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CharlesElachi_2008P-_火星车_火星漫游者_
I thought I'd start with telling you or showing you the people who started [Jet Propulsion Lab]. 我想我还是首先介绍那些创建喷气推进实验室的人们。
When they were a bunch of kids, they were kind of very imaginative , very adventurous , as they were trying at Caltech to mix chemicals and see which one blows up more. 那时这些人还是一群孩子, 他们富于想象力和冒险精神, 当时他们在加州理工大学,调配化合物 看看哪种调配爆炸威力大一些。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; imaginative:adj.虚构的;富于想象的;有创造力的; adventurous:adj.爱冒险的;大胆的;充满危险的; Caltech:n.加利福尼亚理工学院; chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数)
Well, I don't recommend that you try to do that now. 不过,我可不想让各位模仿。
recommend:v.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议;使受欢迎;
Naturally , they blew up a shack , and Caltech, well, then, hey, you go to the Arroyo and really do all your tests in there. 自然的,他们炸了一个小屋子,和加州理工,然后, 喂,你们到干河床去,那里你们可以做所有试验。
Naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; shack:n.棚屋;小室;vi.居住; Arroyo:n.小河;河谷;干涸沟壑;
So, that's what we call our first five employees during the tea break, you know, in here. 这就是我们首批五名雇员 在茶歇的时候。
As I said , they were adventurous people. 如我所言,他们都是爱冒险的家伙。
As I said:正如我所说的
As a matter of fact , one of them, who was, kind of, part of a cult which was not too far from here on Orange Grove , and unfortunately he blew up himself because he kept mixing chemicals and trying to figure out which ones were the best chemicals. 实际上,其中他们中的一个,是个邪教徒(Jack Parsons) 就在历此不远的奥兰治格罗夫, 倒霉的是他把自己炸上了天,因为他一边调配炸药 一边想搞明白哪种是最好的炸药。
As a matter of fact:事实上; cult:n.崇拜; adj.受特定群体欢迎的; Grove:n.小树林;果园; unfortunately:adv.不幸地; mixing:n.混合;混频;录音;v.混合,掺和,融合;调配;配制;相容;(mix的现在分词)
So, that gives you a kind of flavor of the kind of people we have there. 所以您就了解 我们那里都是哪类人。
flavor:n.情味,风味;香料;滋味;v.加味于;
We try to avoid blowing ourselves up. 我们得小心,别把自己炸上天。
This one I thought I'd show you. 这个我想我展示过。
Guess which one is a JPL employee in the heart of this crowd. 猜猜这群人中谁是喷气推进实验室的雇员。
I tried to come like him this morning, but as I walked out, then it was too cold, and I said, I'd better put my shirt back on. 今天早上,我也想像他一样光膀子来, 不过走出来就觉得太凉快了, 所以我还是穿上我的衬衫吧。
But more importantly, the reason I wanted to show this picture: look where the other people are looking, and look where he is looking. 不过我展示这张照片更重要的原因是: 看其他人看哪里, 再看看他看哪里。
Wherever anybody else looks, look somewhere else, and go do something different, you know, and doing that. 不管别人看什么,我们看其他的 做与众不同的事。
And that's kind of what has been the spirit of what we are doing. 这就是我们做事的精神。
And I want to tell you a quote from Ralph Emerson that one of my colleagues , you know, put on my wall in my office, and it says, "Do not go where the path may lead. 有句拉尔夫?爱默生（美国散文作家、思想家、诗人）的名言 我的一个同事,把它挂在了我办公室的墙上, 写道:“不要去那些有路可通的地方,而是去那些无路可通的地方并且留下你的足迹”
quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用; Ralph:v.呕吐; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
Go instead where there is no path, and leave a trail ." 写道:“不要去那些有路可通的地方,而是去那些无路可通的地方并且留下你的足迹”
trail:v.(被)拖,拉;疲惫地走,磨蹭;落后,失败;n.痕迹;踪迹;小路;路线;
And that's my recommendation to all of you: look what everybody is doing, what they are doing; go do something completely different. 这就是我向大家推荐的: 看看别人都在做什么, 然后做与众不同的。
recommendation:n.推荐;介绍;提议;正式建议;
Don't try to improve a little bit on what somebody else is doing, because that doesn't get you very far. 不要只是想改进一点别人的东西, 因为那样你不会取得很大成就。
improve:v.改进;改善;
In our early days we used to work a lot on rockets, but we also used to have a lot of parties, you know. 早些年间,我们常常在火箭上下功夫, 不过我们也常常搞一些聚会。
early days:初期;为时尚早;前期;
As you can see , one of our parties, you know, a few years ago. 你看,这是几年前的一场聚会。
As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的;
But then a big difference happened about 50 years ago, after Sputnik was launched . We launched the first American satellite, and that's the one you see on the left in there. 不过50年前,发生了一件不同凡响的事, 苏联人造卫星发射后。我们发射了第一颗美国卫星, 卫星就在左边的照片里。
Sputnik:n.人造卫星(前苏联制造); launched:v.发射;发起;开展;开始;(launch的过去式和过去分词)
And here we made 180 degrees change: we changed from a rocket house to be an exploration house. 从此我们180度大转弯: 我们从一个火箭研究机构,变为一个探索机构。
exploration:n.探索;勘探;探险;[医]探查术;
And that was done over a period of a couple of years, and now we are the leading organization , you know, exploring space on all of your behalf . 这个转变几年内就完成了, 现在我们成了最重要的组织, 代表你们所有人探索太空。
organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词) behalf:n.代表;利益;
But even when we did that, we had to remind ourselves, sometimes there are setbacks . 不过即使在我们做事的时候,我们也要提醒自己, 挫折在所难免。
remind:v.提醒;使想起; setbacks:n.挫折;周折(setback复数);
So you see, on the bottom, that rocket was supposed to go upward; somehow it ended going sideways . 你看,下面,火箭本应该向上飞的, 不过有时候却跑偏了。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; sideways:adv.往一侧;侧着;侧面朝前;
So that's what we call the misguided missile. 我们称之为误导导弹。
misguided:adj.搞错的;v.误入歧途;指导错误;(misguide的过去式和过去分词)
But then also, just to celebrate that, we started an event at JPL for "Miss Guided Missile ." 后来,为了纪念一下, 我搞了个“误导导弹小姐”的活动
Guided Missile:n.导弹;
So, we used to have a celebration every year and select -- there used to be competition and parades and so on. 所以,我们每年都搞一次活动 选美,游行诸如此类的。
competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛; parades:n.游行;陈列;检阅(parade的复数);v.在…游行;在…散步(parade的三单形式);
It's not very appropriate to do it now. Some people tell me to do it; 现在不合适。有人告诉我搞。
appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出;
I think, well, that's not really proper, you know, these days. 我考虑最近不太合适。
So, we do something a little bit more serious. 我们做一些更严肃的事。
And that's what you see in the last Rose Bowl, you know, when we entered one of the floats. 你看到的就是上次玫瑰花球(rose ball), 我们的火星车上了彩车。
That's more on the play side. And on the right side, that's the Rover just before we finished its testing to take it to the Cape to launch it. 左面的是娱乐。右面是 火星车刚完成测试 准备运道卡纳维拉尔角发射。
Rover:n.漫游者; n.(Rover)人名; n.罗孚(汽车品牌); Cape:n.披肩;披风;短斗篷;地角;
These are the Rovers up here that you have on Mars now. 图上的火星车就是现在在火星的那辆。
Rovers:n.巡游者;海上掠夺; Mars:n.火星
So that kind of tells you about, kind of, the fun things, you know, and the serious things that we try to do. 这就是告诉大家,我们做的娱乐和正经事。 这就是告诉大家,我们做的娱乐和正经事。
But I said I'm going to show you a short clip of one of our employees to kind of give you an idea about some of the talent that we have. 不过我要播放的短片 拍的是我们的一个雇员,给你一个我们中一些天才的印象。 拍的是我们的一个雇员,给你一个我们中一些天才的印象。
clip:v.剪辑;修剪;削减;固定;n.夹;夹子;速度;钳;
Video: Morgan Hendry: Beware of Safety is an instrumental rock band . 视频:Morgan Hendry: Beware of Safety 是一个器乐摇滚乐队。 视频:Morgan Hendry: Beware of Safety 是一个器乐摇滚乐队。
