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ChetanBhatt_2015X-_敢于拒绝那些声称「你是谁」的出身源头迷思_
I'm Chetan Bhatt and when I give my name, I'm often asked, "Where are you from?" 我是奇坦巴特, 当我说出我的名字时, 常会被问:「你来自哪里？」
And I normally say London. 我通常会说:「伦敦。」
normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地;
(Laughter) （笑声）
But of course, I know what they're really asking, so I say something like, "Well, my grandparents and my mum were born in India, my dad and I were born in Kenya, and I was brought up in London. 但,当然我知道他们要问什么, 所以我会说类似这样的话: 「我的母亲和外祖父母在印度出生, 我父亲和我在肯亚出生, 而我在伦敦长大。」
And then they've got me mapped. 接着他们就会用地图来标示我。
'"Ah, you're a Kenyan Asian. I've worked with one of those." 「啊,你是肯亚亚洲人。 我之前有跟你们其中一个共事过。」
(Laughter) （笑声）
And from my name they probably assume that I'm a Hindu . 他们从我的名字 推测我可能是印度教徒。
assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现; Hindu:adj.印度的;印度教的;n.印度人;印度教教徒;
And this sort of fixes me for them. 他们就这样把我定型了。
But what about the Christians and the Muslims and the atheists that I grew up with? 那么,基督徒呢？ 还有穆斯林或无神论者呢？ 我和他们一起长大。
atheists:n.无神论者;
Or the socialists and the liberals , even the occasional Tory ? 或其他社会主义者及自由主义者, 甚至偶有保守党党员呢？
socialists:n.社会主义者;社会党党员(socialist的复数) liberals:n.自由主义者(liberal的复数); occasional:adj.偶然的;临时的;特殊场合的; Tory:n.保守党员;adj.保守主义的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Indeed, all kinds of women and men -- vegetable sellers, factory workers, cooks, car mechanics -- living in my working class area, in some profoundly important way, they are also a part of me and are here with me. 的确,各式各样,男男女女, 卖菜的人、工厂工人、 厨子、汽车技工, 他们住在我这劳动阶层的地区, 大家都扮演重要的角色, 他们也是我的一部份, 现在也与我同在这里。
mechanics:n.机械师;机械修理工;技工;力学;机械学;(mechanic的复数) working class:adj.工人阶级的;劳动阶级的; profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地;
Maybe that's why I find it hard to respond to questions about identity and about origin . 也许这就是为什么我觉得很难回答 关于身分、关于出身的问题。
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式; origin:n.起源;起因;源头;出身;
And it's not just a sort of teenage refusal to be labeled . 这并不像年轻人不想被贴标签 这么地单纯而已。
refusal:n.拒绝;回绝; labeled:adj.有标签的; v.示踪; (label的过去分词和过去式)
It's about our own most identities , the ones that we put our hands up to, the ones that we cheer for, the ones that we fight for, the ones that we love or hate. 这是关于我们自己的身分, 我们会举手认同的那些身分, 我们所引以为傲的身分, 我们会奋战争取的身分, 我们热爱或讨厌的身分,
identities:n.身份;本身;本体;特征;同一性;相同;(identity的复数)
And it's about how we apprehend ourselves as well as others. 以及关于我们如何理解自己 和看待别人的身分。
apprehend:vt.理解;逮捕;忧虑;vi.理解;担心; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
And it's about identities we just assume that we have without thinking too much about them. 这些身分是我们自己会认同、 想都不用想、理所当然的身分。
But our responses to questions of identity and origin have substantial social and political importance. 但大家对于身分及出身问题的回应, 有着极高的社会与政治的重要性。
responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数) substantial:adj.大量的;实质的;内容充实的;n.本质;重要材料;
We see the wars, the rages of identity going on all around us. 我们到处看得到 因身分认同问题所引发的战争,
rages:v.肆虐;发怒(rage的第三人称单数);n.狂怒;凶猛;激情(rage的复数);
We see violent religious , national and ethnic disputes . 到处都有宗教、民族、 人种认同问题的暴力与争执。
violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的; religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑; ethnic:adj.种族的;人种的; disputes:n.争论(dispute的复数);v.争论(dispute的单数第三人称);
And often the conflict is based on old stories of identity and belonging and origins . 而冲突的根本原因 出身地认同问题等等的老故事。 出身地认同问题等等的老故事。
conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触; origins:n.起源; (origin的复数)
And these identities are based on myths , typically about ancient, primordial origins. 这些身分认同建立在迷思上, 典型是古老、原始、 出身源头的身分认同问题。
myths:神话;谬见; typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; primordial:adj.原始的;根本的;原生的;
