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ChadFrischmann_2018S-_100种解决全球变暖的方法_
Hello. 你们好！
I'd like to introduce you to a word you may never have heard before, but you ought to know: drawdown . 我想向你们介绍一个 你们过去可能从未听过, 但应该知道的词语: 递减减排。
drawdown:n.(美)减少;水位降低;
Drawdown is a new way of thinking about and acting on global warming . 递减减排是思考和应对全球变暖的 一种新思路。
global warming:n.全球(气候)变暖;地球大气层变暖;
It's a goal for a future that we want, a future where reversing global warming is possible. 这是一个目标, 通向我们想要的未来, 一个有可能逆转全球变暖的未来。
reversing:v.颠倒;彻底转变;使完全相反;(reverse的现在分词)
Drawdown is that point in time when atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases begin to decline on a year-to-year basis. 递减减排是大气层中 温室气体开始逐年下降 的那个时间点。
atmospheric:adj.大气的,大气层的; concentrations:n.关注点;[土壤]浓聚物(concentration的复数); greenhouse:n.温室;暖房; decline:v.下降;衰退;减少;谢绝;n.下降; year-to-year:adj.同比(与往年同期相比);
More simply, it's that point when we take out more greenhouse gases than we put into Earth's atmosphere . 简单来说,是那个 我们从大气层中除去的温室气体 大于我们排入的节点。
atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格;
Now, I know we're all concerned about climate change, but climate change is not the problem. 如今,我知道我们都担忧气候变化, 但气候变化本身不是问题。
concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词)
Climate change is the expression of the problem. 气候变化是问题的表象。
expression:n.表现,表示,表达;
It's the feedback of the system of the planet telling us what's going on. 这是地球生态告诉我们 正在发生什么的信号。
feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈;
The problem is global warming, provoked by the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases caused by human activity. 真正的问题是全球变暖, 是来自温室气体浓度的增加, 这都来自人类的行为。
provoked:v.激起;引发;挑衅;刺激;(provoke的过去分词和过去式)
So how do we solve the problem? 那么我们如何解决这个问题？
How do we begin the process of reversing global warming? 我们如何开始逆转全球变暖？
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
The only way we know how is to draw down, to avoid putting greenhouse gases up and to pull down what's already there. 我们知道的唯一方法是递减减排, 避免排放温室气体 并把已经存在的温室气体降下来。
pull down:下拉;断开;
I know. 我知道。
Given the current situation, it sounds impossible, but humanity already knows what to do. 鉴于目前形势,这听起来不可能, 但人类已经知道该怎么做了。
humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
We have real, workable technologies and practices that can achieve drawdown. 我们有真正,可行的技术和实践 可以实现递减减排。
workable:adj.切实可行的;可经营的;能工作的; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
And it's already happening. 并且这已经在发生了。
What we need is to accelerate implementation and to change the discourse from one of fear and confusion , which only leads to apathy , to one of understanding and possibility, and, therefore, opportunity. 我们需要的是加速实施, 并把话语权 从只会导致冷漠的恐惧和混乱中 解放出来, 达到一种理解和可能, 进而抓住机遇。
accelerate:v.加快;加速;n.接受速成教育的学生; implementation:n.[计]实现;履行;安装启用; discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出; confusion:n.困惑;混淆;混同;困窘; apathy:n.冷漠,无兴趣,漠不关心;无感情;
I work for an organization called Project Drawdown. 我为一个叫“递减减排项目” 的组织工作。
organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
And for the last four years, together with a team of researchers and writers from all over the world, we have mapped, measured and detailed 100 solutions to reversing global warming. 在过去4年中, 与来自全球各地的研究者和 作家团队一起, 我们已经绘制,测量和详细制定了 100种扭逆转全球变暖的 解决方案。
measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式)
Eighty already exist today, and when taken together, those 80 can achieve drawdown. 其中80种已存在于生活中, 当一起实施时, 这80个方案就可以实现减排。
And 20 are coming attractions, solutions on the pipeline, and when they come online, will speed up our progress. 还有20个方案即将推出, 或在酝酿中, 当它们上线时, 会加快我们的进程。