Beware:v.小心;提防; instrumental:n.工具格;器乐曲;工具词;adj.起重要作用;用乐器演奏的;为乐器谱写的; band:n.带;波段;频带;箍;v.加彩条(或嵌条等);(将价格、收入等)划分档次;
It branches on more the experimental side. 乐风偏向实验音乐。
experimental:adj.实验的;根据实验的;试验性的;
There's the improvisational side of jazz. 有即兴爵士乐元素。
improvisational:adj.即兴的;
There's the heavy-hitting sound of rock. 有重打击摇滚乐元素。
Being able to treat sound as an instrument, and be able to dig for more abstract sounds and things to play live, mixing electronics and acoustics . 把声音向乐器一样处理,可以挖掘 更多的抽象声音使演奏更生动, 混合了电声乐器和原生乐器。
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要; electronics:n.电子学;电子工业; acoustics:n.声学;音响效果,音质;
The music's half of me, but the other half -- 我的工作一半是音乐,另一半也是是最棒的。
other half:n.另一半(指配偶或男友,女友);
I landed probably the best gig of all. 我的工作一半是音乐,另一半也是是最棒的。
I work for the Jet Propulsion Lab. I'm building the next Mars Rover. 我在喷气推进实验室工作。我参与制造火星车。
Jet Propulsion:n.喷气推进;
Some of the most brilliant engineers I know are the ones who have that sort of artistic quality about them. 我知道一些最富才气的工程师,也拥有艺术素质。 我知道一些最富才气的工程师,也拥有艺术素质。
artistic:adj.艺术的;风雅的;有美感的;
You've got to do what you want to do. 做你想做的事。
do what you want:做你想做的;
And anyone who tells you you can't, you don't listen to them. 要是有人说你不行,你不要听他们的。
Maybe they're right - I doubt it. 没准他们正确,不过我怀疑它。
Tell them where to put it, and then just do what you want to do. 告诉他们放心,然后做你想做的。
I'm Morgan Hendry. I am NASA. 我叫Morgan Hendry。我是NASA人。
Charles Elachi: Now, moving from the play stuff to the serious stuff, always people ask, why do we explore ? 查尔斯·埃拉奇:现在先离开娱乐的东西,转到正事上来。 人们老是问我们,我们为什么要探索？
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: explore:v.探索:探测:探险:
Why are we doing all of these missions and why are we exploring them? 我们为什么做这些任务,为什么探索它们？
missions:n.任务; v.给…交代任务; (mission的复数)
Well, the way I think about it is fairly simple. 我想原因其实挺简单的。
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直;
Somehow, 13 billion years ago there was a Big Bang , and you've heard a little bit about, you know, the origin of the universe. 130亿年前的宇宙大爆炸,您听说过一些也就是宇宙的起源。 130亿年前的宇宙大爆炸,您听说过一些也就是宇宙的起源。
Bang:n.猛敲; v.猛敲; v.正好; origin:n.起源;起因;源头;出身;
But somehow what strikes everybody's imagination -- or lots of people's imagination -- somehow from that original Big Bang we have this beautiful world that we live in today. 不过触动每个人想象力 或者很多人想象力的是,从宇宙大爆炸起 直到我们拥有这个我们生存的美丽世界。
imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物; original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
You look outside: you have all that beauty that you see, all that life that you see around you, and here we have intelligent people like you and I who are having an intelligent conversation here. 您看看外面:您拥有所有的美景, 您身边所有的生命, 地球上有智慧的人类,如你和我 在这里进行智慧的谈话。
intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的
All that started from that Big Bang. So, the question is: 所有这一切起源于宇宙大爆炸。所以问题是:
How did that happen? How did that evolve ? How did the universe form? 怎么发生的？如何进化的？宇宙怎么形成的？
evolve:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;
How did the galaxies form? How did the planets form? 星系如何形成的？行星如何形成的？
galaxies:n.银河; (galaxy的复数)
Why is there a planet on which there is life which have evolved ? 为什么有个星球就有进化了的生命？
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式)
Is that very common? 这种现象普遍吗?
Is there life on every planet that you can see around the stars? 可见的围绕恒星运行的每个行星上都有生命吗?
So we literally are all made out of stardust . 本质上我们都是由星尘构成的。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: stardust:n.星团;宇宙尘;幻觉;
We started from those stars; we are made of stardust. 我们起源于星星,我们由星尘构成。
So, next time you are really depressed , look in the mirror and you can look and say, hi, I'm looking at a star here. 所以,下次您很沮丧的时候,照照镜子 您可以边看边说,Hi,我在看一颗星（明星）。
depressed:adj.沮丧的; v.使抑郁; (depress的过去式和过去分词)
You can skip the dust part. 您可以跳过尘埃这段。
But literally, we are all made of stardust. 不过本质上,我们都是由星尘构成。
So, what we are trying to do in our exploration is effectively write the book of how things have came about as they are today. 所以,我们所进行的探索,实际上就是在撰写事物进化至今的书。 所以,我们所进行的探索,实际上就是在撰写事物进化至今的书。
And one of the first, or the easiest, places we can go and explore that is to go towards Mars. 首选的,或者说最容易的,我们可以去火星探索。 首选的,或者说最容易的,我们可以去火星探索。
And the reason Mars takes particular attention: it's not very far from us. 之所以火星引起特别的关注: 因为它离我们不远。
You know, it'll take us only six months to get there. 你知道,仅六个月我们就可以到那里。
Six to nine months at the right time of the year. 在合适的年份需要六到九个月。
at the right time:在适当时候;
It's a planet somewhat similar to Earth. It's a little bit smaller, but the land mass on Mars is about the same as the land mass on Earth, you know, if you don't take the oceans into account. 火星是个类似地球的星球。稍微小一点儿, 火星的组成和地球很相似 火星的组成和地球很相似 如果不算上海洋的话。（火星没有海洋）
somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微; land mass:n.陆块;地块;
It has polar caps. It has an atmosphere somewhat thinner than ours, so it has weather. So, it's very similar to some extent , and you can see some of the features on it, like the Grand Canyon on Mars, or what we call the Grand Canyon on Mars. 火星有极地冰冠。有大气,比地球的要稀薄, 所以有天气变化。某些方面与地球非常类似 您可以看到类似的地形, 诸如火星上的大峡谷, 或者我们所称的火星大峡谷。
polar:adj.极地的;南极(或北极)的;n.极线;极面; atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格; extent:n.程度;范围;长度; Canyon:n.(周围有悬崖峭壁的)峡谷;(
It is like the Grand Canyon on Earth, except a hell of a lot larger. 很象地球上的（美国）大峡谷,不过要大的多。
So it's about the size, you know, of the United States. 就大小来说,有美国那么大。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
It has volcanoes on it. And that's Mount Olympus on Mars, which is a kind of huge volcanic shield on that planet. 火星上有火山。火星上的奥林匹斯山, 是一个巨型的盾状火山。
volcanoes:n.火山爆发,火山;火山群(volcano复数); Mount:n.山;坐骑;山峰;衬纸板;v.登上;爬上;攀登;准备; Olympus:n.奥林匹斯山(诸神的住所);天堂,天国; volcanic:adj.火山的;猛烈的;易突然发作的;n.火山岩; shield:n.盾;防护物;保护者;v.遮蔽;包庇;避开;保卫;
And if you look at the height of it and you compare it to Mount Everest , you see, it'll give you an idea of how large that Mount Olympus, you know, is, relative to Mount Everest. 就高度来说 您可以对比一下珠穆朗玛峰, 相对于珠穆朗玛峰,奥林匹斯山有多巨大。 相对于珠穆朗玛峰,奥林匹斯山有多巨大。
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较; Everest:n.珠穆朗玛峰(世界最高峰); relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物;
So, it basically dwarfs , you know, Mount Everest here on Earth. 地球上的珠穆朗玛峰相形见绌。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; dwarfs:矮子;侏儒(dwarf的复数);
So, that gives you an idea of the tectonic events or volcanic events which have happened on that planet. 给您那个星球上的构造活动和火山活动的印象。 给您那个星球上的构造活动和火山活动的印象。
tectonic:adj.[地质]构造的;建筑的;地壳构造上的;