And these could be about Adam and Eve or about the supremacy of a caste or gender or about the vitality of a supposed race or about the past glories of an empire or civilization or about a piece of land that some imagined deity has gifted . 可能与亚当和夏娃有关, 或是谁的社会地位比较高、 性别地位比较高, 或是哪一族群的人才是正宗的, 或是过去帝国或文明的榮耀, 或是一块土地的所有权, 想像出来一块神所赐予的土地。
Eve:n.前夕;夜晚; supremacy:n.霸权;至高无上;主权;最高地位; caste:n.(印度社会中的)种姓;(具有严格等级差别的)社会地位;(排他的)社会团体; gender:n.性别; vitality:n.活力,生气;生命力,生动性; supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明; deity:n.神;神性; gifted:adj.有天赋的;有才华的;
Now, people say that origin stories and identity myths make us feel secure. 人们说, 出身源头的故事及国家认同的迷思 能让我们有安全感。
What's wrong with that? 那样有什么不好？
They give us a sense of belonging. 它们能给我们归属感。
Identity is your cultural clothing, and it can make you feel warm and fuzzy inside. 身分认同是你的文化外衣, 让你觉得被包着很温暖很舒服。
cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; fuzzy:adj.模糊的;失真的;有绒毛的;
But does it really? 真的是这样吗？
Do we really need identity myths to feel safe? 我们真的需要虚构的身分认同 才能感到安全吗？
Because I see religious, national, ethnic disputes as adding to human misery . 因为在我看来, 宗教、种族、人种的争执 只会增加人类的苦难。
misery:n.痛苦,悲惨;不幸;苦恼;穷困;
Can I dare you to refuse every origin myth that claims you? 我能否挑战你 是否敢拒绝每一个 宣称与你有重大关系的 出身源头的身分认同迷思？
claims:v.宣称; n.声明; (claim的第三人称单数和复数)
What if we reject every single primordial origin myth and develop a deeper sense of personhood , one responsible to humanity as a whole rather than to a particular tribe , a radically different idea of humanity that exposes how origin myths mystify , disguise global power, rapacious exploitation , 如果我们拒绝每一个 原始的出身迷思, 并发展出对个人特质更深的认识, 对整体人类负责, 而不是为特定的族群负责,那会如何？ 用一个全然不同的角度 来看待全体人类, 揭露出身分的迷思如何迷惑、隐藏了 全球的权力、 贪婪的剥削、贫困,
What if:如果…怎么办? reject:v.排斥;拒收;拒绝接受;不予考虑;n.废品;次品;不合格者;被剔除者; personhood:n.做人;人格;个性; responsible to:负责; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科; as a whole:总的来说; tribe:n.部落;族;宗族;一伙; radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式; exposes:v.暴露;;揭露;揭穿;使面临(expose的第三人称单数) mystify:vt.使神秘化;使迷惑,使困惑; disguise:v.掩饰;假装;隐瞒;n.伪装;假装;用作伪装的东西; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; rapacious:adj.贪婪的;掠夺的; exploitation:n.开发,开采;利用;广告推销;
poverty , the worldwide oppression of women and girls, and of course massive , accelerating inequalities ? 全球对女人和女孩的压迫, 当然还有海量、快速增加的不平等。
poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣; worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地; oppression:n.压抑;镇压;压迫手段;沉闷;苦恼; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; accelerating:adj.促进的,[物]加速的;催化的; inequalities:n.[数]不等式;不均等,不平衡;不平坦(inequality的复数形式);
Now, origin myths are closely linked to tradition, and the word tradition points to something old and permanent , almost natural, and people assume tradition is just history, simply the past condensed into a nice story. 出身迷思与传统有着密切的关系。 「传统」一词是指某件古老、 恒久不变,几乎纯天然的东西, 很多人误以为传统 仅仅是浓缩成美好故事的历史。
permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; condensed:adj.压缩的,精简的; v.(由气体)冷凝; (condense的过去式和过去分词)
But let's not confuse tradition with history. 但千万不要把传统和历史混淆了。
confuse:v.混同;使迷惑;使糊涂;使更难于理解;
The two are often in severe conflict. 这两者常常会有剧烈的冲突。
severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的;
Origin stories are usually recently created fictions of ancient belonging, and they're absurd given the complexity of humanity and our vastly interconnected , even if very unequal world. 出身的故事通常是近代创造出来 虚构的古早归属感, 它们很荒谬, 毕竟人性其实很复杂的, 即使在这个非常不平等的世界中 我们彼此都是相互连结的。
recently:adv.最近;新近; absurd:adj.荒谬的;可笑的;n.荒诞;荒诞作品; complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势 vastly:adv.极大地;广大地;深远地; interconnected:adj.连通的;有联系的;v.互相连接(interconnect的过去式); unequal:adj.不平等的;不规则的;不胜任的;n.不等同的事物;
And today we see claims to tradition that claim to be ancient changing rapidly in front of our eyes. 现今,我们看到有人打着传统的旗号、 号称自己才是古老正统的人, 正明目张胆快速地 改变着我们的社会。
