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CesarHidalgo_2018-_取代政治人物的大胆想法_
Is it just me, or are there other people here that are a little bit disappointed with democracy ? 只有我这样吗？ 还是这里的其他人也都一样, 对民主感到有一点失望？
disappointed with:失望于; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
(Applause) （掌声）
So let's look at a few numbers. 咱们先来看看几个数字,
If we look across the world, the median turnout in presidential elections over the last 30 years has been just 67 percent. 如果从全球来看, 总统大选的投票率中位数, 在过去三十年间, 只有 67%。
median:n.n.中值,中位数;三角形中线;梯形中位线;adj.中值的;中央的; turnout:n.产量;出席者;出动;清除;[公路]岔道; presidential:adj.总统的;首长的;统辖的;
Now, if we go to Europe and we look at people that participated in EU parliamentary elections, the median turnout in those elections is just 42 percent. 如果我们去看欧洲, 去看参与欧洲议会大选的人, 那些选举的投票率中位数 只有 42%。
participated:v.参加;参与;(participate的过去式和过去分词) parliamentary:adj.议会的;国会的;议会制度的;
Now let's go to New York, and let's see how many people voted in the last election for mayor . 咱们来看看纽约, 看看上一次的市长选举 有多少人投票。
mayor:n.市长;镇长;
We will find that only 24 percent of people showed up to vote. 我们会发现,只有 24% 的人出席投票。
What that means is that, if "Friends" was still running, 这就意味着,如果电视 还在演《六人行》,
Joey and maybe Phoebe would have shown up to vote. 只有乔伊,也许加上菲比, 会现身投票。
(Laughter) （笑声）
And you cannot blame them because people are tired of politicians . 你无法怪他们,因为大家 都对政治人物厌倦了。
politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数)
And people are tired of other people using the data that they have generated to communicate with their friends and family, to target political propaganda at them. 大家都厌倦了其他人用 他们产生出来的资料, 来和他们的朋友及家人沟通, 把他们变成政治宣传活动的目标。
generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词) propaganda:n.宣传;传道总会;
But the thing about this is that this is not new. 但,重点是,这现象并不是新的。
Nowadays, people use likes to target propaganda at you before they use your zip code or your gender or your age, because the idea of targeting people with propaganda for political purposes is as old as politics . 现今,大家选择宣传活动的 目标时,先看的是「按赞」, 而不是你的邮递区号、 你的性别,或你的年龄, 因为,为了政治目的而将人们 变成宣传活动目标的这个想法, 其历史和政治一样久远。
gender:n.性别; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数)
And the reason why that idea is there is because democracy has a basic vulnerability . 会有这种想法的原因 是因为民主有一项基本的弱点。
vulnerability:n.易损性;弱点;
This is the idea of a representative. 这个弱点就是「代表」的观念。
In principle , democracy is the ability of people to exert power. 原则上,民主是人们 行使权力的能力。
In principle:大体上,原则上; exert:v.施加;努力;运用;行使;
But in practice , we have to delegate that power to a representative that can exert that power for us. 但实际上,我们是把权力 委派给一位代表, 让代表为我们行使权力。
in practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上; delegate:n.代表; v.授(权);
That representative is a bottleneck , or a weak spot. 那代表就是瓶颈,或是弱点所在。
bottleneck:n.瓶颈;障碍物;
It is the place that you want to target if you want to attack democracy because you can capture democracy by either capturing that representative or capturing the way that people choose it. 如果你想要攻击民主, 你就会针对那个地方, 因为若你要俘虏民主, 你可以俘虏代表, 或者俘虏人们选出代表的方式。
capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 capturing:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;(capture的现在分词)
So the big question is: Is this the end of history? 所以,关键的问题是: 历史就到此为止了吗？
Is this the best that we can do or, actually, are there alternatives ? 我们做到最好,就只有这样吗？ 或者,其实还有其他替代选择？
alternatives:n.可供选择的事物;(alternative的复数)
Some people have been thinking about alternatives, and one of the ideas that is out there is the idea of direct democracy. 有些人一直在想有什么替代选择, 他们想出来的其中一个点子 是「直接民主」的概念。
This is the idea of bypassing politicians completely and having people vote directly on issues , having people vote directly on bills. 这个概念就是完全绕过政治人物, 让人民针对议题直接投票, 让人民直接投票表决法案。
