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ChrisGerdes_2012X-_未来的赛车_每公里150英里_并且没有司机_
So, how many of you have ever gotten behind the wheel of a car when you really shouldn't have been driving? 你们当中有多少人 当你不应该开车的时候 还开车跟在另一部车后面？
Maybe you're out on the road for a long day, and you just wanted to get home. 有可能你已经开了一整天的车 心里只想回家
You were tired, but you felt you could drive a few more miles. 你已经身心疲惫了,但你感觉还能再驾驶多几英里
Maybe you thought, 大概你有想过
I've had less to drink than everybody else, 我喝得没有其他人多
I should be the one to go home. 我可以驾车回家
Or maybe your mind was just entirely elsewhere . 或者也许你的大脑已经在神游
elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处;
Does this sound familiar to you? 这些你们听起来有点熟悉吧？
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
Now, in those situations, wouldn't it be great if there was a button on your dashboard that you could push, and the car would get you home safely? 现在,在这些情况下 如果仪表盘上有一个按钮 你按一下,车就可以带你安安全全地回家,会不会很棒
dashboard:n.汽车等的仪表板;马车等前部的挡泥板;
Now, that's been the promise of the self-driving car, the autonomous vehicle , and it's been the dream since at least 1939, when General Motors showcased this idea at their Futurama booth at the World's Fair. 如今,这些都是自动汽车能做到的 自动汽车从 1939 年通用汽车公司在世 通用汽车公司在世界展销会上展示他们未来汽车的的理念 就一直是一个梦想
self-driving:自驾; autonomous:adj.自治的;自主的;自发的; vehicle:n.[车辆]车辆;工具;交通工具;运载工具;传播媒介;媒介物; showcased:vt.showcase的过去式;
Now, it's been one of those dreams that's always seemed about 20 years in the future. 现在,它已成为那些看起来 总是还要再等20年的梦想之一
Now, two weeks ago, that dream took a step forward, when the state of Nevada granted Google's self-driving car the very first license for an autonomous vehicle, clearly establishing that it's legal for them to test it on the roads in Nevada. 两个星期前,这个梦想有了突破 当内华达州授予谷歌的自驾汽车 第一个无人驾驶的上路许可证, 明确地表示他们在内华达州道路上 测试是合法的
granted:v.不错,的确; conj.因为; v.同意,准予,允许; (grant的过去分词和过去式) license:v.许可;批准; establishing:v.建立;创立;设立;使稳固;(establish的现在分词) legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的;
Now, California's considering similar legislation , and this would make sure that the autonomous car is not one of those things that has to stay in Vegas. 现在,加州的也正在考虑类似的立法, 这将确保无人驾驶汽车 不会像赌博这类事一样只会发生在拉斯维加斯。
legislation:n.立法;法律;
(Laughter) (笑声)
Now, in my lab at Stanford, we've been working on autonomous cars too, but with a slightly different spin on things. You see, we've been developing robotic race cars, 现在,在我在斯坦福大学的实验室里,我们也一直在 研究无人驾驶汽车,但在对事物研究的理念上略有不同 我们一直在开发机器人赛车
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; spin:v.旋转;纺纱;吐丝;纺线;n.头晕;(快速)旋转;常用于英式英语;晕头转向; robotic:adj.机器人的,像机器人的;自动的;n.机器人学;
cars that can actually push themselves to the very limits of physical performance . 它们在性能上可以 到达其物理极限
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演;
Now, why would we want to do such a thing? 那么为什么我们想要做这样的事呢？
Well, there's two really good reasons for this. 嗯,有两个好的理由来解释
First, we believe that before people turn over control to an autonomous car, that autonomous car should be at least as good as the very best human drivers. 第一,我们认为在人完全将控制交给 一部无人驾驶汽车之前,这部无人驾驶汽车 至少得运行得像一位好的驾驶员一样
Now, if you're like me, and the other 70 percent of the population who know that we are above-average drivers, you understand that's a very high bar. 那么,如果你像我,还有那其他70%的人一样 认为我们是高于平均水平的司机 你明白我们高估了自己
above-average:平均以上;在一般水准以上;
There's another reason as well. 同时还有另一个原因
Just like race car drivers can use all of the friction between the tire and the road, all of the car's capabilities to go as fast as possible, we want to use all of those capabilities to avoid any accident we can. 就像赛车手可以利用 车胎和路面间所有的摩擦 还有汽车的最大性能来尽可能快的开一样 我们想用这些性能来避免 任何我们可以避免的交通事故