I was brought up in the 1970s near Wembley with Asian, English, Caribbean , Irish families living in our street, and the neo-Nazi National Front was massive then with regular marches and attacks on us and a permanent threat 1970 年代,我在温布莱一带长大, 和街坊的亚洲、英国、加勒比、 及爱尔兰家庭一起长大, 那时新纳粹民族阵线十分壮大, 常常在示威,且会攻击我们, 威胁没消失过,
Caribbean:adj.加勒比海的;加勒比人的;加勒比语的;n.加勒比海; neo-Nazi:adj.新纳粹主义分子的;新纳粹主义的;n.新纳粹主义分子; National Front:n.(英国)民族阵线;
and often a frequent reality of violence against us on the streets, in our homes, typically by neo-Nazis and other racists . 经常在街上、在我们家里, 对我们使用暴力 几乎都是新纳粹主义者和 其他种族主义者所策动的。
frequent:adj.频繁的;经常发生的;v.常到(某处); violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; neo-Nazis:n.新纳粹分子(neo-Nazi的复数形式); racists:n.种族主义者;种族主义的;
And I remember during a general election a leaflet came through our letter box with a picture of the National Front candidate for our area. 我记得有一次普选, 家里的信箱有一张宣传单, 上面是我们那区的 民族阵线候选人照片。
general election:n.大选;普选; leaflet:n.小叶;传单; letter box:na.信筒;信箱;
And the picture was of our next-door neighbor. 而那张照片, 是我们的隔壁邻居。
next-door:adj.隔壁的;邻家的;adv.邻家;
He threatened to shoot me once when I played in the garden as a kid, and many weekends, shaven-headed National Front activists arrived at his house and emerged with scores of placards screaming that they wanted us to go back home. 我小时候在花园玩时, 他曾威胁过要射杀我, 许多个周末,都有光头的民族阵线 激进份子到他家, 许多标语海报被张贴出来, 大声吶喊着要我们滚回老家。
emerged:v.(从隐蔽处或暗处)出现;暴露;露出真相;显现;(emerge的过去分词和过去式) placards:n.布告;招贴(placard的复数);
But today he's one of my mum's best mates . 但现在,他是我母亲 最好的朋友之一。
mates:n.朋友; v.交配;
He's a very lovely, gentle and kind man, and at some point in his political journey out of fascism he embraced a broader idea of humanity. 他是个很亲切、温和、仁慈的人, 在他的法西斯主义政治 旅程中的某个时点, 他对人性有了更宽容的想法。
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; fascism:n.法西斯主义;极端国家主义; embraced:v.拥抱;欣然接受,乐意采纳;信奉;包含;(embrace的过去分词和过去式)
There was a Hindu family that we got to know well -- and you have to understand that life in our street was a little bit like the setting for an Asian soap opera . 有一个我们很熟知的印度家庭── 各位要知道,在我们街坊的生活, 有点像是亚洲肥皂剧的场景。
soap opera:n.(美)肥皂剧;
Everyone knew everyone else's business, even if they didn't want it to be known by anyone at all. 每个人都知道每个人的事, 即使你不想让任何人 知道的事也会被知道。
You really had no choice in this matter. 这不是你能选择的。
But in this family, there was a quiet little boy who went to the same school as I did, and after I left school, I didn't hear much more about him, except that he'd gone off to India. 但这个家庭, 有一个很安静的小男孩, 他和我上同一所学校, 我离开学校之后, 就没什么听说他的事了, 只知道他去了印度。
Now around 2000, 约 2000 年时,
I remember seeing this short book. 我看了一本简短的书。
The book was unusual because it was written by a British supporter of Al Qaeda, and in it the author calls for attacks in Britain. 这本书很不寻常, 因为它是由英国盖达组织的 支持者所写的, 在书中,作者呼吁大家攻击英国。
supporter:n.支持者;拥护者;
This is in 1999, so 9/11 and the invasion of Iraq was still in the future, and he helped scout New York bombing targets. 这是 1999 年, 还没有发生进攻伊拉克 事件和九一一事件, 他协助监视纽约炸弹攻击的目标。
invasion:n.武装入侵;侵略;侵犯;涌入;干预; scout:n.童子军活动; v.侦察,搜寻(某处);
He taught others how to make a dirty bomb to use on the London Underground, and he plotted a massive bombing campaign in London's shopping areas. 他教别人如何制作脏弹 用来炸伦敦地铁, 他策划了一个针对伦敦购物区的 大规模炸弹攻击活动。
dirty bomb:n."脏弹";放射性炸弹; plotted:v.密谋;暗中策划;标出;绘制(图表);(plot的过去分词和过去式)
He's a very high-risk security prisoner in the UK and one of the most important Al Qaeda figures to be arrested in Britain. 他是英国监狱中高风险的囚犯, 是英国逮捕的最重要的 盖达组织人物之一。
high-risk:adj.高危险度的;
The author of that book was the very same quiet little boy who went to my school. 那本书的作者 正是跟我上同一所学校的那位 安静的小男孩。
So a Hindu boy from Britain became an Al Qaeda fighter and a most-wanted international terrorist, and he rejected what people would call his Hindu or Indian or British identity, and he became someone else. 所以,来自英国的印度男孩, 变成了盖达组织的斗士, 且是国际间极想要逮补的恐怖份子, 他拒绝了人们会用来称他的 印度教、印度人或英国人身分, 他变成了另一个人。
rejected:adj.被拒的;不合格的;v.拒绝,驳回;(reject的过去式和过去分词)
