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CherylHayashi_2010-_蛛丝奇观_
I'm here to spread the word about the magnificence of spiders and how much we can learn from them. 我在这里是为了传达一个讯息, 关於蜘蛛丝的奇观 以及,我们能从它们身上学习到多少事情。
magnificence:n.壮丽;宏伟;富丽堂皇; spiders:n.蜘蛛(spider的复数)
Spiders are truly global citizens. 蜘蛛是全球公民,这点无庸置疑。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
You can find spiders in nearly every terrestrial habitat . 你可以在任何邻近区域,找到蜘蛛。 每一个陆地,都可以。
terrestrial:adj.地球的;陆地的,[生物]陆生的;人间的;n.陆地生物;地球上的人; habitat:n.[生态]栖息地,产地;
This red dot marks the Great Basin of North America , and I'm involved with an alpine biodiversity project there with some collaborators . 这个红点标记了 北美的大盆地区 我和一些合作者,参加了一个山地生物多样性的计画
Basin:n.水池;流域;盆地;盆; North America:n.北美洲; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) alpine:adj.阿尔卑斯山的,高山的; biodiversity:n.生物多样性; collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数);
Here's one of our field sites , and just to give you a sense of perspective , this little blue smudge here, that's one of my collaborators. 这里是我们其中一个田野据点 你们远眺可以看见 那里有个小蓝点 那是我的合作者之一
sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式); perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; smudge:v.弄脏,涂污;用浓烟熏;n.污点,污迹;烟熏火堆;
This is a rugged and barren landscape , yet there are quite a few spiders here. 这里的地势崎岖不平,且贫瘠 存在相当数量的蜘蛛
rugged:adj.崎岖的;坚固的;高低不平的;粗糙的; barren:n.不毛之地;adj.贫瘠的;不毛的;不结果实的;不育的; landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境; quite a few:不少,相当多;
Turning rocks over revealed this crab spider grappling with a beetle . 翻开岩石,可以看见抓着甲虫的蟹科蜘蛛
revealed:v.揭示;显示;露出;(reveal的过去分词和过去式) crab:n.蟹;螃蟹;蟹肉;阴虱病;v.捕蟹;用爪抓;使侧航;使斜行; grappling:v.扭打;搏斗;努力设法解决;(grapple的现在分词) beetle:n.甲壳虫;adj.突出的;愁眉苦脸的;v.快速移动
Spiders are not just everywhere, but they're extremely diverse . 蜘蛛并不是随处可见的 但是它们的品种繁多
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的;
There are over 40,000 described species of spiders. 已知的蜘蛛品种超过40000种
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
To put that number into perspective, here's a graph comparing the 40,000 species of spiders to the 400 species of primates . 根据这个数目 这里有一张图表比较40000种的蜘蛛品种和 400种的灵长类动物
comparing:v.比较;对比;(compare的现在分词) primates:n.灵长类;
There are two orders of magnitude more spiders than primates. 蜘蛛比灵长类动物多了两个数量级
magnitude:n.大小;量级;[地震]震级;重要;光度;
Spiders are also extremely old. 蜘蛛也比较古老
On the bottom here, this is the geologic timescale , and the numbers on it indicate millions of years from the present, so the zero here, that would be today. 在图片底部 是一地质年代表 这里有个零,代表了今天 而其他那些数字表示距今已经数百万年
geologic:adj.地质的;地质学上的; timescale:时间量程;时标; indicate:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;
So what this figure shows is that spiders date back to almost 380 million years. 所以,从年代表追溯蜘蛛出现的时间 大约在3.8亿年前
date back to:追溯到;从…开始有;
To put that into perspective, this red vertical bar here marks the divergence time from humans from chimpanzees , a mere seven million years ago. 换另一个角度来看 红色垂直轴标记出猩猩演化成人类的时间, 也不过在七百万年前