bypassing:v.绕过;避开;不顾(规章制度);不请示;(bypass的现在分词) directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
But this idea is naive because there's too many things that we would need to choose. 但这个概念太天真, 因为我们有太多选择要做了。
naive:adj.天真的,幼稚的;
If you look at the 114th US Congress , you will have seen that the House of Representatives considered more than 6,000 bills, the Senate considered more than 3,000 bills and they approved more than 300 laws. 以第 114 届美国国会为例, 你会发现,美国众议院 要考量超过六千个法案, 参议院要考量超过三千个法案, 他们核准了超过三百条法律。
Congress:n.国会;代表大会;会议;社交; House of Representatives:众议院; Senate:n.参议院,上院;(古罗马的)元老院; approved:adj.被正式接受的,被正式认可的; v.赞成; (approve的过去分词和过去式)
Those would be many decisions that each person would have to make a week on topics that they know little about. 每个人一个星期内 , 就要做这么多的决策 而且是他们几乎毫无所知的主题。
So there's a big cognitive bandwidth problem if we're going to try to think about direct democracy as a viable alternative. 这是一个很大的认知频宽问题, 若要把直接民主做为可行的替代选择 就必须要考量这个问题。
cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; bandwidth:n.[电子][物]带宽;[通信]频带宽度; viable:adj.可行的;能养活的;能生育的;
So some people think about the idea of liquid democracy, or fluid democracy, which is the idea that you endorse your political power to someone, who can endorse it to someone else, 所以,有些人想出一个办法, 叫做液态民主,或液体民主, 也就是你可以把你的 政治权力授予某个人, 他又可以再授予别人,
fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体; endorse:vt.背书;认可;签署;赞同;在背面签名;
and, eventually , you create a large follower network in which, at the end, there's a few people that are making decisions on behalf of all of their followers and their followers. 最终,会创造出一个 大型的追随着网络, 在这个网络中,最终, 只会有几个人负责决策, 他们代表他们的追随者, 以及那些追随者的追随者。
eventually:adv.最后,终于; follower:n.追随者;信徒;属下; on behalf of:代表;为了;
But this idea also doesn't solve the problem of the cognitive bandwidth and, to be honest, it's also quite similar to the idea of having a representative. 但这个想法一样无法解决 认知频宽的问题, 老实说,这和采用代表的 想法没什么两样。
So what I'm going to do today is I'm going to be a little bit provocative , and I'm going to ask you, well: 所以,我今天打算 要走比较挑拨的路线, 我要问各位:
provocative:adj.刺激的,挑拨的;气人的;n.刺激物,挑拨物;兴奋剂;
What if , instead of trying to bypass politicians, we tried to automate them? 如果, 不要绕过政治人物, 而是试着将他们自动化,会如何？
What if:如果…怎么办? automate:v.使自动化;
The idea of automation is not new. 自动化的想法并不新奇。
automation:n.自动化;自动操作;
It was started more than 300 years ago, when French weavers decided to automate the loom . 至少三百年前就已经有了, 那时法国的织布工决定 要将织布机给自动化。
weavers:n.编织者(weaver的复数); loom:n.织布机;v.(尤指)令人惊恐地隐现;显得突出;逼近
The winner of that industrial war was Joseph-Marie Jacquard . 那次工業战争的赢家是 约瑟夫 · 马瑞 · 加卡尔。
industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; Jacquard:n.[印,纺]提花机;提花织物
He was a French weaver and merchant that married the loom with the steam engine to create autonomous looms . 他是法国织布工和商人, 将织布机和蒸汽引擎结合, 创造出了自动织布机。
merchant:n.商人;批发商;(尤指)进出口批发商;(某活动的)爱好者;adj.海上货运的; autonomous:adj.自治的;自主的;自发的; looms:n.织布机(loom的复数);v.隐现(loom的三单形式);用织机织;
And in those autonomous looms, he gained control. 他靠着那些自动织布机 取得了控制权。
He could now make fabrics that were more complex and more sophisticated than the ones they were able to do by hand. 他能制造出更复杂、 更精密的布料, 那是人工无法做出来的。
fabrics:n.纤维织物(fabric的复数); complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
But also, by winning that industrial war, he laid out what has become the blueprint of automation. 此外,打赢了那场工業战争, 他也因此为自动化绘制出了蓝图。
blueprint:vt.计划;制成蓝图;n.蓝图,设计图;计划;
The way that we automate things for the last 300 years has always been the same: we first identify a need, then we create a tool to satisfy that need, like the loom, in this case, and then we study how people use that tool to automate that user. 过去三百年间我们 将事物自动化的方式 都一直没变过: 首先,我们找出需求, 接着,我们创造出一样工具 来满足那个需求, 在这个例子中,工具就是织布机, 接着,我们研究人们 怎么使用那工具, 来将使用者自动化。