He refused to be who he was. 他拒绝做过去的自己。
He recreated himself, and this kind of journey is very common for young men and women who become involved in Al Qaeda or Islamic State or other transnational armed groups. 他重新创造了他自己, 这对开始涉入盖达组织、 或伊斯兰国、或其它 跨国武装团体的年轻男女而言, 这类的旅程非常常见。
recreated:v.再现;再创造;(recreate的过去分词和过去式) involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) Islamic:adj.穆斯林的; transnational:adj.跨国的;超越国界的;
Al Qaeda's media spokesman is a white American from a Jewish and Catholic mixed background, and neither he nor the boy from my school were from Muslim backgrounds. 盖达组织的媒体发言人 是个白种美国人, 来自犹太教和天主教的混合背景, 不论是他,或是我学校的那个男孩, 都不是来自穆斯林背景。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; spokesman:n.发言人;代言人; Jewish:adj.犹太人的;犹太族的;
There's no point in asking them where are they from. 问他们来自哪里是没意义的。
A more important question is where they're going. 更重要的问题是,他们要去哪里。
And I would also put it to you that exactly the same journey occurs for those young men and women who were brought up in Muslim family backgrounds. 我也要跟各位说的, 同样的旅程也会发生在 在穆斯林家庭背景中长大的 年轻男女身上。
occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数);
Most of those who join Al Qaeda and other Salafi jihadi groups from Europe, Asia, North America , even in many cases the Middle East are those who have comprehensively rejected their backgrounds to become, in essence , new people. 大部份来自欧洲、亚洲、北美, 甚至有许多来自中东, 这些人都完全否认他们过往的背景, 而从本质上变成一个新的人。
jihadi:n.圣战分子; North America:n.北美洲; Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部); comprehensively:adv.包括地;包括一切地; in essence:本质上;其实;大体上;
They spend an enormous amount of time attacking their parents' backgrounds as profane , impure , blasphemous , the wrong type of Islam, and their vision instead is a fantastical view of cosmic apocalypse . 他们花大把大把的时间 攻击父母的来历背景, 说那粗俗、不纯净、亵渎神明, 是种错误的伊斯兰教; 而他们的观点 才是最高级正统的宇宙启示观点。
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; profane:adj.亵渎的;世俗的;异教的;vt.亵渎;玷污; impure:adj.不纯的;肮脏的;道德败坏的; blasphemous:adj.亵渎神明的;不敬神的; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; fantastical:adj.空想的;捕风捉影的; cosmic:adj.宇宙的; apocalypse:n.启示;天启;
It's a born again vision. 它是重生的版本。
Discard your past, your society, your family and friends since they're all impure. 抛弃你的过去、你的社会、 你的家庭、你的朋友, 因为他们都不纯净。
Discard:v.丢弃; n.被抛弃的人(或物); (尤指纸牌游戏中)垫出的牌;
Instead, become someone else, your true self, your authentic self. 取而代之,变成另一个人, 你的真正自我, 你的真实自我。
authentic:adj.真正的,真实的;可信的;
Now, this isn't about a return to the past. 这跟回到过去的传统无关,
It's about using a forgery of the past to envision an appalling future which begins today at year zero. 这跟他们利用伪造的过去有关, 预设了一个骇人听闻的未来, 说今天就是这个未来的元年。
forgery:n.伪造;伪造罪;伪造物; envision:v.想象;预想; appalling:adj.可怕的;令人震惊的;v.使惊愕;惊吓;(appal的现在分词)
This is why over 80 percent of the victims of Al Qaeda and Islamic State are people from Muslim backgrounds. 这就是为什么盖达组织和 伊斯兰国的受害者中有 80% 都是来自穆斯林背景的。
The first act by Salafi jihadi groups when they take over an area is to destroy existing Muslim institutions including mosques , shrines , preachers , practices. 沙拉菲圣战团体占据一个 地区时做的第一件事, 就是摧毁既有的穆斯林机构, 包括清真寺、神坛、传道者、实践机构。
take over:接管;继承;接收;接任;接替; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) mosques:n.清真寺(mosque的复数形式); shrines:圣地;神殿;神龛;圣祠(shrine的复数); preachers:n.牧师;传教士;鼓吹者;
Their main purpose is to control and punish people internally , to dictate the spaces that women may go, their clothing, family relations, beliefs, even the minute detail of how one prays. 他们的主要目的是控制人的思想 并惩罚人的内心, 像是限定女人能去的地方, 限定她们的服饰、家庭关系、信仰, 甚至如何祈祷的琐碎细节。
internally:adv.内部地;国内地;内在地; dictate:v.决定;口述;支配;强行规定;n.规定;命令;
And you get the impression in the news that they are after us in the West, but they are actually mainly after people from other Muslim backgrounds. 你从新闻得到的印象是 他们的主要目标是在西方的我们, 但其实他们的主要目标是 其他来自穆斯林背景的人。
impression:n.印象;影响;效果;感想; mainly:adv.大多;大部分;主要地;首要地;