These are solutions that are viable , scalable and financially feasible . 这些解决方案 是可行的、可扩展的、 经济上允许的。
viable:adj.可行的;能养活的;能生育的; scalable:adj.可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的; financially:adv.财政上;金融上; feasible:adj.可行的;可能的;可实行的;
And they do one or more of three things: replace existing fossil fuel-based energy generation with clean, renewable sources; reduce consumption through technological efficiency and behavior change; 它们能做下面三件事情中的 一件或多件: 用清洁、可再生的能源取代 现有的化石燃料发电; 通过技术效率和行为改变 降低消耗;
fossil:n.化石;老人;老古董;adj.从地下发掘出来的;化石的;属于旧时代的;陈腐的; renewable:adj.可再生的;可更新的;可继续的;n.再生性能源; consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨; technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效;
and to biosequester carbon in our plants' biomass and soil through a process we all learn in grade school , the magic of photosynthesis . 通过我们在小学里学到的 光合作用的魔力, 将碳封存在我们植物的生物量 和土壤中。
carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; biomass:n.(单位面积或体积内的)[生态]生物量; grade school:na.(美)小学; photosynthesis:n.光合作用;
It's through a combination of these three mechanisms that drawdown becomes possible. 这三种机制的结合 使得递减减排成为可能。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学;
So how do we get there? 那么我们如何实现？
Well, here's the short answer. 这里有份简短的答案。
This is a list of the top 20 solutions to reversing global warming. 这是逆转全球变暖的 20大解决方案清单。
Now, I'll go into some detail, but take a few seconds to look over the list. 现在,我将详细介绍一下, 但请花几秒钟看看这份清单。
It's eclectic , I know, from onshore wind turbines to educating girls, from plant-rich diets to rooftop solar technology . 这上面什么都有,我知道, 从陆上风力涡轮机到女性教育, 从植物为主的饮食到 屋顶太阳能技术。
eclectic:adj.折衷的;选择的;折衷学派的;n.折衷派的人;折衷主义者;adj.不拘一格的; onshore:adj.陆上的;向着海岸的;adv.在陆上;向着海岸; turbines:n.[动力]涡轮;[动力]涡轮机(turbine的复数);[动力]汽轮机; rooftop:n.屋顶;adj.屋顶上的; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
So let's break it down a little bit. 我们把它们分解一下。
To the right of the slide, you'll see figures in gigatons , or billions of tons. 在幻灯片的右边, 你会看到以10亿为单位的数字。 或者10亿吨。
gigatons:n.十亿吨;
That represents the total equivalent carbon dioxide reduced from the atmosphere when the solution is implemented globally over a 30-year period. 这代表大气层中减少的二氧化碳总量 若这些解决方案 在全球部署超过30年。
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; carbon dioxide:二氧化碳; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; implemented:v.使生效;贯彻;执行;实施;(implement的过去式和过去分词)
Now, when we think about climate solutions, we often think about electricity generation. 如今,当我们想到气候解决方案, 我们常常想到发电问题。
electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
We think of renewable energy as the most important set of solutions, and they are incredibly important. 我们认为可再生能源是 最重要的解决方案, 它们的确非常重要。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
But the first thing to notice about this list is that only five of the top 20 solutions relate to electricity. 但在这份清单中需要注意的 首要事情是 前20个解决方案中只有 5个跟电力有关。
What surprised us, honestly, was that eight of the top 20 relate to the food system. 老实说,让我们吃惊的是, 20大解决方案中 有8个跟食物系统有关。
The climate impact of food may come as a surprise to many people, but what these results show is that the decisions we make every day about the food we produce, purchase and consume are perhaps the most important contributions every individual can make to reversing global warming. 食物对气候的影响 可能出乎多数人预料, 但这些结果显示我们每天 在生产,购买和 消费什么食物上的决定 可能是个人可以对扭转全球变暖 能做的最重要贡献。
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; purchase:n.购买;采购;购买的东西;购买项目;v.购买;采购; consume:v.消耗;吃;毁灭;烧毁; contributions:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;(contribution的复数) individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
