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ChrisGaw_Seizures_2020E-_什么导致癫痫发作，该如何治疗？_-
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| Nearly three millennia ago, a Babylonian tablet described a curious illness called miqtu. |
在三千多年前的一块巴比伦石板上, 记载着一种叫 「miqtu」的稀奇疾病。 |
| Said to cause symptoms ranging from facial twitching to full body convulsions , the Babylonians believed those afflicted were possessed by evil spirits, and the only treatment was divine intervention . |
据说这种疾病会引起抽搐, 从单一部位的脸部到全身都有。 巴比伦人认为受此病折磨的人, 是被恶灵附身。 唯一的解方,就是神圣力量的干涉。 |
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millennia:n.千年期(millennium的复数);一千年;千年庆典;太平盛世; Babylonian:adj.巴比伦的;邪恶的;奢华堕落的;n.巴比伦人;迦勒底人;占星家; tablet:n.碑;药片;写字板;小块; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) curious:adj.好奇的,有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) facial:adj.面部的,表面的;脸的,面部用的;n.美容,美颜;脸部按摩; twitching:n.颤搐;v.使抽搐;猛拉;夺走(twitch的ing形式); convulsions:n.[内科]抽搐;社会动乱;哄堂大笑;震动(convulsion的复数形式); afflicted:v.折磨;使痛苦;(afflict的过去式和过去分词) possessed:adj.着了魔;v.有;拥有;具有(特质);控制;(possess的过去分词和过去式) evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; divine:adj.神圣的;非凡的;天赐的;极好的;v.占卜;预言;用占卜勘探;n.牧师;神学家; intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍;
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| Today, we know the symptoms of miqtu by another name, and modern medicine has developed numerous treatments for those experiencing seizures . |
今天,我们给了 「miqtu」另一个名字, 现代医学也发展出许多治疗方法, 来幫助那些罹患癫痫的人。 |
| But these ancient afflictions still hold a surprising number of secrets. |
但在这历史悠久的病症背后, 还有为数惊人的秘密等待发掘。 |
| Doctors define a seizure as any set of symptoms resulting from excess electrical activity in the brain. |
医生们对癫痫的定义是, 由过度的脑电活动 所导致的各种症状组合。 |
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numerous:adj.许多的,很多的; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) seizures:n.癫痫,痉挛;发作(seizure的复数); afflictions:n.折磨;痛苦;(affliction的复数) define:v.定义;使明确;规定; excess:n.超过,超额;过度,过量;无节制;adj.额外的,过量的;附加的; electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的;
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| Outside this shared feature, there is a massive range of seizure symptoms, and researchers have identified a variety of different seizure types. |
除此共同特征,癫痫的症状范围甚大; 研究者已发现多种类型的癫痫症状。 |
| But regardless of the underlying conditions that cause them, every seizure begins here. |
但撇除导致癫痫的潜在疾病不谈, 每一次的癫痫发作都从这里开始。 |
| Hippocrates identified the brain as the source of seizures around 400 BCE. |
大约西元四百年前,希波克拉底发现 大脑是导致癫痫的原因。 |
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massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词) variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化; regardless:adj.不管的; v.不顾后果地; underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词) source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
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| However, this insight didn't immediately lead to better treatments. |
但是,这份见解并没有 立即带来更好的治疗方法。 |
| Generally , ancient Greeks prescribed medicinal herbs and alterations in diet. |
一般而言,古希腊人会嘱咐病人 食用药用植物与替代饮食, |
| If they believed the seizure was caused by bleeding in the skull , they sometimes employed a technique called trepanation . |
但如果他们相信, 颅内出血是导致癫痫的原因, 有时也会使用一种叫 「头部穿孔」的技术。 |
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insight:n.洞察力;洞悉; Generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; prescribed:v.给…开(药); (prescribe的过去式和过去分词) medicinal:adj.药的;药用的;治疗的(等于medicinable);有益的; alterations:n.改变;变更;服装修改(alteration的复数); bleeding:n.出血;渗色;adj.流血的;同情的;v.出血;渗出;(bleed的现在分词) skull:n.头盖骨,脑壳; employed:v.雇用:应用:运用:使用(employ的过去分词和过去式) technique:n.技巧,技术;手法; trepanation:n.环钻术;