In their view, no other Muslim can ever be pure enough, so ordinary beliefs and practices that have existed for centuries are attacked as impure by teenagers from Birmingham or London who know nothing about the histories that they so joyously obliterate . 在他们的观点, 其他的穆斯林是不够纯净的, 所以已经存在数百年的 一般信仰和实践机构, 会被来自伯明罕或伦敦的 青少年视为不纯净, 而被他们攻击, 这些无知的青少年 根本完全不懂那些 他们乐于想要抹灭的历史。
Birmingham:n.伯明翰(英国一座城市); joyously:adv.快乐地; obliterate:vt.消灭;涂去;冲刷;忘掉;
Now here, their claim to tradition is at war with history, but they're nevertheless very certain about their purity and about the impurity of others. 在这里,他们打着 历史传统的口号发动战争, 认定他们才是纯净的, 其他人是不纯净的。
nevertheless:adv.然而,不过;虽然如此;conj.然而,不过; impurity:n.杂质;不纯;不洁;
Purity, certainty , the return to authentic tradition, the quest for these can lead to lethal visions of perfect societies and perfected people. 纯净、 正统性、 返回到真实的传统、 追寻这些,会让一个 完美的社会和人民受伤害。
certainty:n.必然;确实;确实的事情; quest:n.追求;寻找;vi.追求;寻找;vt.探索; lethal:adj.致命的,致死的;n.致死因子; visions:n.愿景; v.想像;
This is what the main Hindu fundamentalist organization in India looks like today at its mass rally . 如今在印度,信奉印度基本教义的人 他们的大型集会 看起来就是这个样子。
fundamentalist:n.基要主义者;信奉正统派基督教的人;adj.基要主义的; organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; rally:v.团结;重整;恢复;(网球等)连续对打;n.集会;回复;公路赛车会;
Maybe it reminds you of the 1930s in Italy or Germany, and the movement's roots are indeed in fascism. 也许它会让你想起 1930 年代在义大利或德国 扎根的法西斯主义活动。
reminds:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的第三人称单数)
It was a member of the same Hindu fundamentalist movement who shot dead Mahatma Gandhi . 当时射杀甘地的人, 就是这个活动中的成员之一。
Mahatma:n.大圣;超人; Gandhi:n.甘地(印度政府,社会和宗教领袖);
Hindu fundamentalists today view this murderer as a national hero, and they want to put up statues of him throughout India. 现今的印度基本教义主义者 把这个兇手视为是国家英雄, 他们想要在整个印度为他立雕像。
fundamentalists:n.原教旨主义者(fundamentalist的复数形式);基要派; statues:n.[建]雕像(statue的复数);v.在…处装饰;用雕像装饰(statue的三单形式); throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
They've been involved for decades in large-scale mass violence against minorities . 数十年来,他们都有涉入 针对少数族群的大规模群众暴力。
large-scale:adj.大规模的,大范围的;大比例尺的; minorities:n.少数(minority的复数形式);少数民族;少数族裔;
They ban books, art, films. 他们禁止书籍、艺术、电影。
ban:v.下令禁止;查禁;n.禁令;
They attack romantic couples on Valentine's Day, 他们在情人节攻击浪漫的情侣,
romantic:adj.浪漫的;爱情的;n.浪漫的人;耽于幻想的人;
Christians on Christmas Day. 在圣诞节攻击基督徒。
They don't like others talking critically about what they see as their ancient culture or using its images or caricaturing it or drawing cartoons about it. 他们不喜欢其他人去批判 他们如何看待他们的祖先文化、 或使用它的形象, 或用漫画誇张地描述它, 或是把它当卡通题材。
critically:adv.精密地;危急地;批评性地;用钻研眼光地; images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) caricaturing:n.漫画;讽刺画;漫画手法;vt.画成漫画讽刺;
But the people making the strongest possible claims about ancient, timeless Hindu religion are dressed in brown shorts and white shirts while claiming , oddly , to be the original Aryan race, just like the violent Salafi jihadis 但针对古老、永恒的印度教 提出最强烈主张的人, 很奇怪地,在声称自己 是正统的亚利安人的时候, 却穿着褐色短裤和白色上衣, 就像暴力的沙拉菲圣战士
timeless:adj.永恒的;不受时间影响的;不合时宜的; claiming:v.声称;要求给予;理应获得;(claim的现在分词) oddly:adv.古怪地;奇妙地;单数地; original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; Aryan:n.雅利安人;印欧语;adj.雅利安语系的;印欧语系的; jihadis:兰圣战分子;
who make their claims about their primordial religion while dressed in black military uniforms and wearing balaclavas . 申称他们才是创始宗教时, 却穿着黑色的军服, 戴着巴拉克拉法帽。
military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; uniforms:n.制服;军服;军人;v.使穿制服;(uniform的复数第三人称单词) balaclavas:n.巴拉克拉瓦盔式帽(balaclava的复数);
These people are manufacturing pure, pristine identities of conviction and of certainty. 这些人就是在制造纯正信念、 创始教义正统性假象的人。
manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词); pristine:adj.原始的,古时的;纯朴的; conviction:n.判罪;定罪;坚定的看法(或信念);坚信;肯定;
Fundamentalists see religion and culture as their sole property, a property. 他们将宗教和文化 视为他们独有的资产,一种资产。