And how we manage land is also very important. 我们如何管理土地也非常重要。
Protecting forests and wetlands safeguards , expands and creates new carbon sinks that directly draw down carbon. 保护森林和湿地, 扩大和创造新的碳吸存（碳汇） 可以直接减少碳。
wetlands:n.湿地(wetland的复数形式);沼泽地;塘地; safeguards:n.保障措施; v.[安全]保护; expands:v.展开; (expand的第三人称单数) directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
This is how drawdown can happen. 这就是递减减排可以发生的方式。
And when we take food and land management together, 12 of the top 20 solutions relate to how and why we use land. 当我们把食物和土地管理放一起时, 前20大解决方案中有12个跟我们 如何和为什么使用土地有关。
management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段;
This fundamentally shifts traditional thinking on climate solutions. 这根本上逆转了 对气候解决方案的传统思考。
fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地 shifts:n.转移; v.转移; (shift的第三人称单数) traditional:传统的,惯例的,
But let's go to the top of the list, because I think what's there may also surprise you. 但让我们回到清单的顶部, 因为我觉得这些会让你们感到惊讶。
The single most impactful solution, according to this analysis , would be refrigeration management, or properly managing and disposing of hydrofluorocarbons , also known as HFCs, which are used by refrigerators and air conditioners to cool the air. 根据分析, 最有影响力的解决方案是制冷管理, 也就是妥善管理、处理氢氟烃(HFCs), 冰箱和空调用其冷却空气。
impactful:adj.有效的;有力的; according to:根据,据说; analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; refrigeration:n.制冷;冷藏;[热]冷却; disposing:排列;安排;处理(dispose的现在分词); hydrofluorocarbons:氢氟碳化物;氟烃;氢氟碳化合物(hydrofluorocarbon的复数) conditioners:[自]调节器;调料槽;调节剂(conditioner的复数);
We did a great job with the Montreal Protocol to limit the production of chlorofluorocarbons , CFCs, because of their effect on the ozone layer . 我们在《蒙特利尔议定书》上 做得很好, 限制了氯氟烃(CFCs)的生产, 因为它们对臭氧层的影响。
Montreal:n.蒙特利尔(加拿大东南部港市); Protocol:n.协议;草案;礼仪;vt.拟定;vi.拟定; chlorofluorocarbons:n.[有化]含氯氟烃;氯氟化碳(chlorofluorocarbon的复数); ozone layer:n.臭氧层;
But they were replaced by HFCs, which are hundreds to thousands of times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. 但是它们被HFCs取代了, 其温室气体的强度是二氧化碳的 几十万倍。
potent:adj.有效的;强有力的,有权势的;有说服力的; greenhouse gas:n.温室气体(尤指二氧化碳);
And that 90 gigatons reduced is a conservative figure. 减少900亿吨都是保守数字。
conservative:adj.保守的;n.保守派,守旧者;
If we were to account for the impact of the Kigali agreement of 2016, which calls for the phaseout of hydrofluorocarbons and replace them with natural refrigerants , which exist today, 如果我们考虑进2016年 《基加利协议》的影响, 这个协议要求逐步淘汰 氢氟碳化合物, 以目前存在的天然制冷剂取代之,
account for:对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明…的原因;导致;(比例)占; phaseout:n.逐步停止; refrigerants:n.致冷剂; adj.解热的; (refrigerant的复数);
this number could increase to 120, to nearly 200 gigatons of avoided greenhouse gases. 这个数字可能会增加1200亿吨, 总共减少温室气体排放 接近2000亿吨。
Maybe you're surprised, as we were. 可能你被惊讶到了, 就如我们过去一样。
Now, before going into some details of specific solutions, you may be wondering how we came to these calculations. 现在,在看具体解决方案的细节前, 你可能好奇 我们是怎么算出这些数字的。
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
Well, first of all , we collected a lot of data, and we used statistical analysis to create ranges that allow us to choose reasonable choices for every input used throughout the models. 首先,我们收集了大量的数据, 我们使用统计分析来创建范围, 使我们能够为整个模型中的每个输入 选择合理的选项。
first of all:adv.首先; statistical:adj.统计的;统计学的; reasonable:adj.合理的,公道的;通情达理的; input:n.投入; v.把(数据等)输入计算机; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
And we chose a conservative approach , which underlies the entire project. 我们选择了保守的方法, 这是整个项目的基础。
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; underlies:vt.成为…的基础;位于…之下;