friction:n.摩擦,[力]摩擦力;
Now, you may push the car to the limits not because you're driving too fast, but because you've hit an icy patch of road, conditions have changed. 现在,你可能把车开到极限 并不是说你开得太快 而是说你开到有冰的路面上了 路况变了
patch:n.补丁;小片;眼罩;色斑;v.修补;打补丁;缝补;
In those situations, we want a car that is capable enough to avoid any accident that can physically be avoided. 在这些情况下,我们希望这部汽车 有能力避免任何那些 人工可以避免的意外
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的;
I must confess , there's kind of a third motivation as well. 我必须承认,还有第三个理由
confess:v.承认;坦白;忏悔;供认; motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动;
You see, I have a passion for racing. 你瞧,我对赛车很痴迷
passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒;
In the past, I've been a race car owner, a crew chief and a driving coach, although maybe not at the level that you're currently expecting. 过去,我曾拥有一部赛车 是一个车队的头,也是驾校教练 虽然也许水平没有你期待得那么高
currently:adv.当前;一般地;
One of the things that we've developed in the lab -- we've developed several vehicles -- is what we believe is the world's first autonomously drifting car. 我们在实验室中做的几件事中的一件-- 就是我们开发了几部车-- 我们相信他们是世界上 第一步无人漂移汽车
vehicles:n.车辆;飞行器;运行工具;(vehicles是vehicle的复数) autonomously:adv.自治地;独立自主地; drifting:v.漂流;漂移;缓慢行走;顺其自然地做;(drift的现在分词)
It's another one of those categories where maybe there's not a lot of competition . 它是无人车中新的分类 也许它还没有竞争对手
categories:n.(人或事物的)类别,种类(category的复数) competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛;
(Laughter) （笑声）
But this is P1. It's an entirely student-built electric vehicle, which through using its rear-wheel drive and front-wheel steer-by-wire can drift around corners. 我们叫它P1。它是一部完全由学生设计的 后轮驱动电动车 线控方向盘 可以在拐角漂移
electric:n.供电;adj.电的;用电的;电动的;发电的; rear-wheel drive:n.后轮驱动(系统); front-wheel:前轮;
It can get sideways like a rally car driver, always able to take the tightest curve , even on slippery , changing surfaces, never spinning out. 它能像一个汽车拉力赛选手一样从路边过 也从能转过急弯 即使在湿滑,不断变化的路面 也从来不会打滑被甩出去
sideways:adv.往一侧;侧着;侧面朝前; rally:v.团结;重整;恢复;(网球等)连续对打;n.集会;回复;公路赛车会; curve:n.曲线;弯曲;曲面;弧线;v.(使)沿曲线移动;呈曲线形; slippery:adj.滑的;狡猾的;不稳定的; spinning:n.纺纱(手艺):纺线v.(使)旋转:纺线:纺纱;(spin的现在分词)
We've also worked with Volkswagen Oracle , on Shelley, an autonomous race car that has raced at 150 miles an hour through the Bonneville Salt Flats , gone around Thunderhill Raceway Park in the sun, the wind and the rain, and navigated the 153 turns and 12.4 miles of the Pikes Peak Hill Climb route in Colorado with nobody at the wheel . 我们也曾与大众 Oracle合作出研发 一部叫” 谢莉“的无人驾驶赛车 它能用每小时 150 英里的速度沿着邦纳维尔盐滩行驶 能在阳关明媚时,能在大风大雨天 跑在 Thunderhill 赛车跑道上 并在Pikes Peak Hill Climb 线路上 开12.4英里,通过153拐弯处 这是在科罗拉多州,真的一个人都没在车上
Volkswagen:n.大众汽车(财富500强公司之一); Oracle:n.神谕;预言;神谕处;圣人; Bonneville:n.博纳维尔(美国通用所属汽车品牌); Salt Flats:n.盐滩;盐坪; Raceway:n.(赛车用的)跑道;(水车等的)水沟; navigated:vt.驾驶,操纵;使通过;航行于;vi.航行,航空; Pikes:v.突然离开;死;用长矛戳(伤,死);n.派克;梭鱼;(pike的复数) Peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的; route:n.路线;路途;固定线路;途径;v.按某路线发送; Colorado:n.科罗拉多;[城]科罗拉多州;科罗拉多河; at the wheel:在驾驶;掌舵;指挥;
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) （掌声）
I guess it goes without saying that we've had a lot of fun doing this. 我想我们不用说 这样做真的有很多乐趣
But in fact, there's something else that we've developed in the process of developing these autonomous cars. 但事实上,我们还研发了一些其它的东西 在这个研发无人驾驶汽车的过程中
in the process of:在…的过程中;
We have developed a tremendous appreciation for the capabilities of human race car drivers. 我们对人类赛车手的能力 变的更加的的钦佩
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; appreciation:n.升值;欣赏;感谢;增值; human race:n.人类;