vertical:n.垂直线;垂直位置;adj.竖的;垂直的;直立的;纵向的; divergence:n.分歧; chimpanzees:n.[脊椎]黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数); mere:adj.仅仅的;只不过的;n.小湖;池塘;
All spiders make silk at some point in their life. 生命中的某些时间点上,蜘蛛会有吐丝的动作。
Most spiders use copious amounts of silk, and silk is essential to their survival and reproduction . 大部分蜘蛛靠大量的蜘蛛丝,来确保它们的生命不受到威胁 同时也进行繁殖
copious:adj.丰富的;很多的;多产的; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物; reproduction:n.繁殖,生殖;复制;复制品;
Even fossil spiders can make silk, as we can see from this impression of a spinneret on this fossil spider. 从图片上,我们可以看出在这块蜘蛛化石上,有一个吐丝器。 意味着古早的蜘蛛也具备吐丝的能力。
fossil:n.化石;老人;老古董;adj.从地下发掘出来的;化石的;属于旧时代的;陈腐的; impression:n.印象;影响;效果;感想; spinneret:n.[纺]喷丝头;[昆]吐丝器;
So this means that both spiders and spider silk have been around for 380 million years. 也意味着,3.8亿年前蜘蛛或蜘蛛丝都存在的事实。
have been around:见识(很)多;世故(很)深;遍布全球;世故深;遍布各地;
It doesn't take long from working with spiders to start noticing how essential silk is to just about every aspect of their life. 蜘蛛吐絲不會花費很長的時間
aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位;
Spiders use silk for many purposes, including the trailing safety drag line, wrapping eggs for reproduction, protective retreats , and catching prey . 蜘蛛丝有许多功能,像是 替蜘蛛拉起一道安全警戒线 包缠它们的蛋,保护它们的下一代 撤退时的保护机制 以及猎获食物
trailing:v.(被)拖,拉;疲惫地走,磨蹭;落后,失败;(trail的现在分词) drag:v.拖曳;生拉硬拽;拖动;n.拖累;令人厌烦的人;累赘;绊脚石; wrapping:n.包装材料;包装纸;v.包,裹(礼物等);用…包裹;(wrap的现在分词) protective:adj.防护的;关切保护的;保护贸易的; retreats:撤退;放弃;离开;休养处; prey:n.猎物;受害者;受骗者;v.折磨;掠夺;捕食(on,upon);损害(on,upon);
There are many kinds of spider silk. 蜘蛛丝的种类繁多
For example, this garden spider can make seven different kinds of silks. 举例来说,园蛛可以吐出七种不同的丝
When you look at this orb web, you're actually seeing many types of silk fibers . 当你看见这种圆型蜘蛛网 你可以看到它有许多不同种类的纤维
fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数);
The frame and radii of this web is made up of one type of silk, while the capture spiral is a composite of two different silks: the filament and the sticky droplet . 网上的骨架丝与辐射状丝,是由同一种类的丝织造而成 螺旋状的补丝部分,是由两种截然不同的丝所组合: 单纤维细丝和有微量粘膜的丝
frame:n.框架; v.设计; adj.有木架的; radii:n.半径(radius的复数); made up of:由…组成,由…构成; capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 spiral:n.螺旋;旋涡;螺旋形之物;adj.螺旋形的;v.使成螺旋形;vi.盘旋;螺旋形上升; composite:n.复合材料;合成物;菊科;adj.复合的;合成的;菊科的;vt.使合成;使混合; filament:n.灯丝;细丝;细线;单纤维; sticky:adj.粘的;粘性的; droplet:n.小滴,微滴;
How does an individual spider make so many kinds of silk? 一只蜘蛛是如何吐出这麽多不同种类的蜘蛛丝呢？
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
To answer that, you have to look a lot closer at the spinneret region of a spider. 想知道答案,就必须更贴近观察蜘蛛的吐丝器
region:n.地区;范围;部位;
So silk comes out of the spinnerets , and for those of us spider silk biologists , this is what we call the business end of the spider. 吐丝器吐出了蜘蛛丝, 而一些像我一样的蜘蛛生物学家 我们自称为蜘蛛终结者...
spinnerets:n.喷丝板;纺嘴;[昆]吐丝器(spinneret的复数); biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数); business end:n.(工具或武器)行使主要功能的一端;
We spend long days (Laughter)?? 花了很长的时间...
Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life. (Laughter) 嘿！别笑！那可是我货真价实的人生过程！
We spend long days and nights staring at this part of the spider. 我们耗费无数的日与夜 就瞪着这个吐丝器
staring:adj.凝视的,目不转睛的;显眼的;v.凝视;盯着看;显眼;(stare的现在分词)
And this is what we see. 然後,这就是我们看见的。
You can see multiple fibers coming out of the spinnerets, because each spinneret has many spigots on it. 你们可以看到吐丝器里吐出了多重纤维 因为,每个吐丝器都有许多个栓塞
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; spigots:n.龙头;栓;饮水的地方;
Each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot, and if you were to Bla ck"> trace the fiber back into the spider, what you would find is that each spigot connects to its own individual silk Bla ck"> gland . A silk gland kind of looks like a sac with a lot of silk Bla ck"> proteins stuck inside. 而每一条纤维都来自於这些栓塞 假如循着纤维,追溯回到蜘蛛本体 你会发现, 栓塞各自连结了蜘蛛体内的独立絲腺体 絲腺的外观就像是一个小囊袋 袋里充满了蛛丝蛋白
trace:追溯,追踪 gland:n.腺;密封压盖;
so if you ever have the opportunity to dissect an orb-web-weaving spider, and I hope you do, what you would find is a bounty of beautiful, translucent silk glands . 如果你曾经解剖过一只圆网蜘蛛 我也希望你们有机会这麽作 你们会发现它有着大量且漂亮丶呈半透明的絲腺
dissect:vt.切细;仔细分析;vi.进行解剖;进行详细分析; bounty:n.慷慨; vt.发给…奖金等; vi.以赏金等形式发放; translucent:adj.透明的;半透明的; glands:n.腺体(gland的复数);气封;
Inside each spider, there are hundreds of silk glands, sometimes thousands. 每只蜘蛛体内都有数百种的絲腺 有时候高达数千种
These can be grouped into seven categories . 从絲腺大小丶形状丶有时候是从颜色
categories:n.(人或事物的)类别,种类(category的复数)
They differ by size, shape, and sometimes even color. 大致可以将它们归类为七种
In an orb-web-weaving spider, you can find seven types of silk glands, and what I have depicted here in this picture, let's start at the one o'clock position, there's tubuliform silk glands, which are used to make the outer silk of an egg sac. 在一只圆蛛体内 你可以找到七种不同的絲腺 在这张图片中,我已经把它们一一描绘出来 我们从一点钟位置开始 这里是管状腺丝 管状腺丝的工作是制作卵囊
depicted:vt.描述;描画; outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中;
There's the aggregate and flagelliform silk glands which combine to make the sticky capture spiral of an orb web. 这里是聚状腺丝和鞭状腺丝 负责在螺旋状丝上制造黏液
aggregate:vi.集合; vt.集合; n.合计; adj.聚合的;
Pyriform silk glands make the attachment cement . That's the silk that's used to adhere silk lines to a substrate . 梨状腺丝具有黏合作用 --负责将丝腺黏合在蜘蛛网的基底上
attachment:n.附件;依恋;连接物;扣押财产; cement:n.水泥;(干燥后硬化的)水泥;胶合剂;胶接剂;v.加强;胶合; adhere:vi.坚持;依附;粘着;追随;vt.使粘附; substrate:n.基质;基片;底层(等于substratum);酶作用物;
There's also aciniform silk, which is used to wrap prey. 葡萄状腺丝用来补获猎物
Minor ampullate silk is used in web construction , and the most studied silk line of them all, major ampullate silk. 小壶状腺丝则是蜘蛛建构蜘蛛网的帮手 在许多丝腺里,最常被研究的是 大壶状腺丝
Minor:adj.未成年的; n.未成年人; vi.副修; construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句;
This is the silk that's used to make the frame and radii of an orb web, and also the safety trailing drag line. 大壶状腺丝用在制造骨架丝和幅状腺丝 同时,蜘蛛的安全警戒线也是由大壶状腺所形成的
But what, exactly, is spider silk? 但是,准确来说,究竟什麽是蜘蛛丝？
Spider silk is almost entirely protein. 基本上,蜘蛛丝几乎全由蛋白质组成
Nearly all of these proteins can be explained by a single gene family, so this means that the diversity of silk types we see today is encoded by one gene family, so presumably the original spider ancestor made one kind of silk, and over the last 380 million years, that one silk gene has duplicated and then diverged , specialized , over and over and over again , to get the large variety of flavors of spider silks that we have today. 大多数来自单基因家族的蛋白质成分是可以被解释的 这表示了,我们今日所见的蜘蛛丝分类 都来自单基因家族 所以,我们可以推测,最原始的蜘蛛远祖或许只能吐出一种丝 然後经过3.8亿年的演化 单纯的蜘蛛丝基因被复制 接着,产生分歧化,专门化 这样的过程不断重复, 终於,演化成我们今日的蜘蛛丝有了五花八门的分类