All that data is entered in the model, ambitiously but plausibly projected into the future, and compared against what we would have to do anyway. 那些数据进入模型, 大胆但合理地预测未来, 并与我们之前要做的对比。
ambitiously:adv.雄心勃勃地;劲头十足地;热切地; plausibly:adv.似真地; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
The 84 gigatons reduced from onshore wind turbines, for example, results from the electricity generated from wind farms that would otherwise be produced from coal or gas-fired plants. 例如,使用陆上风力涡轮机 所减少的840亿吨, 是因为用风力发电厂发电, 这些电先前由燃煤或燃气发电产生。
generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词) gas-fired:adj.燃气的;以煤气为燃料的;
We calculate all the costs to build and to operate the plants and all the emissions generated. 我们计算建造和运营这些工厂的 所有成本, 以及所有产生的排放。
emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数)
The same process is used to compare recycling versus landfilling , regenerative versus industrial agriculture, protecting versus cutting down our forests. 同样的过程被用来比较回收和填埋, 再生农业与工业化农业, 保护与砍伐森林。
recycling:n.(资源,垃圾的)回收利用;v.回收;再循环利用(recycle的现在分词); versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; landfilling:倾弃垃圾填地;掩埋;垃圾掩埋 regenerative:adj.再生的,更生的;更新的; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票;
The results are then integrated within and across systems to avoid double-counting and add it up to see if we actually get to drawdown. 然后在系统内部和 跨系统整合结果, 以避免重复计数 并把它们加起来看能不能实现减排。
integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词)
OK, let's go into some specific solutions. 好了,让我们看一看 具体的解决方案。
Rooftop solar comes in ranked number 10. 屋顶太阳能排在第10位。
When we picture rooftop solar in our minds we often envision a warehouse in Miami covered in solar panels . 当我们在脑海中想象太阳能屋顶时, 我们经常想象一个位于迈阿密的仓库, 屋顶覆盖着太阳能电池板。
envision:v.想象;预想; warehouse:n.仓库,货栈;货仓; panels:n.面板(panel的复数); v.嵌镶(panel的第三人称单数形式);
But these are solutions that are relevant in urban and rural settings, high and low-income countries, and they have cascading benefits. 但这些解决方案同样适用于 我们的城市和农村环境, 高和低收入国家, 而且他们具有连锁效应。
relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的; cascading:v.倾泻;流注;大量落下;(cascade的现在分词)
This is a family on a straw island in Lake Titicaca receiving their first solar panel . 这是一个在喀喀湖稻草岛上的家庭 他们收到的第一块太阳能电池板。
straw:n.稻草; adj.稻草的; Titicaca:n.的的喀喀湖(秘鲁与玻利维亚之间的一湖泊); solar panel:n.太阳能电池板;
Before, kerosene was used for cooking and lighting, kerosene on a straw island. 以前,稻草岛上人们用煤油 来做饭和照明。
kerosene:n.煤油,火油;
So by installing solar, this family is not only helping to reduce emissions, but providing safety and security for their household . 所以通过安装太阳能, 这个家庭不仅减少了排放, 而且也为他们的房屋 提供了安全保障。
installing:v.安装;设置;建立(程序);(install的现在分词) household:n.家庭;一家人;同住一所(或一套)房子的人;adj.家庭的;家常的;王室的;
And tropical forests tell their own story. 热带森林的故事则是另外一番景象。
tropical:adj.热带的;热情的;酷热的;
Protecting currently degraded land in the tropics and allowing natural regeneration to occur is the number five solution to reversing global warming. 保护热带地区目前退化的土地, 允许自然再生 是逆转全球变暖的第五个解决方案。
currently:adv.当前;一般地; degraded:adj.退化的; v.分解; (degrade的过去分词和过去式) tropics:n.热带地区; regeneration:n.[生物][化学][物]再生,重生;重建; occur:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;
We can think of trees as giant sticks of carbon. 我们可以把树林看作巨大的碳棒。
giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的
This is drawdown in action every year, as carbon is removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, which converts carbon dioxide to plants' biomass and soil organic carbon. 碳可以通过光合作用从大气中去除, 将二氧化碳转化为植物的生物量 和土壤有机碳, 碳的消耗每年都在减少。
converts:vt.使转变; vi.转变,变换; n.皈依者; organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体;
And we need to rethink how we produce our food to make it more regenerative. 我们需要重新思考我们如何生产食物 让它更加“可再生”。
rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法;
There are many ways to do this, and we researched over 13 of them, but these aren't new ways of producing food. 有很多方法可以做到这一点, 我们研究了其中的13种, 这些其实都不是生产食物的新方法。
They have been practiced for centuries, for generations. 它们已经被实践了几个世纪,几代人。
But they are increasingly displaced by modern agriculture, which promotes tillage , monocropping and the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides which degrade the land and turn it into a net emitter of greenhouse gases. 但它们正日益被现代农业取代, 现代农业促进了机械耕作、单一作物制, 用合成化肥和杀虫剂, 从而导致土地退化, 并把它变成了温室气体的排放源。
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; displaced:v.取代;替代;置换;迫使(某人)离开家园;转移;(displace的过去式和过去分词) promotes:v.促进;推动;促销;推销;提升;晋升;(promote的第三人称单数) tillage:n.耕作,耕种; monocropping:单一种植;单一收成 synthetic:adj.综合的;合成的,人造的;n.合成物; fertilizers:n.[肥料]肥料(fertilizer的复数形式);化肥;底肥; pesticides:n.[农药]农药;[农药]杀虫剂(pesticide的复数); emitter:n.发射器,发射体;
Regenerative agriculture, on the other hand , restores soil health and productivity , increases yield , improves water retention , benefits smallholder farmers and large farming operations alike and brings carbon back to the land. 在另一方面,可再生农业, 恢复土壤健康和生产力, 增加粮食产量, 提高保水性, 使小农和大型农业经营同样受益, 并将碳带回土地。
on the other hand:另一方面; restores:恢复;修复;复原;归还;使复原; productivity:n.生产力;生产率;生产能力; yield:n.产量;产出;利润;v.屈服;让步;放弃;提供; improves:v.改进;改善;(improve的第三人称单数) retention:n.保留;扣留,滞留;记忆力;闭尿; smallholder:n.小农;小佃农;
It's a win-win-win-win-win. 这个结果是赢-赢-赢-赢-赢。
(Laughter) （笑声）
And it's not just how we produce food, but what we consume that has a massive impact on global warming. 对全球变暖的巨大影响 不仅与我们如何生产食物有关, 还包括我们怎么消费食物。
massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
A plant-rich diet is not a vegan or a vegetarian diet, though I applaud any who make those choices. 植物性饮食不是严格素食或素食节食, 尽管我赞赏那些做出这些选择的人。
vegan:n.(英)严格的素食主义者;adj.严守素食主义的; vegetarian:n.素食者;食草动物;adj.素食的; applaud:v.欢呼;赞成;
It's a healthy diet in terms of how much we consume, and particularly how much meat is consumed . 就我们的食用量而言, 这是一种健康的饮食, 尤其在摄入的肉类数量方面。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; consumed:adj.沉迷…的; v.消耗,耗费; (consume的过去分词和过去式)
In the richer parts of the world, we overconsume. 在全球最富裕的地方, 我们常常摄入过多。
However, low-income countries show an insufficient caloric and protein intake . 然而,低收入国家 则显示热量和蛋白质摄入不足。
insufficient:adj.不足的,不充足的;n.不足; caloric:adj.热量的;卡的;n.热量; protein:n.蛋白质; intake:n.摄取量;通风口;引入口;引入的量;
That needs rebalancing , and it's in the rebalancing that a plant-rich diet becomes the number four solution to reversing global warming. 这需要再平衡, 它正在再平衡中。 植物性饮食成为逆转全球变暖的 第四个解决方案。
rebalancing:重新平衡;再均衡;再平衡;
Moreover , approximately a third of all food produced is not eaten, and wasted food emits an astounding eight percent of global greenhouse gases. 此外,大约1/3被生产的食物 没有被吃完, 被浪费的食物排放出令人震惊的 全球8%的温室气体。
Moreover:adv.而且;此外; approximately:adv.大约,近似地;近于; emits:发出;放射;发行(emit的动词单数第三人称形式); astounding:adj.令人震惊的;使大吃一惊的;v.使震惊;使大惊;(astound的现在分词)
We need to look where across the supply chain these losses and wastage occurs . 我们需要审视整个供应链 这些损耗和浪费发生在哪里。
supply chain:n.供应链; wastage:n.损耗;消瘦;衰老; occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数);
In low-income countries, after food leaves the farm, most food is wasted early in the supply chain due to infrastructure and storage challenges. 在低收入国家,在食物离开农场后, 大部分食物浪费在供应链的早期, 这归咎于基础设施和存储的不足。
infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
Food is not wasted by consumers in low-income countries which struggle to feed their population. 挣扎着喂饱其人口的低收入国家: 食物不是被消费者浪费的。
consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数)