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| This early surgery involved drilling a hole in the skull to let blood escape and relieve pressure on the brain. |
这种早期的手术会在头骨上钻个洞, 以便引出积血,同时减轻脑压。 |
| Trepanation had... sizable risks. |
虽然头部穿孔的风险相当大, |
| But it wasn’t until the 19th century that scientists would make the next leap forward in seizure treatment. |
但仍要等到十九世纪, 科学家才会在癫痫治疗上, 往前跨一大步。 |
| In 1870, two German researchers discovered that using electricity to stimulate specific areas of a dog’s brain could move parts of its body. |
在 1870 年,两个德国研究者发现, 使用电击来刺激狗大脑的特定部分, 就能让牠的某些身体部位移动。 |
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surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) relieve:v.减轻;缓解;缓和;接替; sizable:adj.相当大的;大小相当的; leap forward:跃进;向前跳;快速发展; electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; stimulate:v.刺激;激发;促进;激励; specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
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| Around the same time, other scientists discovered the brain and nervous system were connected via a network of cells called neurons that transmitted electrical signals throughout the body. |
差不多在同一时间, 其他科学家发现了 叫做「神经元」的细胞网路, 连结了大脑与神经系统, 并将讯号传送到全身。 |
| This established the brain as the control center for nerve impulses that determine our thoughts and movement. |
这个发现证实了大脑 是控制神经冲动的中枢。 而神经冲动决定了思考与身体的运动。 |
| Better yet, this model made it clear that seizures were due to errors in that control center, such as misfiring neurons or excess electrical activity. |
更棒的是,这个模型让我们清楚了解, 癫痫是因为神经控制中心出了错 ──像是神经元异常放电 或过度脑电活动── |
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nervous system:n.神经系统; via:prep.通过;经由;n.道路;[医]管道; transmitted:v.传送;输送;发射;播送;传播;传染;(transmit的过去分词和过去式) throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; established:adj.已确立的;著名的;v.建立;创立;设立;(establish的过去分词和过去式) nerve:n.神经;勇气;神经质;神经紧张;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神; impulses:n.[心理]冲动; v.推动(impulse的第三人称单数); determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; misfiring:v.不点火(misfire的ing形式);
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| Early experiments even suggested that different patterns of misfiring could account for different seizure types and symptoms. |
早期的研究也显示, 不同的神经元放电模式 是有各种不同癫痫类型及症状的原因。 |
| So if seizures were due to neurons misfiring, how could doctors stop this from happening? |
所以,如果癫痫是 神经元异常放电导致的, 医生又该如何阻止癫痫发作？ |
| Physicians like Sir Charles Locock hypothesized that sedative drugs might calm overactive brain activity, a theory he confirmed by treating seizures with a medication called potassium bromide . |
查理斯?罗庫克爵士等 早期的医生提出假说, 表示镇静剂能镇静过度活跃的大脑, 而爵士本人则以溴化钾治疗癫痫, 验证了这个假设。 |
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account for:对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明…的原因;导致;(比例)占; Physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数); hypothesized:v.假定,假设,猜测(hypothesize的过去式); sedative:n.[药]镇静剂;能使安静的东西;止痛药;adj.使镇静的;使安静的; overactive:adj.过于活跃的;活跃得不正常的; treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) medication:n.药;药物; potassium:n.[化学]钾; bromide:n.[无化]溴化物;庸俗的人;陈词滥调;
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| Others like Sir Victor Horsley suspected that removing damaged parts of the brain might stop a patient 's seizures. |
维克多?霍斯利爵士等人则认为, 切除脑中受损的部位, 也许就能阻止癫痫发作。 |
| In 1886, he performed a craniotomy , temporarily removing part of a patient's skull to extract scarred brain tissue . |
在 1886 年,霍斯利爵士 进行一场开颅手术, 暂时切下病患的一部分头骨, 以便取出脑疤痕组织。 |
| Not only did his patient survive, but his seizures improved , launching further research in surgical treatments. |
他的病患不仅成功存活, 癫痫症状也有所改善, 为癫痫外科治疗开展进一步的研究。 |