As we've looked at the question of how well do these cars perform, we wanted to compare them to our human counterparts . 当我们想这些车可以运作的多好时候 我们想把无人驾驶车和人类驾驶的操作做一个比较
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较; counterparts:n.(契约)副本(counterpart的复数);相对物;相对应的人;
And we discovered their human counterparts are amazing. 我们发现执行任务的人类是不可思议的
Now, we can take a map of a race track , we can take a mathematical model of a car, and with some iteration , we can actually find the fastest way around that track. 现在,我们可以拿一张赛车跑道图 我们可以做一个数字模型车 加上一些迭代,我们可以找到 整个跑道的最快路径
track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪; mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的; iteration:n.[数]迭代;反复;重复;
We line that up with data that we record from a professional driver, and the resemblance is absolutely remarkable . 我们把一个职业赛车手开车数据记录下来 进行直线图表分析 相似度是那样的惊人
professional:adj.专业的;职业的;职业性的;n.专业人员;职业运动员; resemblance:n.相似;相似之处;相似物;肖像; absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的;
Yes, there are subtle differences here, but the human race car driver is able to go out and drive an amazingly fast line, without the benefit of an algorithm that compares the trade-off between going as fast as possible in this corner, and shaving a little bit of time off of the straight over here. 是的,这里还是有细微的差别的 赛车手能够在户外 开到最快的那条线路 而不用计算程序去比较 是该在这个拐弯出开快点 还是应该在开过这个 直线的时候减点速
subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的; compares:v.比较;对比;(compare的第三人称单数) trade-off:n.交换,交易;权衡;协定; shaving:n.刮胡子,修面;削;刨花;v.修面,剃(shave的现在分词);
Not only that , they're able to do it lap after lap after lap. 不但如此,他们能如此地开一圈 一圈又一圈
only that:只是;要不是;
They're able to go out and consistently do this, pushing the car to the limits every single time. 他们能在户外,持续地这么做 每一次都把车用到极限
consistently:adv.一贯地;一致地;坚实地;
It's extraordinary to watch. 看起来真的不可思议
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
You put them in a new car, and after a few laps, they've found the fastest line in that car, and they're off to the races. 你给他们换部车 在跑几个圈后他们就已经能找到适合车的最快的路线 接着,他们就可以比赛了
It really makes you think, we'd love to know what's going on inside their brain. 这不禁使你想 我们真的很想知道他们大脑里究竟发生了什么
So as researchers, that's what we decided to find out. 作为研究人员说,这就是我们决定要挖据的
We decided to instrument not only the car, but also the race car driver, to try to get a glimpse into what was going on in their head as they were doing this. 我们决定测量不仅仅是车 还有赛车手 尝试去了解在他们赛车时候 他们大脑的变化
instrument:n.仪器;工具;乐器;手段;器械; glimpse:v.瞥见;[诗]闪现;n.领悟;概况;见识;一睹;
Now, this is Dr. Lene Harbott applying electrodes to the head of John Morton. 现在,这是 琳恩·哈博特博士把电极片 放在约翰 · 莫顿的头上的照片
applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词) electrodes:n.[电]电极(electrode的复数);电焊条;
John Morton is a former Can-Am and IMSA driver, who's also a class champion at Le Mans. 约翰 · 莫顿是前Can-Am 和IMSA的赛车手 他也是勒芒赛事上出类拔萃的冠军
Fantastic driver, and very willing to put up with graduate students and this sort of research. 极棒的赛车手,并且愿意忍受研究生 和这类的研究
Fantastic:奇异的,空想的 put up with:v.忍受;容忍;
She's putting electrodes on his head so that we can monitor the electrical activity in John's brain as he races around the track. 她把电极片放在他的头上 这样,我们可以监测当约翰绕着轨道飚车时候 他大脑电波的活动
electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的;
Now, clearly we're not going to put a couple of electrodes on his head and understand exactly what all of his thoughts are on the track. 显然我们不是放一对电极片在他头上 就可以准确的了解到他在跑道上飚车时候所有的想法
However, neuroscientists have identified certain patterns that let us tease out some very important aspects of this. 然而,神经学家已经可以识别了一定的模式 让我们对这个研究中一些非常重要的因素能理出头绪
neuroscientists:n.神经系统科学家; identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词) tease:v.取笑; n.戏弄; aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数);