Recently from one of our satellites, this shows that it's Earth-like -- we caught a landslide occurring as it was happening. 最近我们的一颗卫星抓拍到了,类似地球上滑坡的发生。 最近我们的一颗卫星抓拍到了,类似地球上滑坡的发生。
Recently:adv.最近;新近; landslide:n.[地质]山崩;大胜利;vi.发生山崩;以压倒优势获胜; occurring:n.事件;事故;事变;
So it is a dynamic planet, and activity is going on as we speak today. 所以它是一个动态行星, 在我们说话的时候活动还在进行。
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的;
And these Rovers, people wonder now, what are they doing today, so I thought I would show you a little bit what they are doing. 关于火星车,人们想知道,它们现在做什么呢, 所以我要展示一些火星车的近况。
This is one very large crater. Geologists love craters , because craters are like digging a big hole in the ground without really working at it, and you can see what's below the surface. 这是一个大陨石坑。地质学家喜欢陨石坑, 因为陨石坑就像是凭空在地上挖个大坑。 因为陨石坑就像是凭空在地上挖个大坑。 您可以看到地表以下。
Geologists:n.[地质]地质学家(geologist的复数形式); craters:n.[地质]火山口; v.形成坑;
So, this is called Victoria Crater, which is about a few football fields in size. 这就是叫做 维多利亚 坑的火星陨石坑, 有几个足球场大小。
And if you look at the top left, you see a little teeny dark dot. 如果您仔细看左上部,就会看到一个小黑点儿。
teeny:adj.极小的;微小的;
This picture was taken from an orbiting satellite. 这张照片拍自一颗在轨卫星。
orbiting:v.[航][天]轨道运行;轨道运动;转圈(orbit的ing形式);
If I zoom on it, you can see: that's the Rover on the surface. 我放大的话,您就可以看到:这就是在地表的火星车。
So, that was taken from orbit; we had the camera zoom on the surface, and we actually saw the Rover on the surface. 这是从轨道上拍到的,我们可以让相机放大地表, 我们可以看到地表上的火星车。
And we actually used the combination of the satellite images and the Rover to actually conduct science, because we can observe large areas and then you can get those Rovers to move around and basically go to a certain location . 我们实际上综合卫星和火星车的照片来指导科学探索, 我们实际上综合卫星和火星车的照片来指导科学探索, 因为这样我们可以观测到很大一片区域 然后就可以开动火星车移动到某一特定地点。 然后就可以开动火星车移动到某一特定地点。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法; observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视; move around:v.走来走去;绕着…来回转; location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位
So, specifically what we are doing now is that Rover is going down in that crater. 所以我们现在要做的就是让火星车下到坑里去。 所以我们现在要做的就是让火星车下到坑里去。
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地;
As I told you, geologists love craters. 如我所言,地质学家爱陨石坑。
And the reason is, many of you went to the Grand Canyon, and you see in the wall of the Grand Canyon, you see these layers . 原因是,你们中很多人到过大峡谷, 在大峡谷的石壁上,您可以看到很多地层。
layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数)
And what these layers -- that's what the surface used to be a million years ago, ten million years ago, a hundred million years ago, and you get deposits on top of them. 这些地层,就是一百万年前一千万年前或一亿年前的地表, 这些地层,就是一百万年前一千万年前或一亿年前的地表, 您可以从上面提取沉积物。
deposits:n.[金融]存款; v.[地质]沉积(deposit的单三形式);
So if you can read the layers it's like reading your book, and you can learn the history of what happened in the past in that location. 如果你仔细看这些地层,就像是在看一本历史书, 您可以学到这里过去历史上发生的事件。 您可以学到这里过去历史上发生的事件。
So what you are seeing here are the layers on the wall of that crater, and the Rover is going down now, measuring, you know, the properties and analyzing the rocks as it's going down, you know, that canyon. 您所看到的就是陨石坑坑壁的地层, 火星车准备下去测量, 下到坑里测量岩石的属性和成分。 下到坑里测量岩石的属性和成分。
analyzing:adj.分析的;v.分析(analyze的现在分词);
Now, it's kind of a little bit of a challenge driving down a slope like this. 驶下这样的斜面有些困难。 驶下这样的斜面有些困难。
a little bit of a:一点点了; slope:n.斜坡;坡度;坡地;山坡;v.倾斜;有坡度;悄悄地走;潜行;
If you were there you wouldn't do it yourself. 如果是你的话你不会直接下去。
But we really made sure we tested those Rovers before we got them down -- or that Rover -- and made sure that it's all working well. 在下去之前我们都测试了这些火星车,或者说这辆火星车 在下去之前我们都测试了这些火星车,或者说这辆火星车 确保工作正常。
Now, when I came last time, shortly after the landing -- 记得我上次来演讲的时候,那还是火星车刚着陆不久
I think it was, like, a hundred days after the landing -- 我记得好像是着陆100天的时候
I told you I was surprised that those Rovers are lasting even a hundred days. 我告诉大家我感到很意外 火星车可以坚持运行100天。
Well, here we are four years later, and they're still working. 四年后,它们还运行正常。
Now you say, Charles, you are really lying to us, and so on, but that's not true. We really believed they were going to last 90 days or 100 days, because they are solar powered, 现在你会说,查尔斯,你在瞎说, 事实恰恰相反。以前我们真的认为火星车 只能坚持90到100天,因为它们是太阳能驱动的,
and Mars is a dusty planet, so we expected the dust would start accumulating on the surface, and after a while we wouldn't have enough power, you know, to keep them warm. 火星是有尘土的星球,我们认为 尘土会在太阳能电池表面积累,过一段时间 我们就不会有足够的电能了,不能保持火星车存活。
dusty:adj.落满灰尘的; accumulating:n.[数]累加;v.积累(accumulate的ing形式);
Well, I always say it's important that you are smart, but every once in a while it's good to be lucky. 我总是说聪明很重要, 不过偶尔幸运也是好事。
every once in a while:有时;偶然;偶尔;时而;
And that's what we found out. It turned out that every once in a while there are dust devils which come by on Mars, as you are seeing here, and when the dust devil comes over the Rover, it just cleans it up. 这是我们发现的。后来证明偶尔会有 尘旋风刮过火星,如你所见, 尘旋风刮过火星车后,火星车上的尘土就被吹干净了。
devils:n.魔王;恶魔;调皮鬼(devil的复数) dust devil:n.尘卷风;
It is like a brand new car that you have, and that's literally why they have lasted so long. 就像一辆崭新的小车, 这就是火星车存活长久的原因。
brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的;
And now we designed them reasonably well, but that's exactly why they are lasting that long and still providing all the science data. 当然火星车设计的不错, 不过尘旋风才火星车存活如此之久的原因 直到现在还在发送各类科学数据。
reasonably:adv.合理地;相当地;适度地;
Now, the two Rovers, each one of them is, kind of, getting old. 现在两辆火星车都有点变得老旧了。
You know, one of them, one of the wheels is stuck, is not working, one of the front wheels, so what we are doing, we are driving it backwards. 其中一辆一个轮子卡住了, 是一个前轮,所以我们只能倒车行驶。 是一个前轮,所以我们只能倒车行驶。
And the other one has arthritis of the shoulder joint , you know, it's not working very well, so it's walking like this, and we can move the arm, you know, that way. 另一辆火星车机器关节有点关节炎, 运行不太好,走起来像这样, 我们可以这样移动机器臂。
arthritis:n.[外科]关节炎; joint:n.关节; adj.共同的; v.连接,贴合;
But still they are producing a lot of scientific data. 不过它们还继续提供大量科学数据。
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的;
Now, during that whole period a number of people got excited, you know, outside the science community about these Rovers, so I thought I'd show you a video just to give you a reflection about how these Rovers are being viewed by people other than the science community. 在整个运行期间有不少人得到灵感, 是科学圈子以外的人关心火星车, 我想我要放一段视频,考虑一下科学圈子以外的认识如何看待火星车的。 我想我要放一段视频,考虑一下科学圈子以外的认识如何看待火星车的。 我想我要放一段视频,考虑一下科学圈子以外的认识如何看待火星车的。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; reflection:n.反映;沉思;映像;深思;
So let me go on the next short video. 让我播放下一个视频.