gene:n.基因;遗传基因;遗传因子; encoded:adj.[计]编码的;v.把…编码(encode的过去分词); presumably:adv.大概;推测起来;可假定; original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; duplicated:v.复制;复印;复写;(duplicate的过去分词和过去式) diverged:v.分叉;分歧;相异;偏离;背离;(diverge的过去分词和过去式) specialized:adj.专业的; v.专门研究(或从事); (specialize的过去式和过去分词) over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地; variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化; flavors:n.风味调料(flavor复数);v.添加味道(flavor的三单形式);
There are several features that all these silks have in common. They all have a common design, such as they're all very long, they're sort of outlandishly long compared to other proteins. 这些丝腺有一些共通点 像是,它们都非常的绵长 跟其它的丝质蛋白相比,蛛丝蛋白可以延伸的长度显得有点古怪
outlandishly:adv.怪异地; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
They're very repetitive , and they're very rich in the amino acids glycine and alanine . 它们非常反覆,且有丰富的氨基酸和丙氨酸
repetitive:adj.重复的; amino:adj.氨基的;n.[化学]氨基; glycine:n.甘氨酸;[有化]氨基乙酸; alanine:n.[生化]丙氨酸;
To give you an idea of what a spider silk protein looks like, this is a dragline silk protein, it's just a portion of it, from the black widow spider. 给你们一个提示去想像蛛丝蛋白的样子 这是牵引丝蛋白 这只是从黑寡妇体内取得的蛛丝蛋白成分之一
portion:n.部分;(食物的)一份;分担的责任;v.把…分成若干份(或部分); black widow:n.黑寡妇毒蛛(美洲蜘蛛,雌蛛常吃掉雄蛛);
This is the kind of sequence that I love looking at day and night. (Laughter) 这正是每日每夜,我所瞪视丶研究的东西
sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列;
So what you're seeing here is the one letter abbreviation for amino acids, and I've colored in the glycines with green, and the alanines in red, and so you can see it's just a lot of G's and A's. 所以,在这里,这个字母是氨基酸的缩写 我以绿色标明氨基酸 用红色标明丙氨酸 所以你们看见了很多G*s和A*s
abbreviation:n.缩写;缩写词;
You can also see that there's a lot of short sequence motifs that repeat over and over and over again, so for example there's a lot of what we call polyalanines, or iterated A's, 你们也可以看见它们不断地大量重复着短序列 举例来说,这里有大量的聚醛连氮,或不停重复着A*s
motifs:n.图案;动机(motif的复数); iterated:重复;反复申明(iterate的过去式和过去分词);
AAAAA. There's GGQ. There's GGY. AAAAA。这里是GGQ。这里是GGY
You can think of these short motifs that repeat over and over again as words, and these words occur in sentences, so for example this would be one sentence, and you would get this sort of green region and the red polyalanine, that repeats over and over and over again, and you can have that hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of times within an individual silk molecule . 你可以把这些不停重复的短序列,想像成字词 而这些字词会发生在语句中 所以,举例来说,这里是一个句子 你会得到绿色区块和红色聚醛连氮的组合 接着这种组合会一再重复 你就会得到数百个独立的丝腺分子
occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在; molecule:n.[化学]分子;微小颗粒,微粒;
Silks made by the same spider can have dramatically different repeat sequences . 相同的蜘蛛吐出的丝,可以有截然不同的重复序列
dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; sequences:n.[数][计]序列,顺序;继起的事(sequence的复数形式);
At the top of the screen, you're seeing the repeat unit from the dragline silk of a garden argiope spider. 在萤幕的上方,你可以看见的是 一只花园金蜘蛛的曳拖丝重复序列单位
It's short, and on the bottom, this is the repeat sequence for the egg case or tubuliform silk protein for the exact same spider, and you can see how dramatically different these silk proteins are, so this is sort of the beauty of the diversification of the spider silk gene family. 非常的短。而在底部, 是蛋壳的重复序列,或称作管状腺丝蛋白的序列 它们的确来自相同的蜘蛛身上 如此一来,你就可以看出这些蛛丝蛋白有多麽不一样 属於蜘蛛丝家族基因里多样化的美丽