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Victor:n.胜利者;获胜者;adj.胜利(者)的; suspected:v.怀疑;不信任;(suspect的过去分词和过去式) patient:adj.有耐心的,能容忍的;n.病人;患者; performed:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好)(perform的过去分词和过去式) craniotomy:n.[妇产]穿颅术;颅骨切开术; temporarily:adv.临时地,临时; extract:v.提取;取出;摘录;榨取;n.汁;摘录;榨出物;选粹; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织; improved:adj.改良的:v.改进:改善(improve的过去分词和过去式) launching:n.发射;开办;起飞;v.开始从事,发起,发动;(launch的现在分词) surgical:adj.外科的;外科手术的;
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| Over the next two centuries, seizure treatments advanced rapidly. |
在其后的两百年内, 癫痫治疗有飞跃性的进展。 |
| And today, there are dozens of available seizure medications that work with unprecedented specificity . |
现在,我们已有许多可用的癫痫药物, 它们具有前所未见的专一性功效。 |
| Some newer medications are able to focus on specific proteins in the neuron to help manage electrical activity. |
某些新药能针对 神经元内的特定蛋白质, 以控制脑电活动。 |
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advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数) unprecedented:adj.空前的;无前例的; specificity:n.[免疫]特异性;特征;专一性; proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); neuron:n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位;
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| And advanced brain imaging techniques can sometimes allow doctors to pinpoint exactly what parts of the brain are causing an individual's seizures. |
先进的大脑影像技术,有时也能让医生看出, 究竟是哪个部位引起癫痫。 |
| Surgeons then use this information to perform targeted surgeries . |
外科医生就能根据这些资讯, 针对特定部位进行手术。 |
| These various treatments help doctors manage the majority of seizure cases, allowing most people with seizures to live healthy and comfortable lives. |
有了这么多种疗法,足以让医生们 处理大多数的癫痫案例, 让大多数的癫痫患者 都能拥有健康舒适的生活。 |
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imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) pinpoint:vt.查明; adj.精确的; n.针尖; Surgeons:n.外科医生;(surgeon的复数) surgeries:n.外科手术(surgery复数); majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
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| But the underlying pathology of many seizures remains elusive . |
但许多种癫痫的潜在病理 仍然难以捉摸。 |
| In cases without clear brain damage or certain types of pre-existing conditions, it's incredibly difficult to determine what causes neurons to misfire . |
以没有明显脑伤或预先 没有其他疾病的案例而言, 厘清神经元异常放电的原因十分困难。 |
| It's also not always clear why some treatments are effective . |
我们也无法总是清楚 为何某些疗法特别有效。 |
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pathology:n.病理(学);(比喻)异常状态; elusive:adj.难懂的;易忘的;逃避的;难捉摸的; brain damage:n.(疾病、事故导致的)脑损伤; pre-existing:adj.先已存在的; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; misfire:vi.失败;不发火;n.失败;不发火; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
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| And even more mysterious are cases where seizures are resistant to existing treatments that work on similar seizure types. |
更神秘的是,现存的疗法 对某些病例不起作用, 但对相似的癫痫类型疗效甚佳。 |
| Scientists are still working on these questions, but there are clear answers for what to do if you encounter someone experiencing a seizure. |
科学家还在找寻这些问题的解答, 但如果你遇到一个癫痫发作的人, 该怎么幫忙他,早已有正确解答。 |
| You should never hold a seizing person down, put objects in their mouth, or perform CPR. |
你绝对不可以压制癫痫发作的人、 把东西塞进他们的嘴巴, 或是幫他们做心肺复苏术。 |
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mysterious:adj.神秘的;不可思议的;难解的; resistant:adj.抵抗的,反抗的;顽固的;n.抵抗者; encounter:v.遭遇,邂逅;遇到;n.遭遇,偶然碰见;
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| Instead, try to keep the person safe from falling or bumping their head, shift them onto their side to keep airways open, and stay with them until medical help arrives. |
相反地,你该试着保护他们的安全, 预防他们跌倒或是撞到头, 让他们侧躺,保持呼吸道顺畅, 陪在他们身边, 等专業医疗人员抵达。 |
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bumping:v.碰上,撞上;颠簸行进(bump的现在分词) shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; airways:n.航空公司;广播频道;
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