By the way , this video is pretty accurate of how the landing took place, you know, about four years ago. 顺便说一下,这段视频反映的四年前的着陆过程还是相当准确的。 顺便说一下,这段视频反映的四年前的着陆过程还是相当准确的。
By the way:顺便说一下; accurate:adj.精确的;
Video: Okay, we have parachute aligned . 视频:Ok,降落伞打开。
parachute:n.降落伞;vi.跳伞;空投; aligned:adj.对齐的;均衡的;v.结盟(align的过去式);使成一直线;
Okay, deploy the airbags . Open. Ok,[声音不清楚]。打开。
deploy:v.部署;利用;[军事]展开;(使)张开; airbags:n.安全气囊(遇车祸时充气保护车内的人);(airbag的复数)
Camera. We have a picture right now. 照相机。我们收到图片。
Yeah! Yeah!
CE: That's about what happened in the Houston operation room. It's exactly like this. 在休斯敦的控制室当时就这样。非常像。
Houston:n.休斯顿(美国得克萨斯州港市);
Video: Now, if there is life, the Dutch will find it. 现在,如果那里有生命的话荷兰人会找到的。
Dutch:adj.荷兰的; n.荷兰人; v.费用平摊地;
What is he doing? 他在干什么？
What is that? 那是什么？
CE: Not too bad. 还不错。
So anyway, let me continue on showing you a little bit about the beauty of that planet. CE:我再展示一些火星的美景。 CE:我再展示一些火星的美景。
As I said earlier, it looked very much like Earth, so you see sand dunes . 就像我刚才说的,火星非常类似地球, 看看沙丘。
dunes:n.[地理]沙丘(dune的复数);
It looks like I could have told you these are pictures taken from the Sahara Desert or somewhere, and you'd have believed me, but these are pictures taken from Mars. 如果我告诉你这些照片 是拍自撒哈拉沙漠一类的地方,你也会相信, 不过这些照片是拍自火星。
But one area which is particularly intriguing for us is the northern region , you know, of Mars, close to the North Pole , because we see ice caps, and we see the ice caps shrinking and expanding , so it's very much like you have in northern Canada. 其中有一个区域特别吸引我们 火星北部地区,靠近北极, 因为我们看到冰盖,我们看到冰盖收缩 扩张,类似您在加拿大北部看到的。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; intriguing:adj.有趣的;迷人的;v.引起…的兴趣;策划阴谋;私通;(intrigue的现在分词) region:n.地区;范围;部位; North Pole:n.北极; shrinking:v.(使)缩水,收缩,缩小,退缩;(shrink的现在分词) expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词)
And we wanted to find out -- and we see all kinds of glacial features on it. 我们想找到,我们看到了各类的冰川地貌。
glacial:adj.冰的;冰冷的;冰河时代的;
So, we wanted to find out, actually, what is that ice made of, and could that have embedded in it some organic , you know, material. 我们想弄明白,实际上, 冰的成分,其中含有什么。 有机物,物质。
embedded:adj.嵌入式的;植入的;内含的;v.嵌入(embed的过去式和过去分词形式); organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体;
So we have a spacecraft which is heading towards Mars, called Phoenix , and that spacecraft will land 17 days, seven hours and 20 seconds from now, so you can adjust your watch. 我们有个航天器正飞向火星, 叫做“凤凰号”,还有17天7小时20秒就要着陆火星了, 叫做“凤凰号”,还有17天7小时20秒就要着陆火星了, 您可以对对表。
spacecraft:n.[宇]宇宙飞船;航天器; Phoenix:n.凤凰;死而复生的人; adjust:v.调整;调节;适应;习惯;
So it's on May 25 around just before five o'clock our time here on the West Coast , actually we will be landing on another planet. 五月25号西海岸时间5点钟之前,我们将着陆另一个星球。 五月25号西海岸时间5点钟之前,我们将着陆另一个星球。
West Coast:n.美国西海岸(尤指加利福尼亚州);
And as you can see, this is a picture of the spacecraft put on Mars, but I thought that just in case you're going to miss that show, you know, in 17 days, I'll show you, kind of, a little bit of what's going to happen. 如你所见,这是探测器着陆火星后的效果图, 不过我想您万一错过了17天后的节目, 我这里播放给您 看看着陆场面。
just in case:以防万一;作为准备;
Video: That's what we call the seven minutes of terror. 视频:这就是被我们称为恐怖的7分钟。
So the plan is to dig in the soil and take samples that we put them in an oven and actually heat them and look what gases will come from it. 计划是挖掘土壤和采样 然后放到一个炉子里加热 看看会有什么气体产生。
oven:n.炉,灶;烤炉,烤箱;
So this was launched about nine months ago. 这是9个月以前发射的。
We'll be coming in at 12,000 miles per hour, and in seven minutes we have to stop and touch the surface very softly so we don't break that lander . 要在七分钟里从时速12000英里减速到零 轻柔的降落在火星地表 不能撞坏我们的探测器。
softly:adv.温柔地;柔和地;柔软地;静静地; lander:n.着陆器;出铁槽;把钩工人;
Ben Cichy: Phoenix is the first Mars Scout mission. Ben Cichy:凤凰号是首次[声音不清楚]。
Scout:n.童子军活动; v.侦察,搜寻(某处);
It's the first mission that's going to try to land near the North Pole of Mars, and it's the first mission that's actually going to try and reach out and touch water on the surface of another planet. 是首个要着陆火星北极附近的任务,也是首次 是首个要着陆火星北极附近的任务,也是首次 将要在另一个星球上接触到水。 将要在另一个星球上接触到水。
Lynn Craig: Where there tends to be water, at least on Earth, there tends to be life, and so it's potentially a place where life could have existed on the planet in the past. Lynn Craig:至少在地球上是,哪里有水 哪里就会有生命,所以那里是个潜在的地点 可能在火星上过去存在生命。
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地;
Erik Bailey : The main purpose of EDL is to take a spacecraft that is traveling at 12,500 miles an hour and bring it to a screeching halt in a soft way in a very short amount of time. Erik Bailey:在EDL(进入、下降和着陆)过程中,航天器将会 在短时间内柔和的从12500英里每小时减速为零。 在短时间内柔和的从12500英里每小时减速为零。
Bailey:n.城壁,外栅;城堡外庭; screeching:n.尖叫;[动力]发动机啸声;v.发出尖利刺耳的声音(screech的ing形式); halt:v.停止;立定;踌躇,犹豫;n.停止;立定;休息;
BC: We enter the Martian atmosphere. BC:我们进入火星大气。
Martian:adj.火星的;n.火星人;
We're 70 miles above the surface of Mars. 离火星地表70英里。
And our lander is safely tucked inside what we call an aero-shuttle. 着陆器折叠收缩在我称之为空天穿梭机（aero-shuttle）内。
tucked:v.塞进,折叠,卷起;把…藏入;收藏;(tuck的过去分词和过去式)
EB: Looks kind of like an ice cream cone , more or less . EB:看上去像(装冰淇淋之)锥形蛋卷。
cone:n.圆锥体,圆锥形;[植]球果;v.使成锥形; more or less:或多或少;
BC: And on the front of it is this heat shield, this saucer-looking thing, that has about a half-inch of essentially what's cork on the front of it, which is our heat shield. BC:正面是隔热罩, 有点像飞碟,大约半英尺厚 隔热材料覆盖在正面, 就是我们的隔热罩。
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; cork:n.木栓;塑料塞;adj.用软木制的;v.用软木塞封(瓶);
Now, this is really special cork, and this cork is what's going to protect us from the violent atmospheric entry that we're about to experience. 这是特别的盖子, 这个盖子会在进入大气层的时候防止空气摩擦的高温。 这个盖子会在进入大气层的时候防止空气摩擦的高温。
violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的; atmospheric:adj.大气的,大气层的;