diversification:n.多样化;变化;
You can see that the repeat units differ in length. They also differ in sequence. 你可以看见以不同长度在重复着的蛋白單位 同时它们的序列方式也大相径庭
So I've colored in the glycines again in green, alanine in red, and the serines, the letter S, in purple , and you can see that the top repeat unit can be explained almost entirely by green and red, and the bottom repeat unit has a substantial amount of purple. 我再一次将氨基酸用红色标岀,丙氨酸用绿色标岀 紫色的字母S代表序列 接着,你可以观察到上方的重复单位几乎都是绿色和红色 而下方的重复单位有很大一部分是紫色的
purple:n.紫色;紫袍;v.变紫;使成紫色;adj.紫色的;华丽的文辞; substantial:adj.大量的;实质的;内容充实的;n.本质;重要材料;
What silk biologists do is we try to relate these sequences, these amino acid sequences, to the mechanical properties of the silk fibers. Now, it's really convenient that spiders use their silk completely outside their body. 研究蛛丝的生物学家要作的就是,试着将这些序列, 这些氨基酸序列,与蛛丝纤维的材料属性加以连结 现在,因为蜘蛛习惯将丝吐在身体外面,所以研究变得很简单
amino acid:n.氨基酸; mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的; convenient:adj.实用的;便利的;方便的;
This makes testing spider silk really really easy to do in the laboratory , because we're actually, you know, testing it in air that's exactly the environment that spiders are using their silk proteins. 实验室里的蜘蛛丝测试,真的变得非常容易执行 事实上我们,你了解的,我们可以很直接地在空气中测试它 因为蜘蛛的确是在充满空气的环境里,使用它们的蛛丝蛋白
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室;
So this makes quantifying silk properties by methods such as tensile testing, which is basically , you know, tugging on one end of the fiber, very amenable . 也因此产生了一些方法来量化蛛丝的属性,像是 拉伸试验,这是最基本的一种试验 就是拉住纤维的某一段,非常容易执行的一种试验
quantifying:n.定量法;v.量化(quantify的ing形式);定量; tensile:adj.[力]拉力的;可伸长的;可拉长的; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; tugging:n.牵引感;v.用力拉(tug的ing形式); amenable:adj.有责任的,应服从的;有义务的;经得起检验的;
Here are stress-strain curves generated by tensile testing five fibers made by the same spider. 这是同一只蜘蛛产岀的五种纤维, 对这五种纤维进行拉伸试验後, 所产生的应变曲线
curves:n.曲线; v.(使)沿曲线运动; (curve的第三人称单数和复数) generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词)
So what you can see here is that the five fibers have different behaviors. 你可以看到拉伸过後,这五种纤维都有各自不同的反应
Specifically , if you look on the vertical axis , that's stress. If you look at the maximum stress value for each of these fibers, you can see that there's a lot of variation , and in fact dragline, or major ampullate silk, is the strongest of these fibers. 具体来说,垂直轴代表了压力 如果你注意每一种纤维的最大压力值 你就可以知道变异数实在太多了 而拉曳丝腺和大壶状线是这些纤维里最强壮的丝腺
Specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; axis:n.轴;轴线;轴心国; maximum:n.最大限度;最大量;最高限度;adj.最高的;最多的;最大极限的; variation:n.变异;变体;变奏;变种;
We think that's because the dragline silk, which is used to make the frame and radii for a web, needs to be very strong. 我们认为这是因为拉曳丝腺,是被用在制造骨架丝和辐射状丝 所以不得不比其他丝腺强壮
On the other hand , if you were to look at strain , this is how much a fiber can be extended , if you look at the maximum value here, again, there's a lot of variation and the clear winner is flagelliform or the capture spiral filament. 換言之 如果你注意到曲線頂點 就知道一條纖維可以被延展的程度 如果你注意在這裡的最大值 最大直代表分異度 完勝者是鞭毛狀的絲腺 或是使用在捕獲獵物上的螺旋狀絲腺
On the other hand:另一方面; strain:n.压力;品系;应力;张力;v.扭伤;拉紧;滤;损伤; extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词)
In fact, this flagelliform fiber can actually stretch over twice its original length. 事實上 鞭毛狀絲腺可以延伸至原本長度的兩倍