sole:n.鞋底; adj.仅有的; v.给(鞋)换底;
But religions and cultures are processes . 但宗教和文化的演变是一个过程,
processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
They're not things. They're impermanent . They're messy . They're impure. 它们不是东西,不会恒久不变; 它们是零散复杂、不纯正的。
impermanent:adj.暂时的;非永久的; messy:adj.肮脏的;凌乱的;不整洁的;
Look at any religion and you'll see disputes and arguments going all the way down. 世界上任何一个宗教 都会有人支持与批评。
Any criticism of religion in any form has to therefore be part of the expansive sense of humanity we should aspire to. 因此,任何形式对信仰 做的任何评论, 都可以被视为人性的延伸, 我们都必须有包容的雅量。
criticism:n.批评;批判;评论;指责; expansive:adj.广阔的;扩张的;豪爽的; aspire:v.渴望(成就);有志(成为);
I respect your right to have and to express your religion or your culture or your opinion, but I don't necessarily have to respect the content . 我尊重你有不同信仰、文化, 以及表达信仰理念的权力, 但我不见得要尊重它的内容。
express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足;
I might like some of it. 但我可能会喜欢其中某些内容。
I might like how an old church looks, for example, but this isn't the same thing. 比如,我可能喜欢老教堂的外貌, 但这是两码子事。
Similarly , I have a human right to say something that you may find offensive , but you do not have a human right not to be offended . 同样的,我有说出 冒犯你的话的人权, 但你没有不被冒犯的人权。
Similarly:adv.同样地;类似于; human right:n.人权; offensive:n.进攻;攻势;攻击;侵犯;adj.冒犯的;得罪人的;无礼的; offended:v.得罪;冒犯;犯罪;犯法;(offend的过去分词和过去式)
In a genuine democracy , we're constantly offended since people express different views all the time. 在真正的民主中,我们经常被冒犯, 因为人们总是在表达不同的观点。
genuine:adj.真实的,真正的;诚恳的; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; constantly:adv.不断地;时常地;
They also change their views, so their views are impermanent. 人们还会改变他们的观点, 所以他们的观点不是恒久不变的。
You cannot fix someone's political views based on their religious or national or cultural background. 你不能根据别人的信仰、民族背景、 或文化背景, 来判定他的的政治观点。
Now, these points about religious purity also apply to nationalism and to racism . 关于信仰纯净的这些论点, 也被用在民族主义和种族主义上。
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; nationalism:n.民族主义;国家主义;民族特性; racism:n.种族主义,种族歧视;人种偏见;
I'm always puzzled to have pride in your national or ethnic identity, pride in the accident of birth from a warm and cozy womb , belief in your superiority because of the accident of birth. 我总是搞不懂, 因民族或种族身分而感到骄傲, 因从一个温暖舒适的子宫 出生而感到骄傲, 难道你因为出生这个偶发事件, 就相信自己比较优越吗？
puzzled:adj.困惑的;茫然的;搞糊涂的; cozy:n.保温罩;v.蒙骗;抚慰;adj.舒适的;安逸的; womb:n.[解剖]子宫;发源地;vt.容纳; superiority:n.优越,优势;优越性;
These people have very firm ideas about what belongs and what doesn't belong inside the cozy national cultures that they imagine. 这些人对谁跟他同一国, 谁跟他不同国分的很清楚, 沉浸在他们幻想出来的、 优越的民族主义文化中。
And I'm going to caricature a bit here, but only a little bit. 这里我要稍稍誇地张描述 一下,但只是稍稍地。
caricature:n.漫画;讽刺画;漫画手法;vt.画成漫画讽刺;
I want you to imagine the supporter of some Little Englander or British nationalist political party, and he's sitting at home and he's screaming about foreigners invading his country while watching Fox News, an American cable channel owned by an Australian on his South Korean television set which was bought by his Spanish credit card 请各位想像那些英国本土主义者 或英国民族主义政党的支持者, 正坐在家里, 对着电视大喊, 说外国人侵略他的国家, 但他看的是 Fox News, 这是个美国的有线频道, 频道所有者是澳洲人, 而他的电视机则是南韩品牌, 用他的西班牙信用卡所购买,
nationalist:n.民族主义者; adj.民族主义的(等于nationalistic); invading:v.武装入侵;侵略;侵犯;涌入;干扰(invade的现在分词) cable:n.电缆; v.打电报; (用锚链,缆索等)系住; Korean:n.朝鲜族;韩国人;朝鲜话;adj.朝鲜的;朝鲜族的;朝鲜话的; credit card:n.[经]信用卡;
which is paid off monthly by his high-street British bank which has its headquarters in Hong Kong. 这信用卡是透过他的 英国大众银行来做每月的缴款, 而这家英国银行的总部在香港。
monthly:n.月刊:adv.每个月:每月一次:adj.每月的: headquarters:n.总部;指挥部;司令部;
He supports a British football team owned by a Russian. 他支持的英国足球队, 老板是俄国人。
His favorite brand of fish and chips is owned by a Swedish venture capitalist firm. 他最爱的炸鱼薯条品牌 背后所有人是瑞典的风险投资公司。
brand:v.铭刻于,铭记;打烙印于;印…商标于;n.商标,牌子;烙印; fish and chips:n.炸鱼加土豆条;炸鱼薯条; Swedish:adj.瑞典的;瑞典语的;瑞典人的;n.瑞典语;瑞典人; venture:v.敢于;冒险;投机;n.企业;风险;冒险; capitalist:n.资本家;资本主义者;adj.资本主义的;资本家的;