In the developed world, instead, after food leaves the farm, most food is wasted at the end of the supply chain by markets and consumers, and wasted food ends up in the landfill where it emits methane as it decomposes . 在发达国家,情况恰恰相反: 食物离开农场后, 大部分食物被供应链终端的 市场和消费者浪费了, 浪费的食物被丢进垃圾填埋场, 在那里分解时 排放出甲烷。
methane:n.[有化]甲烷;[能源]沼气; decomposes:分解;
This is a consumer choice problem. 这是一个消费者选择问题。
It's not a technology issue . 这不是技术问题。
issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
Preventing food waste from the beginning is the number three solution. 从一开始就阻止食物浪费 是第三个解决方案。
But here's the interesting thing. 但这里有个有趣的事情。
When we look at the food system as a whole and we implement all the production solutions like regenerative agriculture, and we adopt a plant-rich diet, and we reduce food waste, 当我们把整个食物系统当作整体去看, 实施像可再生农业那样的 生产解决方案, 采取植物性饮食, 并减少食物浪费时,
as a whole:总的来说; adopt:v.采取;接受;收养;正式通过;
our research shows that we would produce enough food on current farmland to feed the world's growing population a healthy, nutrient-rich diet now until 2050 and beyond. 我们的研究发现我们可以在 现有的农田上生产足够食物 提供健康而营养丰富的饮食 从现在到2050年及以后 喂饱全球不断增长的人口。
farmland:n.农田; nutrient-rich:营养的;
That means we don't need to cut down forests for food production. 这意味着我们不需要砍伐森林 来生产食物。
The solutions to reversing global warming are the same solutions to food insecurity . 逆转全球变暖的解决方案也正是 保障食品安全的解决方案。
insecurity:n.不安全;不牢靠;无把握;心神不定;
Now, a solution that often does not get talked enough about, family planning . 有一个解决方案经常被人们忽视, 计划生育。
family planning:n.计划生育;家庭计划;
By providing men and women the right to choose when, how and if to raise a family through reproductive health clinics and education, access to contraception and freedom devoid of persecution can reduce the estimated global population by 2050. 通过为男性和女性提供选择权, 来选择何时,如何,是否养育家庭 通过建立生殖健康诊所、 生殖教育、 获得避孕产品 和不受迫害的自由, 可以减少2050年的预期全球人口。
reproductive:adj.生殖的;再生的;复制的; clinics:n.诊所(clinic的复数形式); contraception:n.避孕; devoid:adj.缺乏的;全无的; persecution:n.迫害;烦扰; estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的;
That reduced population means reduced demand for electricity, food, travel, buildings and all other resources . 人口的减少意味着对 电力,食物,旅行,建筑 和其他资源需求的减少。
resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
All the energy and emissions that are used to produce that higher demand is reduced by providing the basic human right to choose when, how and if to raise a family. 所有来满足原本高需求 而生产的能源和排放, 因此可以减少, 只需提供基本人权,来选择何时, 如何及是否 养育家庭。
human right:n.人权;
But family planning cannot happen without equal quality of education to girls currently being denied access. 但计划生育无法真正实现,若目前无法上学的女孩 没有接受同等质量教育的机会。
denied:v.否认;拒绝;否定;不承认;(deny的过去分词和过去式)
Now, we've taken a small liberty here, because the impact of universal education and family planning resources are so inextricably intertwined that we chose to cut it right down the middle. 现在,有点冒昧地在这说一下, 因为普及教育 和计划生育的影响 是如此不可分割地交织在一起, 以致我们选择将其一分为二。
liberty:n.自由;许可;冒失; universal education:普及教育;全民教育; inextricably:adv.逃不掉地;解不开地;解决不了地; intertwined:adj.缠绕的;错综复杂的;v.使缠结,缠绕(intertwine的过去式);
But taken together, educating girls and family planning is the number one solution to reversing global warming, reducing approximately 120 billion tons of greenhouse gases. 但总的来说,教育女性和计划生育 是逆转全球变暖的第一个解决方案, 可减少大约1200亿吨温室气体。
So is drawdown possible? 所以递减减排是可能的？
The answer is yes, it is possible, but we need all 80 solutions. 答案是肯定的,是可能的。 但我们需要所有这80个解决方案。
There are no silver bullets or a subset of solutions that are going to get us there. 没有灵丹妙药或单靠里面几个 就能让我们实现那个目标。
silver:n.银; v.给…镀(或包)银; adj.银色的; bullets:n.子弹;弹丸;(bullet的复数) subset:n.[数]子集;子设备;小团体;