Rob Grover : Friction really starts to build up on the spacecraft, and we use the friction when it's flying through the atmosphere to our advantage to slow us down. Rob Grover:航天器会与大气产生空气摩擦阻力 利用飞越大气层时的空气摩擦力减速。 利用飞越大气层时的空气摩擦力减速。
Grover:n.格鲁佛氏;调弦系统;卷弦器; Friction:n.摩擦,[力]摩擦力; advantage:n.有利条件:优势:优点:
BC: From this point, we're going to decelerate from 12,500 miles an hour down to 900 miles an hour. BC:从这一点,我们将要从时速12500英里减速到时速900英里。 BC:从这一点,我们将要从时速12500英里减速到时速900英里。
decelerate:vi.减速,降低速度;vt.使减速;
EB: The outside can get almost as hot as the surface of the Sun. EB:外罩的高温可以达到太阳表面的温度。
RG: The temperature of the heat shield can reach 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit . RG:隔热罩的温度可以达到2600华氏度。
Fahrenheit:adj.华氏的;华氏温度计的;n.华氏温度计;华氏温标;
EB: The inside doesn't get very hot. EB:内部温度不会很高。
It probably gets about room temperature . 大约会达到室温。
room temperature:室温;
Richard Kornfeld: There is this window of opportunity within which we can deploy the parachute. Richard Kornfeld:之后的窗口期 我们可以打开降落伞。
EB: If you fire the 'chute too early, the parachute itself could fail. EB:如果降落伞打开得太早,降落伞就会损坏。
The fabric and the stitching could just pull apart . 布料和接缝就会扯开。
fabric:n.织物;布料;(社会,机构等的)结构; stitching:n.(一行)针脚;v.缝补;缝合(伤口);(stitch的现在分词) pull apart:撕开;扯断;
And that would be bad. 那就糟了。
BC: In the first 15 seconds after we deploy the parachute, we'll decelerate from 900 miles an hour to a relatively slow 250 miles an hour. BC:打开降落伞的头15秒钟, 会从900英里每小时降到250英里每小时。 会从900英里每小时降到250英里每小时。
relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地;
We no longer need the heat shield to protect us from the force of atmospheric entry, so we jettison the heat shield, exposing for the first time our lander to the atmosphere of Mars. 这时就不再需要隔热罩保护我们进入大气层了,所以我们丢弃隔热罩, 这时就不再需要隔热罩保护我们进入大气层了,所以我们丢弃隔热罩, 着陆器第一次暴露在火星大气层中。
jettison:n.投弃;投弃货物;vt.投弃(船舶遇难时投弃货物以为减轻负载); exposing:v.暴露;显露;揭露;揭穿;使面临;(expose的现在分词)
LC: After the heat shield has been jettisoned and the legs are deployed , the next step is to have the radar system begin to detect how far Phoenix really is from the ground. LC:隔热罩丢弃后,着陆架打开, 下一步是雷达系统探测 测量凤凰号离地高度。
jettisoned:n.投弃;投弃货物;vt.投弃(船舶遇难时投弃货物以为减轻负载); deployed:v.部署(deploy的过去式);展开; radar:n.雷达; detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
BC: We've lost 99 percent of our entry velocity . BC:我们减掉了进入大气层时99%的速度。
velocity:n.[物]速度;
So, we're 99 percent of the way to where we want to be. 我们完成目标的99%。
But that last one percent, as it always seems to be, is the tricky part. 不过最后的1%,总是最棘手的部分。
tricky:adj.难办的;难对付的;狡猾的;诡计多端的;
EB: Now the spacecraft actually has to decide when it's going to get rid of its parachute. EB:现在航天器自主决定 何时抛掉降落伞。
BC: We separate from the lander going 125 miles an hour at roughly a kilometer above the surface of Mars: 3,200 feet. BC:在离火星地表一公里(3200英尺)处,时速125英里时,着陆器脱离。 BC:在离火星地表一公里(3200英尺)处,时速125英里时,着陆器脱离。
roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地;
That's like picking two Empire State Buildings and stacking them on top of one another. 高度是两个帝国大厦摞起来那么高。 高度是两个帝国大厦摞起来那么高。
stacking:n.[交]堆垛;v.堆叠,堆积(stack的现在分词);
EB: That's when we separate from the back shell , and we're now in free-fall . EB:从底盖分离后, 自由落体。
shell:n.壳;炮弹;壳层;骨架;v.脱壳;剥壳;采集贝壳;用壳体包被;short.shewill; free-fall:n.自由落体;自由投放;自由下降;
It's a very scary moment: a lot has to happen in a very short amount of time. 非常可怕的时刻,短时间内会出各种状况。 非常可怕的时刻,短时间内会出各种状况。
LC: So it's in a free-fall, but it's also trying to use all of its actuators to make sure that it's in the right position to land. LC:它是个自由落体, 着陆器利用所有传感器 确保它降落在正确的地点。
actuators:n.[电]致动器,制动器(actuator复数形式);
EB: And then it has to light up its engines, right itself, and then slowly slow itself down and touch down on the ground safely. EB:然后自主的制动发动机点火, 慢慢减速,直到安全着陆。
BC: Earth and Mars are so far apart that it takes over ten minutes for a signal from Mars to get to Earth. BC:地球和火星之间的距离很遥远,需要10分钟 火星发的信号才能抵达地球。
And EDL itself is all over in a matter of seven minutes. EDL（进入、下降和着陆）仅在7分钟内就完成。
So by the time you even hear from the lander that EDL has started it'll already be over. 实际上当我们知道着落器开始EDL（进入、下降和着陆）过程时 EDL（进入、下降和着陆）其实已经结束了。
EB: We have to build large amounts of autonomy into the spacecraft so that it can land itself safely. EB:航天器设计的很自动化 这样它才能自主安全着陆。
autonomy:n.自治,自治权;
BC: EDL is this immense , technically challenging problem. BC:EDL（进入、下降和着陆）就是极大的技术难题。
immense:adj.巨大的,广大的;无边无际的;非常好的;
It's about getting a spacecraft that's hurtling through deep space and using all this bag of tricks to somehow figure out how to get it down to the surface of Mars at zero miles an hour. 就是一个航天器飞速冲入外太空 然后用一套措施设法减速为零降落在火星表面。 然后用一套措施设法减速为零降落在火星表面。
hurtling:adj.飞奔的,疾驰的;v.急飞,猛烈碰撞,猛掷(hurtle的ing形式); bag of tricks:魔术袋;
It's this immensely exciting and challenging problem. 这是一个令人兴奋的巨大的挑战。
immensely:adv.极大地;无限地;广大地;庞大地;
CE: Hopefully it all will happen the way you saw it in here. CE:希望着陆过程如我们所见的这样顺利。
So it will be a very tense moment, you know, as we are watching that spacecraft landing on another planet. 那将是一个非常紧张的时刻, 我们将目睹航天器降落在另一个行星上。
So now let me talk about the next things that we are doing. 接下来讲一讲我们的下一步计划。
So we are in the process , as we speak, of actually designing the next Rover that we are going to be sending to Mars. 我们正在设计下一代火星车的流程中。 我们正在设计下一代火星车的过程中。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
So I thought I would go a little bit and tell you, kind of, the steps we go through. 我多说一下, 我们做过的步骤。
It's very similar to what you do when you design your product. 非常类似设计新产品。
As you saw a little bit earlier, when we were doing the Phoenix one, we have to take into account the heat that we are going to be facing. 如刚才所见, 当我们设计凤凰号时, 我们得考虑进入大气层时的温度问题。
take into account:考虑;重视;体谅;
So we have to study all kinds of different materials, the shape that we want to do. 所以我们必须研究各种不同的材料, 所需形状。