The church he sometimes goes to has its creed decided in meetings in Ghana. 他有时会去的教堂, 其教义是在迦纳共和国 举行的会议所定案的。
creed:n.信条,教义;
His Union Jack underpants were made in India. 他的英国国旗内裤 是印度制的。
Union Jack:n.联合王国国旗;英国国旗; underpants:n.内衣裤;衬裤;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And -- 还有──
(Applause) （掌声）
Thank you. 谢谢。
And they're laundered regularly by a very nice Polish lady. 而他的内裤定期被一位 非常和蔼的波兰女士所清洗的。
laundered:v.洗熨(衣物);洗(钱)(launder的过去分词和过去式) regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的 Polish:n.磨光,擦亮;擦亮剂;优雅,精良;v.磨光,使发亮;使完美;改进;adj.波兰的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
There is no pure ethnicity , national culture, and the ethical choices we have today are far wider than being forced to choose between racist right and religious right visions, dismal visions of culture. 这世上没有纯净的种族 或民族文化的存在, 我们现今的道德选择, 绝对不会逼迫我们在 种族权力和信仰权力 两个另人沮丧的文化版本之间做选择。
ethnicity:n.种族划分; ethical:adj.伦理的;道德的;凭处方出售的;n.处方药; dismal:adj.凄凉的,忧郁的;阴沉的,沉闷的;n.低落的情绪;
Now, culture isn't just about language, food, clothing and music, but gender relations, ancient monuments , a heritage of sacred texts. 文化并不只是语言、 食物、衣着、音乐, 还包括性别关系、古老历史遗迹、 神圣文字的遗产。
monuments:n.遗迹;纪念物;不朽的功业;有永久价值的作品(monument的复数形式); heritage:n.遗产;传统;继承物;继承权;
But culture can also be what has been decided to be culture by those who have a political stake in pounding culture into the shape of a prison. 但文化也会被,而且已经 被那些掌有政治权利的人所定义, 他们把文化捶打成监狱的形状。
stake:n.桩,棍子;赌注;火刑;奖金;v.资助,支持;系…于桩上;把…押下打赌;
Big political identity claims are elite bids for power. 大型政治操作身分的宣传活动, 是政治菁英争权夺利的操作手段,
elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物;
They're not answers to social or economic or political injustices . 并不是社会、经济问题, 或政治不公的解答,
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; injustices:n.不公正;不讲道义;
They often obscure them. 通常只会使它们更不公正、更混乱。
obscure:n.朦胧; adj.无名的; v.使模糊;
And what about the large number of people across the globe who can't point to a monument from their past, who don't possess a sacred written text, who can't hark back to the past glories of a civilization or empire? 还有,这世上有很多 无法指出祖先墓碑在哪裏的人, 有很多没有神圣文字手稿的人, 有很多不敢回忆起 过去文明或帝国榮耀的人, 那么这些人怎么办呢？
possess:vt.控制;持有;迷住;具备; hark:vi.听(常用于命令句);
Are these people less a part of humanity? 这些人就不算是人类的一部份吗？
What about you, now, listening to this? 那么在座现在正在 听这演说的人呢？
What about you and your identity, because you stitch your experiences and your thoughts into a continuous person moving forward in time. 你和你的身分又如何呢？ 因为你过去的经验与想法 随着时间会紧紧地跟在你身上。
stitch:n.针脚,线迹;一针;vt.缝,缝合;vi.缝,缝合; continuous:adj.连续的,持续的;继续的;连绵不断的;
And this is what you are when you say, "I," "am," or "me." 这才是当你用「我是谁」 表达自己的时候, 真正的你。
But this also includes all of your hopes and dreams, all of the you's that could have been, and it includes all the other people and the things that are in the biography of who you are. 这当中也包含了 你所有的希望和梦想, 所有你未曾实现的自己, 也包含所有其他人, 以及将来在你自传中的所有事物。
biography:n.传记;档案;个人简介;
They, the others, are also a part of you, moving forward with you. 他们,其他人, 也是你的一部份, 和你在人生中一起前行的人。
Your authentic self, if such a thing exists, is a complex, messy and uncertain self, and that is a very good thing. 你的真实自我,如果真的存在的话, 是个复杂、混乱、不确定的自我, 那是一件好事。
uncertain:adj.无常的;含糊的;靠不住的;迟疑不决的;
Why not value those impurities and uncertainties ? 为什么不珍惜这些 不纯净和不确定性？
impurities:n.杂质(impurity的复数); uncertainties:n.[数]不确定性;不确定因素(uncertainty的复数);
Maybe clinging to pure identities is a sign of immaturity , and ethnic, nationalist and religious traditions are bad for you. 也许执着于纯净的身分 是不成熟的征兆, 执着于种族、民族主义 和宗教传统对你有害。
clinging:adj.紧身的; v.依附; (cling的现在分词) immaturity:n.未成熟;粗糙;未臻完美;不完全;
Why not be skeptical about every primordial origin claim made on your behalf ? 为什么不对每个以你原始出身之名 所做出的区别问题提出质疑？
skeptical:adj.怀疑的;怀疑论的,不可知论的; behalf:n.代表;利益;