For instance , the resting brain tends to generate a lot of alpha waves. 例如,休息中的大脑 往往会产生大量的α波
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; generate:v.产生;引起; alpha:n.希腊字母表的第1个字母;
In contrast , theta waves are associated with a lot of cognitive activity, like visual processing, things where the driver is thinking quite a bit. 与此相反,θ波与大量认知活动 相关联,如视觉处理 赛车手正在想的事,很多
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; theta:n.希腊字母表的第8个字母; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; visual:adj.视觉的,视力的;栩栩如生的;
Now, we can measure this, and we can look at the relative power between the theta waves and the alpha waves. 现在,我们可以测量这一点 我们可以看到 θ波与α波之间的相对动力
relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物;
This gives us a measure of mental workload , how much the driver is actually challenged cognitively at any point along the track. 这给我们了脑力负荷的一个测试 在轨道上任何一个地方,赛车手实际上 需要接受多少认知上的挑战
mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; workload:n.工作量; cognitively:adv.认知地;
Now, we wanted to see if we could actually record this on the track, so we headed down south to Laguna Seca . 现在,我们想看看我们是否能真实地在跑道上 记录这点,所以我们向南出发去卡赛道
Laguna:n.小池;小湖; Seca:n.[气象]塞卡风;
Laguna Seca is a legendary raceway about halfway between Salinas and Monterey . 卡赛道是有传奇色彩的赛道 大约在萨利纳斯和蒙特雷的中间
legendary:adj.传说的,传奇的;n.传说集;圣徒传; Salinas:n.萨利纳斯(波多黎各山脉); Monterey:n.蒙特利(美国一座城市);
It has a curve there called the Corkscrew . 它有一道弯被称为瓶塞钻
Corkscrew:vt.硬拉出;探听;adj.螺旋形的;n.螺丝锥;vi.曲折行进;
Now, the Corkscrew is a chicane , followed by a quick right-handed turn as the road drops three stories. 现在,这个瓶塞钻是一个S 形弯道 接下来是一个很急的右转弯与此同时路面好像下陷3层楼那么高
chicane:n.诡计;vt.诈骗;vi.诈骗; right-handed:adj.用右手的,惯用右手的;向右转的;
Now, the strategy for driving this as explained to me was, you aim for the bush in the distance , and as the road falls away, you realize it was actually the top of a tree. 现在,可以理解这个驾驶的策略为 你以远处的灌木丛为目标 当你感到跑道向下落的时候,你才意识到你其实是在树尖上
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; bush:n.灌木; v.以灌木装饰; adj.如灌木般长得低矮的; in the distance:在远处;
All right, so thanks to the Revs Program at Stanford, we were able to take John there and put him behind the wheel of a 1960 Porsche Abarth Carrera. 很好,非常感谢斯坦福大学的自驾车研究项目 我们把约翰带到哪里了 让他 主宰1960年 保时捷的阿巴特卡雷拉的方向盘
Revs:abbr.转数(revolutions); Porsche:n.保时捷(德国知名汽车厂商或其出产的轿车品牌名);
Life is way too short for boring cars. 大家对一般的车的喜好就像昙花一现一样
boring:adj.无聊的;令人厌烦的;n.钻孔;v.使厌烦;钻孔;(bore的现在分词)
So, here you see John on the track, he's going up the hill -- Oh! Somebody liked that -- and you can see, actually, his mental workload 所以,在这里你看到约翰在赛道上 他在爬坡, 哦 ！有人也喜欢来这里飚车 — — 实际上,你可以看到一条红的长方形条
- measuring here in the red bar -- you can see his actions as he approaches . 正在监测他的脑力负荷-- 随着他的移动,你可以看到他的反映
approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度;
Now watch, he has to downshift . 现在看看,他不得不换到低档。
downshift:vi.调低速档;工作降格;n.换低速档;vt.使…调低速挡;使工作降格;
And then he has to turn left. 然后他必须左转。
Look for the tree, and down. 看清楚路旁的树,然后下坡。
Not surprisingly , you can see this is a pretty challenging task. 没什么可大惊小怪的,您可以看到这是一个非常有挑战性的任务
surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地
You can see his mental workload spike as he goes through this, as you would expect with something that requires this level of complexity . 你可以看到当他经历这一切的时候,他的大脑负荷增加了 你会预测到 这种复杂程度会产生的事
spike:n.长钉,道钉;钉鞋;细高跟;vt.阻止;以大钉钉牢;用尖物刺穿; complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势
But what's really interesting is to look at areas of the track where his mental workload doesn't increase. 但是真正有趣的事是看 不会使他脑力负荷增加的一些赛道的区域