In general we don't try to please the customer here. 总的来讲我们不必取悦顾客。
In general:总之,通常;一般而言;
What we want to do is to make sure we have an effective , you know, an efficient kind of machine. 我们做要做的,就是确保设计一部有效的机器。 我们做要做的,就是确保设计一部有效的机器。
effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
First we start by we want to have our employees to be as imaginative as they can. 首先我们一开始就要求我们的雇员充满想象力。 首先我们一开始就要求我们的雇员充满想象力。
And we really love being close to the art center, because we have, as a matter of fact, one of the alumni from the art center, 我们很喜欢离艺术中心很近, 因为实际上,我们有个从艺术中心来的校友,
alumni:n.(统称)校友,毕业生;
Eric Nyquist, had put a bit of series of displays , far-out displays , you know, in our what we call mission design or spacecraft design room, just to get people to think wildly about things. Eric Nyquist,搞了一系列的展示, 深空展示, 摆放在我们的任务设计或者是航天器设计室内, 好让人们自由的思考。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; displays:v.陈列; n.陈列; far-out:adj.走在时代前端的;非常遥远的; wildly:adv.野生地;野蛮地;狂暴地;鲁莽地;
We have a bunch of Legos . So, as I said, this is a playground for adults, where they sit down and try to play with different shapes and different designs. 我们有一堆乐高玩具。 这里就是成人的娱乐场,他们坐下来玩 做出不同形状,不同设计。
Legos:n.乐高玩具(德国一个积木玩具品牌);
Then we get a little bit more serious, so we have what we call our CAD/CAMs and all the engineers who are involved , or scientists who are involved , who know about thermal properties, 然后我们再认真一点, 进入到CAD/CAM(计算机辅助设计制造),所有参与的工程师 科学家,了解热学性能的,
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) thermal:adj.热的;热量的;保热的;n.上升的热气流;
know about design, know about atmospheric interaction , parachutes , all of these things, which they work in a team effort and actually design a spacecraft in a computer to some extent, so to see, does that meet the requirement that we need. 懂得设计的,了解大气层作用的,降落伞的, 汇集这一切,团队协作 实际在计算机里设计航天器, 看看是否符合我们的需求。
interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰; parachutes:n.[航]降落伞(parachute的复数形式); v.跳伞(parachute的第三人称单数);
On the right, also, we have to take into account the environment of the planet where we are going. 而且,我们还要考虑我们的目标星球的环境。 而且,我们还要考虑我们的目标星球的环境。
If you are going to Jupiter , you have a very high-radiation, you know, environment. It's about the same radiation environment close by Jupiter as inside a nuclear reactor . 如果要飞到木星,那里有非常高的辐射, 木星里的辐射强度和核反应堆里的一样高。 木星里的辐射强度和核反应堆里的一样高。
Jupiter:n.[天]木星;朱庇特(罗马神话中的宙斯神); radiation:n.辐射;放射线;放射疗法; nuclear reactor:na.(原子)核反应堆;
So just imagine: you take your PC and throw it into a nuclear reactor and it still has to work. 想象一下,把你的PC扔到核反应堆中还要正常运行。 想象一下,把你的PC扔到核反应堆中还要正常运行。
So these are kind of some of the little challenges, you know, that we have to face. 这就是我们面临的一些小挑战。 这就是我们面临的一些小挑战。
If we are doing entry, we have to do tests of parachutes. 要进入大气层,我们就要测试降落伞。
You saw in the video a parachute breaking. That would be a bad day, you know, if that happened, so we have to test, because we are deploying this parachute at supersonic speeds. 您看视频中降落伞撕裂。那是糟糕的一天, 如果发生了这个,我们就需要测试, 因为我们要在超音速的情况下打开降落伞。
deploying:v.部署,调度(军队或武器);有效地利用;调动;(deploy的现在分词) supersonic:adj.超音速的;超声波的;n.超音速;超声波;
We are coming at extremely high speeds, and we are deploying them to slow us down. So we have to do all kinds of tests. 我们在极高速时打开降落伞 减速。所以我们必须做各类的实验。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
To give you an idea of the size, you know, of that parachute relative to the people standing there. 给您一个直观印象,这是降落伞和站着的人对比。 给您一个直观印象,这是降落伞和站着的人对比。
Next step, we go and actually build some kind of test models and actually test them, you know, in the lab at JPL, in what we call our Mars Yard. 下一步,我们就要实际造一些测试模型 实际测试它们,就在JPL的实验室里, 我们称之为“火星场 ”（Mars Yard）。
We kick them, we hit them, we drop them, just to make sure we understand how, where would they break. 踢它们,敲它们,丢它们, 就是为了确保我们完全了解哪里会出问题。
And then we back off, you know, from that point. 然后修改。
And then we actually do the actual building and the flight. 然后我们实际造并试飞。
And this next Rover that we're flying is about the size of a car. 这是下一代火星车,有一辆小汽车大小。
That big shield that you see outside, that's a heat shield which is going to protect it. 外面的大罩子, 就是起保护作用的隔热罩。
And that will be basically built over the next year, and it will be launched June a year from now. 基本上明年就可以建成了, 明年六月就将发射。
Now, in that case, because it was a very big Rover, we couldn't use airbags. 这种情况下,这是一个非常大的火星车, 我们不能用气囊了。
And I know many of you, kind of, last time afterwards said well, that was a cool thing to have -- those airbags. 我知道,上次演讲后 很多人都说气囊的设计非常酷。
Unfortunately this Rover is, like, ten times the size of the, you know, mass-wise, of the other Rover, or three times the mass. 不过新火星车与原来的火星车比大了十倍,重了三倍。 不过新火星车与原来的火星车比大了十倍,重了三倍。
So we can't use airbags. So we have to come up with another ingenious idea of how do we land it. 所以我们用不了气囊了。所以我们用了 另一个新颖的设想,实现着陆。
come up with:提出;想出;赶上; ingenious:adj.有独创性的;机灵的,精制的;心灵手巧的;
And we didn't want to take it propulsively all the way to the surface because we didn't want to contaminate the surface; we wanted the Rover to immediately land on its legs. 我们不想它一直推进到地面 因为我们不想污染地表, 我们想让火星车直接用着陆架着地。
contaminate:v.污染;玷污,毒害(人的思想或品德);
So we came up with this ingenious idea, which is used here on Earth for helicopters. 所以我们想出了这个新颖的方案, 类似地球上的直升机。
Actually, the lander will come down to about 100 feet and hover above that surface for 100 feet, and then we have a sky crane which will take that Rover and land it down on the surface. 实际上,着陆器会悬浮在100英尺高度 然后用空中吊臂 把火星车降到地表。
hover:vi.盘旋,翱翔;徘徊;n.徘徊;盘旋;犹豫;vt.孵;徘徊在…近旁; crane:n.吊车,起重机;鹤;vi.伸着脖子看;迟疑,踌躇;vt.用起重机起吊;伸长脖子;
Hopefully it all will work, you know, it will work that way. 希望运行良好,火星车将以这种方式运作。
And that Rover will be more kind of like a chemist . 火星车更像化学家了。
chemist:n.化学家;药剂师;药房;化学师;
