.注册;登记处;挂号处;船舶的国籍;
And I started asking athletes if they would publicly pledge to donate their brain to science. 我开始询问运动员 可愿公开承诺捐出大脑供科学研究。
pledge:n.誓言;保证;抵押;抵押品;v.保证给予(或做);正式承诺;抵押;
And it started with, actually, a hockey player in 2009. 计划始于 2009 年,
One of my first pledges was a former Harvard hockey player, 早期承诺的人之一是 前哈佛曲棍球运动员,
pledges:n.保证,誓言;抵押;抵押品,典当物;vt.保证,许诺;用…抵押;举杯祝…健康;
Noah Welch , who was in the NHL at the time. 当时在国家冰球联盟的诺亚?韦尔奇。
Noah:n.诺亚(圣经人物); Welch:n.韦尔奇;v.(俚)同"welsh";
It was a slow start people understanding what this was about. 起初,人们才开始慢慢理解这事。
So when the news hit the front page , "Noah Welch pledging his brain to science," 所以当头版新闻出现: 「诺亚?韦尔奇将大脑奉献给科学」
front page:adj.(新闻等的)头版的;重要的;轰动的;vt.把…登在头版; pledging:v.保证给予(或做);正式承诺;使保证;典当;(pledge的现在分词)
he said he went to the locker room the next day, one of his teammates pulled him aside and said, "Hey, I heard you're donating your brain to science." 之后的第二天,他走进更衣室, 一个队友把他拉到一边说: 「我听说你把大脑 捐献给科学研究。」
locker room:n.更衣室; donating:v.捐赠,赠送;(donate的现在分词)
And he said, "Yep." 他说:「是的。」
And he said, "Wow. How many games are you going to miss?" 他说:「哇,你会错过多少场比赛？」
(Laughter) （笑声）
True story. 真实的故事。
(Laughter) （笑声）
But we've been remarkably successful -- over 2,500 athletes have signed up. 但我们非常成功, 已经有超过 2,500 名运动员承诺。
remarkably:adv.非常;极为;格外;出乎意料地
They get a brain-donation card they keep in their wallet. 他们得到一张可放在 钱包的大脑捐赠卡。
This is mine, I was obviously first, it says 01. 这张是我的, 显然我是一号。
And I will donate my brain to this. 我会捐出我的大脑。
We've also been lucky to have people like Brandi Chastain, the women's soccer icon, 我们很幸运有像布兰迪?查斯坦, 她是女子足球的偶像;
NASCAR's Dale Earnhardt Jr. 全国运动汽车竞赛协会的 戴尔?恩哈特;
Just two weeks ago, Hall-of-Famer Nick Buoniconti who had been diagnosed with dementia, signed up to pledge his brain. 尼克·布尼康蒂就在两周前 许诺捐出他的大脑, 入选名人堂的他 已被诊断出患有失智症。
So it's been wonderful, and the great thing about it is that it has worked in changing how we're able to get brains. 这真是太棒了, 棒在它改变了我们获得大脑的方式。
So now, instead of me having to call, more families call us. 现在我不用向外打电话, 却有更多的家属打电话给我们,
And our phones ring off the hook . 我们的电话铃声响个不停。
ring off the hook:电话响个不停;
And so I can now focus on taking this information, figuring out how do we work towards a cure, how do we work towards prevention , and so my life has gotten a lot easier. 所以我现在能专注于获取信息, 弄清楚我们如何治疗, 以及预防的方向, 所以我的生活变得轻鬆多了。
prevention:n.预防;阻止;妨碍;
This is just some of the headlines that we've able to get over the years from athletes pledging their brain. 这只是这些年来我们获得的 头条新闻中的一部分, 关于承诺捐出大脑的运动员们。
The problem has been what we learned. 我们研究脑所获得的知识才是问题。
So when we started this, only 45 cases existed in the world of this disease that had been studied in brain banks. 一开始 脑庫研究的这病 世上只有 45 例。
Since then, we have acquired 500 brains and found over 300 of them had CTE. 从那时起,我们已经 获得了 500 个大脑, 其中 300 多人被发现患有 CTE 。
acquired:adj.习得的; v.获得; (acquire的过去分词和过去式)
To put that in perspective , the rest of the world has not studied 100 brains since we started this. 从这个角度看来, 从我们开始到现在, 国外研究过的脑不超过 100。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
What we've seen though is very frightening . 而我们的发现非常骇人。
frightening:adj.可怕的;骇人的;引起恐惧的;v.使惊吓;使惊恐(frighten的现在分词)
So some of you might have seen the headline in July in the "New York Times." 你们当中有些人可能看过七月份 「纽约时报」的头条。
And a recent study we published, that of the first 111 NFL players we looked at 110 were positive for this disease. 我们最近发表的研究报告显示, 最初 111 名被檢视的 NFL 球员, 有 110 个确诊为 CTE 阳性;
Of the first 53 college football players we looked at, 48 had this disease. 我们看过的头 53 名 大学足球运动员中, 48 人有这病。
That's something that's a very big concern to me. 这是我非常担心的事情。
concern:v.涉及,关系到;使担心;n.关系;关心;关心的事;
And so now, I'm very much focused on what can we do to actually treat this disease? 所以现在,我非常专注于 能做些什么来治疗这病？
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
We still can't diagnose CTE in living people, we have no treatments that are going to be coming out of the pharmaceutical industry in the next five years. 我们仍然无法 为活生生的人诊断 CTE, 在未来五年内
treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的;n.药物;
This is a long, long fight. 这是一场漫长的战争。
But our Concussion Legacy Foundation is here to not only facilitate this work, and that's the long game, but the short game is, hey, we can prevent this. 我们的脑震荡后遗症基金会, 不仅促进寻找治疗方案, 那是长期的工作; 但眼前的是,我们能够预防这疾病,
facilitate:vt.促进;帮助;使容易;
We can prevent this disease if we just stopped hitting people in the head so much. 我们能够预防这疾病, 只要不再让人脑常常受撞击。
And frankly, we need to stop hitting children in the head. 坦率地说,我们不要再让 儿童的脑袋受到撞击。
Turns out, it's not a great idea to hit a five-year-old in the head 500 times each year. 事实证明,让一个五岁孩子的 脑袋每年被撞击 500 次 并不是个好主意。
And it does actually open up the door to this disease. 那会引致这病。
And so, we've got a lot of work ahead of us. 所以,我们有很多工作要做。
But I have great hope that we're on our way to curing this disease. 我抱着极大的希望 我们正朝向治疗这病的方向迈进。
But I hope you understand my story a little more now. 希望你们现在更了解我的故事了。
And now that we've gotten to know each other a little bit better, this is the time where I ask you, "Can I have your brain?" 我们现在已彼此了解多了些, 这个时刻我要问你︰ 「把你的大脑给我,好吗？」
Thank you very much. 非常感谢。
(Applause) （掌声）
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）