stretch:v.伸展;延伸;伸出;舒展;n.伸展;弹性;舒展;一片;adj.有弹力的;
So silk fibers vary in their strength and also their extensibility. 所以 在長度和延展性上 蛛絲纖維都相當有變化
vary:vi.变化;变异;违反;vt.改变;使多样化;变奏;
In the case of the capture spiral, it needs to be so stretchy to absorb the impact of flying prey. 以螺旋狀絲腺來說 它不可以缺乏彈性 因為它必須用在捕獲飛行的獵物上
stretchy:adj.有弹性的;能伸展的; absorb:v.吸收;使并入;吞并;同化;理解;吸收;耗费;承受; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
If it wasn't able to stretch so much, then basically when an insect hit the web, it would just trampoline right off of it. 如果它不具有一定程度的延展性 那麼當有昆蟲落到蜘蛛網的時候 蜘蛛就無法蹦跳到該昆蟲旁邊獵食
trampoline:n.蹦床;弹簧垫;
So if the web was made entirely out of dragline silk, an insect is very likely to just bounce right off, but by having really really stretchy capture spiral silk, the web is actually able to absorb the impact of that intercepted prey. 所以說 如果網子完全不使用拖曳絲腺 昆蟲就只是單純地撞到網子上 但是 因為有可延展的螺旋狀絲腺 網子就可以吸收被網子攔截到的昆蟲
bounce:v.反弹;反射;(使)弹起;n.弹跳;跳动;弹性; intercepted:v.拦截;拦阻;截住;(intercept的过去式和过去分词)
There's quite a bit of variation within the fibers that an individual spider can make. 一隻獨立的蜘蛛可以吐出的纖維的確有一些差異
We call that the tool kit of a spider. 我們稱這些絲腺是蜘蛛的工具箱
kit:v.装备;n.成套工具;配套元件;成套设备;全套衣服及装备;
That's what the spider has to interact with their environment. 絲腺就是蜘蛛和環境的互動
interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
But how about variation among spider species, so looking at one type of silk and looking at different species of spiders? 但是不同的蜘蛛物種到底存在多大的差異性呢? 是以同一種的絲腺來做區分 還是用不同的蜘蛛物種來作區分
This is an area that's largely unexplored but here's a little bit of data I can show you. 這是一塊極大尚未探知的領域 不過 我還是能提供一些資料給予各位
largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; unexplored:adj.[地质]未勘查过的;
This is the comparison of the toughness of the dragline spilk spun by 21 species of spiders. 這是21種蜘蛛的拖曳絲腺的韌性比較
comparison:n.比较;对比;相比; toughness:n.[力]韧性;强健;有粘性; spun:adj.纺成的;v.纺(spin的过去分词);旋转;
Some of them are orb-weaving spiders and some of them are non-orb-weaving spiders. 有些是圓網蜘蛛 有些不是
It's been hypothesized that orb-weaving spiders, like this argiope here, should have the toughest dragline silks because they must intercept flying prey. 假設圓網蜘蛛 像是在這裡的金蛛 它的拖曳絲腺應該要最具韌性 因為它們要截獲飛行的獵物
hypothesized:v.假定,假设,猜测(hypothesize的过去式);
What you see here on this toughness graph is the higher the black dot is on the graph, the higher the toughness. 從韌性圖上看來 就是最高的那點黑點 這個黑點代表最大的韌性值
The 21 species are indicated here by this phylogeny , this evolutionary tree, that shows their genetic relationships, and I've colored in yellow the orb-web-weaving spiders. 21種蜘蛛的發展史通通都被標示出來了 演化樹指出了它們之間的基因關係 我用黃色標出了屬於圓網蜘蛛的物種
indicated:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;示意;(indicate的过去分词和过去式) phylogeny:n.种系发生,[生物]系统发生;语发展史; evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的;
If you look right here at the two red arrows, they point to the toughness values for the draglines of nephila clavipes and araneus diadematus. 看這裡 這裡有兩個紅色箭頭 它們指出 nephila clavipes 蜘蛛和araneus diadematus蜘蛛的曳引絲 最具韌性
These are the two species of spiders for which the vast majority of time and money on synthetic spider silk research has been to replicate their dragline silk proteins. 這裡是兩種不同的蜘蛛
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: synthetic:adj.综合的;合成的,人造的;n.合成物; replicate:vt.复制; vi.重复; adj.复制的; n.复制品;
Yet, their draglines are not the toughest.