What we are going to be doing with that Rover as it drives around, it's going to go and analyze the chemical composition of rocks. 火星车到处开的时候, 它就可以分析岩石的化学成分。
analyze:v.对…进行分析,分解(等于analyse); composition:n.成分;作文;构成;创作;
So it will have an arm which will take samples, put them in an oven, crush and analyze them. 它会有个机器臂采样, 放在一个炉子里,粉碎并分析。
crush:v.压碎;弄皱,变形;使…挤入;n.粉碎;迷恋;压榨;拥挤的人群;
But also, if there is something that we cannot reach because it is too high on a cliff , we have a little laser system which will actually zap the rock, evaporate some of it, and actually analyze what's coming from that rock. 如果火星车不能够到得地方 如岩壁太高,我们会用小激光器 瞄准岩石,气化一部分, 然后分析其中的构成。
cliff:n.悬崖;绝壁; evaporate:vt.使…蒸发;使…脱水;使…消失;vi.蒸发,挥发;消失,失踪;
So it's a little bit like Star Wars, you know, but it's real. 有点像星球大战,不过这是真的。
It's real stuff. 是真东西。
And also to help you, to help the community so you can do ads on that Rover, we are going to train that Rover to actually in addition to do this, to actually serve cocktails , you know, also on Mars. 同时服务您,服务社会 您可以在火星上打广告,我们可以训练火星车 附带做这些,提供鸡尾酒, 在火星上。
in addition to:除…之外; cocktails:n.鸡尾酒;凉菜;混合物;(cocktail的复数)
So that's kind of giving you an idea of the kind of, you know, fun things we are doing on Mars. 这可以给您一个主意,我们可以在火星上做些有趣的事。 这可以给您一个主意,我们可以在火星上做些有趣的事。
I thought I'd go to the Lord of the Rings now and show you some of the things we have there. 我想我要去“魔戒” 展示一些我们有的。
Lord:n.(英国)贵族,大人,大臣;v.使成贵族;作威作福;
Now, the Lord of the Rings has two things played through it. “魔戒”有两个东西展示。
One, it's a very attractive planet -- it just has the beauty of the rings and so on. 一个,它是一个非常有吸引力的行星 它有美丽的环。
attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的;
But for scientists, also the rings have a special meaning, because we believe they represent , on a small scale , how the Solar System actually formed. 不过对于科学家,这个环有着特殊的意义, 因为我们相信它们代表,一个小规模的, 太阳系的形成过程。
represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; Solar System:[天]太阳系;
Some of the scientists believe that the way the Solar System formed, that the Sun when it collapsed and actually created the Sun, a lot of the dust around it created rings 一些科学家相信,太阳系就是这样形成的, 当太阳诞生的时候, 有很多尘埃围绕着它
collapsed:v.倒塌,坍塌;倒下,昏倒;坐下;(collapse的过去分词和过去式)
and then the particles in those rings accumulated together, and they formed bigger rocks, and then that's how the planets, you know, were formed. 然后在环中有些东西聚集在一起, 然后形成大岩块,然后形成行星, 这样形成。
particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式); accumulated:v.积累;积聚;(数量)逐渐增加;(accumulate的过去式和过去分词)
So, the idea is, by watching Saturn we're actually watching our solar system in real time being formed on a smaller scale, so it's like a testbed for it. 观点是,通过观察土星环我们可以 了解我们太阳系是怎样形成的, 就像个测试平台。
Saturn:n.[天]土星;农业之神(罗马神话中的一个形象); real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的; testbed:n.试验台;
So, let me show you a little bit on what that Saturnian system looks like. 让我展示一些 土星系统。
First, I'm going to fly you over the rings. 首先,让我们飞跃土星环。
By the way, all of this is real stuff. 提一下,所有这些都是真的。
This is not animation or anything like this. 这不是动画,或者其他东西。
animation:n.活泼,生气;激励;卡通片绘制;
This is actually taken from the satellite that we have in orbit around Saturn, the Cassini. 这实际上是拍自卫星 环绕土星轨道的卡西尼号。
And you see the amount of detail that is in those rings, which are the particles. 您可以看到大量土星环的细节, 是些微粒。
Some of them are accumulating together to form larger particles. 有一些累积在一起形成大的颗粒。
So that's why you have these gaps , is because a small satellite, you know, is being formed in that location. 这就是为什么土星环有间断,因为形成了小卫星了, 在那个位置形成。
gaps:n.差异,缺口;缝隙(gap的复数形式);v.裂开;使豁裂(gap的第三人称单数形式);
Now, you think that those rings are very large objects. 现在,您认为这些环非常大。
Yes, they are very large in one dimension; in the other dimension they are paper thin. Very, very thin. 没错,它们在宽多上很大, 不过厚度却和纸一样薄。非常非常薄。
dimension:n.方面;[数]维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸;adj.规格的;
What you are seeing here is the shadow of the ring on Saturn itself. 这是土星环在土星上的影子。
And that's one of the satellites which was actually formed on that one. 这是其中一颗卫星 就是由此形成的。
So, think about it as a paper-thin , huge area of many hundreds of thousands of miles, which is rotating . 所以想象它如纸薄, 广大的区域成千上万英里,环绕着。
paper-thin:adj.极薄的; rotating:v.(使)旋转,转动;(工作)由…轮值;(rotate的现在分词)
And we have a wide variety of kind of satellites which will form, each one looking very different and very odd , and that keeps scientists busy for tens of years trying to explain this, 将有各类不同卫星形成, 每个都奇形怪状,这会让 科学家们忙上数十年,来解释这些东西,
variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化; odd:adj.古怪的;奇数的;n.奇数;
and telling NASA we need more money so we can explain what these things look like, or why they formed that way. 然后告所NASA我们需要更多钱来探索 为什么这些东西长成这样,或者为什么那样形成。
Well, there were two satellites which were particularly interesting. 其中有两颗卫星非常有趣。
One of them is called Enceladus. 一个叫Enceladus（土卫二）
It's a satellite which was all made of ice, and we measured it from orbit. Made of ice. 这颗卫星由冰构成, 从轨道上测量。由冰构成。
measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式)
But there was something bizarre about it. 不过有些不寻常的东西。
bizarre:adj.奇异的(指态度,容貌,款式等);
If you look at these stripes in here, what we call tiger stripes, when we flew over them, all of a sudden we saw an increase in the temperature, which said that those stripes are warmer than the rest of the planet. 看这些斑纹,我们称之为虎皮斑纹, 当我们飞跃它们时,忽然我们发现 温度的升高,就是说这些斑纹 比星球上其他地方要热。
stripes:n.条子布;条纹布(stripe复数形式);v.给…加条纹(stripe的三单形式); all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地;
So as we flew by away from it, we looked back. And guess what? 当我们飞过去回望的时候。猜猜看
We saw geysers coming out. 我们看到了间歇泉。
geysers:n.[水文]间歇泉;[水文]间歇喷泉(geyser的复数形式);
So this is a Yellowstone, you know, of Saturn. 这是土星的黄石公园。