Why not reject the identity myths that call on you to belong, that politicians and community leaders, so-called community leaders, place on you? 为什么不拒绝那些号召你 归属的那些身分迷思呢？ 为什么不拒绝政治、社区领袖, 那些所谓的社区领袖, 加诸于你的身分迷思呢？
politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数) community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的;
If we don't need origin stories and fixed identities, we can challenge ourselves to think creatively about each other and our future. 如果我们能放下出身来源 及身分认同的迷思, 我们就能挑战自己去创意地思考, 去想想彼此,想想我们的未来。
creatively:adv.创造性地;有创造力地;
And here culture always takes care of itself. 文化会有自己的出路。
I'm not worried about culture. 我不担心文化。
Cultures are creative, dynamic processes, not imposed laws and boundaries . 文化是创意的动态过程, 而不是强加于人的法律和界线。
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; imposed:adj.强加的;施加的;应用的;v.欺骗(impose的过去分词);把…强加于; boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数)
This is Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd, a very senior Muslim judge and thinker in Cordoba in the 12th century, and his writings were considered deeply blasphemous, heretical and evil . 这位是伊本 · 鲁世德, 他是十二世纪在哥多华的一位 资深穆斯林法官和思想家, 他写的东西被认为是极度 渎神的、异教的、邪恶的。
senior:adj.大;级别(或地位)高的;成人的;高级水平的;n.上级;上司;较…年长的人; writings:n.作品,篇章(writing的复数形式); heretical:adj.异端的;异教的; evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸;
Long after he died, followers of his work were ruthlessly hunted down, banished and killed over several centuries by the most powerful religious institution of the medieval period. 他死后很久, 他的作品的追随者被无情地追捕、 放逐、杀害,持续了好几世纪。 迫害者是中世纪最有权力的宗教机构
ruthlessly:adv.无情地;残忍地;冷酷地; banished:v.放逐;流放;赶走;驱除;(banish的过去分词和过去式) medieval:adj.中世纪的;原始的;仿中世纪的;老式的;
That institution was the Roman Catholic Church. 罗马天主教教堂。
Roman Catholic:n.天主教徒;
Why? 为什么？
Because ibn Rushd said that something true in religion may conflict with something that your reason finds to be true on earth, but the latter is still true. 因为伊本鲁世德说, 可能和你理智所认知的 世间真实有所冲突, 但后者仍是真实的。
latter:adj.后者的;近来的;后面的;较后的;
There are two distinct worlds of truth, one based on our reason and evidence , and one that is divine , and the state, political power, social law are in the realm of reason. 有两个不同的真实世界, 一个根据理智和证据, 另一个根据神学; 而国家、政治权力 和社会法律属于理智的范畴,
distinct:adj.明显的;独特的;清楚的;有区别的; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; divine:adj.神圣的;非凡的;天赐的;极好的;v.占卜;预言;用占卜勘探;n.牧师;神学家; realm:n.领域,范围;王国;
Religious life is a different realm. 信仰生活则在另一边;
They should be kept separated. 两个应该要被区分开来。
Social and political life should be governed by our reason, not by religion. 社会与政治应该要 由我们的理智来管理, 而非由信仰来管理。
And you can see why the church was upset by his writings, as indeed were some Muslims during his lifetime, because he gives us a strong statement of secularism of a kind which is normal in Europe today. 不难看出为何教堂会 对他的着作感到气愤, 在他一生中有些穆斯林也是如此, 因为他给了我们 政教分离的强烈声明, 这种声明现今在欧洲就很正常。
upset:adj.沮丧; v.打乱; n.苦恼; (意外的)混乱; statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单; secularism:n.世俗主义;现世主义;宗教与教育分离论;
Now, history plays many tricks on us. 历史经常戏弄我们,
It undermines our fixed truths and what we believe to be our culture and their culture. 它破坏了我们确切的真理 以及我们对我们的文化 和其他文化的认知。
undermines:暗中破坏;
Ibn Rushd, someone who happens to be a Muslim, is considered one of the key influences in the introduction and spread of secularism in Europe. 伊本鲁世德刚好是个穆斯林, 他被公认是在欧洲提出和传播 政教分离论的关键影响人物之一。
influences:n.影响; v.影响;
So against religious, nationalist and racial purists of all kinds, can you make his story a part of your own, not because he happened to be a Muslim, not because he happened to be an Arab, but because he was a human being with some very good ideas that shook his world and ours. 在与各种宗教、民族主义、 种族净化主义相抵触的情况下, 你能否将他的故事 变成你的故事的一部份？ 不是因为他刚好是穆斯林, 不是因为他刚好是阿拉伯人, 而是因为他是人类, 他有一些很好的想法 撼动了他的世界, 以及我们的世界。
racial:adj.种族的;人种的; purists:n.纯化论者(purist的复数);
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）