In fact, the toughest dragline in this survey is this one right here in this white region, a non orb-web-weaving spider.
survey:n.调查;测量;审视;纵览;vt.调查;勘测;俯瞰;vi.测量土地;
This is the dragline spun by scytodes, the spitting spider.
Scytodes doesn't use a web at all to catch prey. Instead, scytodes sort of lurks around and waits for prey to get close to it, and then immobilizes prey by spraying a silk-like venom onto that insect.
lurks:v.潜伏;潜藏;埋伏;n.潜伏;埋伏;(lurk的第三人称单数和复数) immobilizes:vt.使固定;使不动;使停止流通; spraying:v.喷;喷洒;向…扫射(或抛洒);撒尿(以示领地占有);(spray的现在分词) silk-like:像丝绸一般的; venom:n.毒液;恶意;vt.使有毒;放毒;
Think of hunting with silly string .
string:n.字符串; v.悬挂; adj.由弦乐器组成的;
That's how scytodes forages .
forages:n.饲料;草料;搜索;vi.搜寻粮草;搜寻;
We don't really know why scytodes needs such a tough dragline, but it's unexpected results like this that make bio-prospecting so exciting and worthwhile .
unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的; worthwhile:adj.值得做的,值得花时间的;
It frees us from the constraints of our imagination .
constraints:n.[数]约束;限制;约束条件(constraint的复数形式); imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物;
Now I'm going to mark on the toughness values for nylon fiber, bombyx, or domesticated silkworm silk, wool , Kevlar , and carbon fibers, and what you can see is that nearly all the spider draglines surpass them.
nylon:n.尼龙,[纺]聚酰胺纤维;尼龙袜; domesticated:adj.家养的; v.驯养; (domesticate的过去分词和过去式) silkworm:n.蚕,桑蚕; wool:n.毛;毛线;毛料;毛织物; Kevlar:n.用在芳族聚酰胺纤维商品上的商标; carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; surpass:v.超越;胜过,优于;非…所能办到或理解;
It's the combination of strength, extensibility, and toughness that makes spider silk so special, and that has attracted the attention of biomimeticists, so people that turn to nature to try to find new solutions, and the strength, extensibility, and toughness of spider silks, combined with the fact that silks do not elicit an immune response have attracted a lot of interest in the use of spider silks in biomedical applications, for example, as a component of artificial tendons , for serving as guides to regrow nerves , and for scaffolds for tissue growth.
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; elicit:v.抽出,引出;引起; immune response:n.免疫应答(机体对抗原的应答); biomedical:adj.生物医学的; component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的; artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的; tendons:n.肌腱,[解剖]腱;蹄筋(tendon的复数); regrow:vt.再生;重新长出;vi.重新生长; nerves:n.神经;神经紧张;勇气;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神;(nerve的第三人称单数和复数) scaffolds:n.支架;[建]脚手架;绞刑台(scaffold的复数); tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;
Spider silks also have a lot of potential for their anti-ballistic capabilities.
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; anti-ballistic:adj.反弹道的;反飞弹的;
Silks could be incorporated into body and equipment armor that would be more lightweight and flexible than any armor available today.
incorporated:adj.合并的; v.合并; armor:n.[军]装甲;盔甲;v.为…装甲; lightweight:n.轻量级选手;无足轻重的人;adj.重量轻的;平均重量以下的; flexible:adj.灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的;
In addition to these biomimetic applications of spider silks, personally , I find studying spider silks just fascinating in and of itself.
In addition to:除…之外; personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言; fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
I love when I'm in the laboratory, a new spider silk sequence comes in.
That's just the best. (Laughter)
It's like the spiders are sharing an ancient secret with me, and that's why
I'm going to spend the rest of my life studying spider silk.
The next time you see a spider web, please, pause and look a little closer.
You'll be seeing one of the most high-performance materials known to man.
high-performance:adj.高性能的;高效能的;
To borrow from the writings of a spider named Charlotte , silk is terrific .
writings:n.作品,篇章(writing的复数形式); Charlotte:n.法国水果奶油布丁;夏洛特; terrific:adj.极好的;极其的,非常的;可怕的;
Thank you. (Applause)
(Applause)