The top solutions would take us far along the pathway , but there's no such thing as a small solution. 最靠前的解决方案可以让 我们延着这条路走得很远, 但没有任何一个解决方案 可以被忽略的,
pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径;
We need all 80. 我们需要所有的80个。
But here's the great thing. 但有件事很棒。
We would want to implement these solutions whether or not global warming was even a problem, because they have cascading benefits to human and planetary well-being . 我们需要实施的这些解决方案, 不管全球变暖是不是个问题, 因为它们对人类和地球的福祉 有连锁反应。
whether or not:是否…; planetary:adj.行星的; well-being:n.幸福;康乐;
Renewable electricity results in clean, abundant access to energy for all. 可再生电力为所有人 提供了清洁、丰富的能源。
abundant:adj.丰富的;充裕的;盛产;
A plant-rich diet, reduced food waste results in a healthy global population with enough food and sustenance . 植物性饮食,减少食物浪费 带来有足够食物和营养的全球健康人口。
sustenance:n.食物;生计;支持;
Family planning and educating girls? 计划生育和女性教育？
This is about human rights, about gender equality. 这跟人权有关, 跟性别平等有关。
gender:n.性别;
This is about economic improvement and the freedom of choice. 这是事关经济改善和选择自由。
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; improvement:n.改进,改善;
It's about justice . 这事关公正。
justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判;
Regenerative agriculture, managed grazing , agroforestry , silvopasture restores soil health, benefits farmers and brings carbon back to the land. 再生农业,管理放牧, 农林复合,森林保护 恢复土壤健康,造福农民 并把碳带回土地。
grazing:n.牧场;草场;v."graze"的现在分词; agroforestry:n.农林业;农业林学; silvopasture:林牧复合
Protecting our ecosystems also protects biodiversity and safeguards planetary health and the oxygen that we breathe. 保护我们的生态系统 也就保护了生物多样性 和保护了地球健康 以及我们所呼吸的空气。
ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数); biodiversity:n.生物多样性;
Its tangible benefits to all species are incalculable . 它对所有物种的有形利益 是不可估量的。
tangible:adj.有形的;切实的;可触摸的;n.有形资产; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; incalculable:adj.无数的;不可计算的;不可预料的;
But one last point, because I know it's probably on everybody's mind; how much is this going to cost? 但最后一点, 因为我知道大家可能都在想 这需要花费多少成本？
Well, we estimate that to implement all 80 solutions would cost about 29 trillion dollars over 30 years. 我们估算实施所有80个解决方案 需要在30年中花费29万亿美元。
trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
That's just about a trillion a year. 每年只需要1万亿美元。
Now, I know that sounds like a lot, but we have to remember that global GDP is over 80 trillion every year, and the estimated savings from implementing these solutions is 74 trillion dollars, over double the costs. 我知道这个数字听起来很大, 但我们需要记得全球每年的 GDP超过80万亿美元, 并且实施这些解决方案 带来的估计节省 是74万亿美元,是成本的两倍多。
savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数) implementing:n.实施,执行;实现;v.贯彻,执行(implement的现在分词);
That's a net savings of 44 trillion dollars. 净节省44万亿美元。
So drawdown is possible. 所以递减减排是可行的。
We can do it if we want to. 只要我们想做就能做到。
It's not going to cost that much, and the return on that investment is huge. 不需要花费那么高的成本, 投资的回报确是巨大的。
investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
Here's the welcome surprise. 这是一个受欢迎的惊喜。
When we implement these solutions, we shift the way we do business from a system that is inherently exploitative and extractive to a new normal that is by nature restorative and regenerative. 当我们实施这些解决方案, 我们把做生意的方式 从一个本质上是剥削和榨取的系统 转移到一个新的天然的 具有恢复性和可再生新常态系统。
inherently:adv.内在地;固有地;天性地; exploitative:adj.剥削的;利用的;开发资源的; extractive:n.提取物;抽出物;精华;adj.提取的;可萃取的;精萃的; restorative:n.[药]恢复药,滋补剂;adj.滋补的,有助于复元的;恢复健康的;
We need to rethink our global goals, to move beyond sustainability towards regeneration, and along the way reverse global warming. 我们需要重新思考我们的全球目标, 去超越可持续性, 走向再生, 并在此过程中逆转全球变暖。
sustainability:n.持续性;永续性;能维持性; reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）