We are seeing geysers of ice which are coming out of that planet, which indicate that most likely there is an ocean, you know, below the surface. 我们看到冰的间歇泉,从星球上喷出。 这表明很有可能有海洋, 在地表以下。
indicate:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;
And somehow, through some dynamic effect, we're having these geysers which are being, you know, emitted from it. 由于动力效应,我们有了这些间歇泉 从此喷发出来。
emitted:adj.射出的;v.排放(emit的过去分词);发散;
And the reason I showed the little arrow there, 我在这里标注了距离,
I think that should say 30 miles, we decided a few months ago to actually fly the spacecraft through the plume of that geyser so we can actually measure the material that it is made of. 应该是30英里, 几个月以前我们让航天器 飞越了间歇泉的漂浮物 这样我们就可以实际测量物质组成。
plume:vt.用羽毛装饰;n.羽毛;vi.骚首弄姿;
That was [unclear] also -- you know, because we were worried about the risk of it, but it worked pretty well. 40英里高,因为我们担心 风险,不过它干的的不错。
We flew at the top of it, and we found that there is a fair amount of organic material which is being emitted in combination with the ice. 航天器飞越顶部,我们发现相当多的 有机物,混在喷出的冰当中。
And over the next few years, as we keep orbiting, you know, Saturn, we are planning to get closer and closer down to the surface and make more accurate measurements . 之后几年,我们会继续环绕土星, 我们计划越来越靠近地表 进行更精确的测量。
measurements:n.测量值,尺寸(measurement的复数);
Now, another satellite also attracted a lot of attention, and that's Titan . And the reason Titan is particularly interesting, it's a satellite bigger than our moon, and it has an atmosphere. 现在另一颗卫星引起了广泛关注, Titan(土卫六)。土卫六引起关注的原因是, 它是一颗比我们月亮大的卫星,它有大气层。
Titan:n.巨人;提坦;太阳神;
And that atmosphere is very -- as dense as our own atmosphere. 大气密度和我们的大气差不多。
dense:adj.稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的;
So if you were on Titan, you would feel the same pressure that you feel in here. Except it's a lot colder, and that atmosphere is heavily made of methane . 如果你在土卫六上,会感觉到同样的气压 就像在地球。只不过凉了一点, 它的大气层主要由甲烷构成。
methane:n.[有化]甲烷;[能源]沼气;
Now, methane gets people all excited, because it's organic material, so immediately people start thinking, could life have evolved in that location, when you have a lot of organic material. 甲烷让人兴奋,因为它是有机物, 人们马上想到, 生命可以在此进化, 如果找到有机物。
So people believe now that Titan is most likely what we call a prebiotic planet, because it's so cold organic material did not get to the stage of becoming biological material, and therefore life could have evolved on it. 人们相信土卫六最象 生命起源星球,因为它太冷了有机物 不能生成生物物质, 由此才能有生命进化。
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
So it could be Earth, frozen three billion years ago before life actually started on it. 它就像地球,封冻了30亿年 然后才开始有生机。
So that's getting a lot of interest, and to show you some example of what we did in there, we actually dropped a probe , which was developed by our colleagues in Europe, we dropped a probe as we were orbiting Saturn. 所以很有意思,展示几个例子 我们投下了一个探测器, 是由我们欧洲的同事开发的,在围绕土星运行时投下一个探测器。 是由我们欧洲的同事开发的,在围绕土星运行时投下一个探测器。
probe:n.探针;调查;vi.调查;探测;vt.探查;用探针探测;
We dropped a probe in the atmosphere of Titan. 我们投下了一个探测器到土卫六大气层。
And this is a picture of an area as we were coming down. 这幅照片就是我们下降的区域。
Just looked like the coast of California for me. 对我来说就像加利福尼亚的海岸。
You see the rivers which are coming along the coast, and you see that white area which looks like Catalina Island, and that looks like an ocean. 可以看到河流沿着海岸, 那个白色区域就像卡特琳娜岛, 看上去像个海洋。
Catalina:n.远程轰炸机;
And then with an instrument we have on board, a radar instrument, we found there are lakes like the Great Lakes in here, so it looks very much like Earth. 通过搭载的仪器,一个雷达仪器, 我们发现了湖泊,就像这里的五大湖, 很象地球。
It looks like there are rivers on it, there are oceans or lakes, we know there are clouds. We think it's raining also on it. 看上去有河流,海洋或湖泊, 有云彩。我们认为还有降雨。
So it's very much like the cycle on Earth except because it's so cold, it could not be water, you know, because water would have frozen. 非常类似地球的循环,不过 那里非常冷,不是水, 水会结冰的。
What it turned out, that all that we are seeing, all this liquid, 这些看上去是液体的东西,
[is made of] hydrocarbon and ethane and methane, similar to what you put in your car. 应该是烃和乙烷和甲烷, 就像加入油箱里的东西。
hydrocarbon:n.[有化]碳氢化合物;
So here we have a cycle of a planet which is like our Earth, but is all made of ethane and methane and organic material. 这个星球的循环非常类似地球, 不过是由乙烷和甲烷以及有机物构成。
So if you were on Mars -- sorry, on Titan, you don't have to worry about four-dollar gasoline . 如果你在土卫六上, 你不用担心4美元的汽油。
gasoline:n.汽油;
You just drive to the nearest lake, stick your hose in it, and you've got your car filled up. 开到附近湖边,用胶皮管灌就可以了, 可以加满汽车。
hose:n.塑料管;(旧时的)男式紧身裤;v.用软管输水冲洗(或浇水);
On the other hand , if you light a match the whole planet will blow up. 另一方面,如果你划着一个火柴 整个星球都会爆炸。
On the other hand:另一方面;
So in closing, I said I want to close by a couple of pictures. 在结尾,我想在以几幅照片做结尾。
And just to kind of put us in perspective , this is a picture of Saturn taken with a spacecraft from behind Saturn, looking towards the Sun. 就是让大家思考, 这是航天器从土星背后回望太阳拍摄的照片。 这是航天器从土星背后回望太阳拍摄的照片。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
The Sun is behind Saturn, so we see what we call "forward scattering ," 太阳在土星之后,我们称之为前向散射“forward scattering”
scattering:n.散射;分散;adj.分散的;v.散射;散布;驱散(scatter的ing形式);
so it highlights all the rings. And I'm going to zoom. 照亮了土星环。我放大一下。
highlights:n.拔萃,集锦; v.使突出(highlight的三单形式);
There is a -- I'm not sure you can see it very well, but on the top left, around 10 o'clock, there is a little teeny dot, and that's Earth. 我不太清楚您能不能看见, 在左上,十点钟方向, 有一个黑点,那是地球。
You barely can see ourselves. So what I did, I thought I'd zoom on it. 我们能看到我们的星球。我放大照片
barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地;
So as you zoom in, you know, you can see Earth, you know, just in the middle here. So we zoomed all the way on the art center. 当你放大的时候,你可以看到地球, 就在中间。因此,我们一直放大到艺术中心。
So thank you very much. 非常感谢。