I'm going to take you around now to the other side of the track. 我将带你绕到 赛道的另外一半
Turn three. And John's going to go into that corner and the rear end of the car is going to begin to slide out. 数三下,约翰将开到拐角 汽车的尾部将会滑出轨道
He's going to have to correct for that with steering . 他将不得不打方向盘使车回到轨道
steering:n.(车辆等的)转向装置;v.驾驶;掌控方向盘;行驶;控制(steer的现在分词)
So watch as John does this here. 所以看好约翰是怎么操作的
Watch the mental workload, and watch the steering. 看看他的脑负荷,和方向盘
The car begins to slide out, dramatic maneuver to correct it, and no change whatsoever in the mental workload. 赛车开始滑出去了,戏剧性的操作使它回到轨道上了, 而大脑负荷却丝毫没有变化
dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; maneuver:n.演习;调动;巧计;花招;v.演习; whatsoever:pron.无论什么;
Not a challenging task. 这不是一个具有挑战性的任务
In fact, entirely reflexive . 实际上,完全是条件的放射
reflexive:n.反身代词;反身动词;adj.反身的;[物]反射的;
Now, our data processing on this is still preliminary , but it really seems that these phenomenal feats that the race car drivers are performing are instinctive . 现在,我们对此的数据处理仍是初步的阶段 但这现象明显表明 这些赛车手表现出来的惊人水平 是其本能
data processing:n.数据处理; preliminary:n.准备;预赛;初步措施;adj.初步的;开始的;预备的; phenomenal:adj.现象的;显著的;异常的;能知觉的;惊人的,非凡的; feats:n.功勋(feat的复数);特技; performing:adj.表演的;演奏的;v.做;执行;演出;运转(perform的现在分词) instinctive:adj.本能的;直觉的;天生的;
They are things that they have simply learned to do. 这些事对他们来说孰能生巧了
It requires very little mental workload for them to perform these amazing feats. 对他们来说完成这样了不起的事 只需要很少的大脑负荷。
And their actions are fantastic. 他们表现真的很棒
This is exactly what you want to do on the steering wheel to catch the car in this situation. 当车遇到这种情况时候 你想做到的就是去控制好车
steering wheel:n.方向盘;(操)舵轮;
Now, this has given us tremendous insight and inspiration for our own autonomous vehicles. 现在,这给我们的无人驾驶汽车的研究 有了巨大的启示和灵感
insight:n.洞察力;洞悉;
We've started to ask the question: 我们已经开始问自己
Can we make them a little less algorithmic and a little more intuitive ? 我们可以使我们的自驾车少一点计算程序 而多一点直觉性的东西吗？
algorithmic:adj.[数]算法的;规则系统的; intuitive:adj.直觉的;凭直觉获知的;
Can we take this reflexive action that we see from the very best race car drivers, introduce it to our cars, and maybe even into a system that could get onto your car in the future? 我们能借助 我们现在从最好赛车手身上看到的这种对条件反射的反应 从而把它运用到我们的车上吗 再或者运用到你们 未来车子的系统里？
That would take us a long step along the road to autonomous vehicles that drive as well as the best humans. 我们还需要很大的努力 来研制出和最棒的车手一样的 无人驾驶汽车
as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
But it's made us think a little bit more deeply as well. 它同时使我们从更深的层面去思考
Do we want something more from our car than to simply be a chauffeur ? 我们想让我们的车为我们做得更多 而不是简简单单地一个驾驶员吗？
chauffeur:n.司机;vt.为开车;当…司机
Do we want our car to perhaps be a partner, a coach, someone that can use their understanding of the situation to help us reach our potential ? 我们想让我们的车成我们的伙伴,教练 或者是能了解到周围环境的那个人 从而帮助我们发挥我们的潜力吗？
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
Can, in fact, the technology not simply replace humans, but allow us to reach the level of reflex and intuition that we're all capable of? 那么科技能不能不只是简单的取代人类 而且可以让我们达到 我们都能达到的直觉的反应水平？
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; intuition:n.直觉;直觉力;直觉的知识;
So, as we move forward into this technological future, 所以,当我们向这个科技时代迈进的时候
technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的;
I want you to just pause and think of that for a moment. 我想你停下来思考一会
What is the ideal balance of human and machine? 什么是人类和机器之间最理想的平衡
And as we think about that, let's take inspiration from the absolutely amazing capabilities of the human body and the human mind. 当我们思考时候 让我们用 人类身体和大脑的 了不起的能力来激发自己
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) (掌声)