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: satisfy:vt.满足(要求,需要等):使满意:使确信:
That's how we came from the mechanical loom to the autonomous loom, and that took us a thousand years. 我们就是这样子从机械织布机 走到自动织布机, 那过程花了我们一千年。
mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的;
Now, it's taken us only a hundred years to use the same script to automate the car. 后来,我们只花了一百年, 就照着同样的脚本将汽车自动化。
script:n.剧本;电影剧本;笔迹;广播(或讲话等)稿;v.为电影(或戏剧等)写剧本;
But the thing is that, this time around, automation is kind of for real. 但,重点是,这一次, 自动化是玩真的了。
This is a video that a colleague of mine from Toshiba shared with me that shows the factory that manufactures solid state drives. 这支影片是我同事分享 给我的,他在东芝工作, 影片展示出的是 制造固态硬碟的工厂。
colleague:n.同事,同僚; manufactures:n.制成品(manufacture的复数);v.制造(manufacture的第三人称单数);
The entire factory is a robot. 整个工厂都是机器人。
There are no humans in that factory. 工厂中没有人类。
And the robots are soon to leave the factories and become part of our world, become part of our workforce . 机器人很快就会踏出工厂, 成为我们世界的一部分, 成为我们劳动力的一部分。
workforce:n.劳动大军;全体员工;
So what I do in my day job is actually create tools that integrate data for entire countries so that we can ultimately have the foundations that we need for a future in which we need to also manage those machines. 我的正职 其实是在创造工具, 来将整个国家的资料整合, 这么一来,最终我们就能够有 我们所需要的基础, 让我们在未来 也可以管理那些机器。
integrate:v.成为一体;(使)加入;adj.完全的; ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; foundations:n.基础;地基;基金会;粉底;(foundations是foundation的复数)
But today, I'm not here to talk to you about these tools that integrate data for countries. 但,今天,我来这里要谈的不是 这些整合全国资料的工具。
But I'm here to talk to you about another idea that might help us think about how to use artificial intelligence in democracy. 我来跟各位谈的是另一个想法, 这个想法可能可以协助我们思考 如何将人工智慧用在民主上。
artificial intelligence:n.人工智能;
Because the tools that I build are designed for executive decisions. 因为我所建造的工具 是用来做重大决策的。
executive:n.管理人员; adj.经营管理的;
These are decisions that can be cast in some sort of term of objectivity -- public investment decisions. 这些决策是可以 客观做出的决策—— 公共投资决策。
objectivity:n.客观;客观性; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
But there are decisions that are legislative , and these decisions that are legislative require communication among people that have different points of view, require participation , require debate, require de liberation . 但,有些决策和立法相关, 这些立法相关决策会需要大家 针对不同的观点进行沟通, 需要参与,需要辩论, 需要商议。
legislative:adj.立法的;有立法权的;n.立法权;立法机构; participation:n.参与;分享;参股;
And for a long time, we have thought that, well, what we need to improve democracy is actually more communication. 长期以来,我们都以为, 若要改善民主, 我们需要的是更多的沟通。
improve:v.改进;改善;
So all of the technologies that we have advanced in the context of democracy, whether they are newspapers or whether it is social media, have tried to provide us with more communication. 所以,我们为了民主 所发展出的所有技术, 不论是报纸,不论是社交媒体, 都试着提供我们更多的沟通。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
But we've been down that rabbit hole, and we know that's not what's going to solve the problem. 但我们已经身陷困惑中了, 我们知道这并不能解决问题。
Because it's not a communication problem, it's a cognitive bandwidth problem. 因为这并不是一个沟通的问题, 而是认知频宽的问题。
So if the problem is one of cognitive bandwidth, well, adding more communication to people is not going to be what's going to solve it. 如果这个问题是认知频宽的问题, 让大家有更多的沟通 并不会是解决方案。
What we are going to need instead is to have other technologies that help us deal with some of the communication that we are overloaded with. 反而,我们需要的是其他的技术, 来协助我们处理一些 让我们超负荷的沟通。
overloaded:adj.超载的;超负荷的;超重的;v.使超载;使负担过重(overload的过去分词);
Think of, like, a little avatar , a software agent , a digital Jiminy Cricket -- 把它想像成是虚拟角色或软体代理, 数位化的吉明尼蟋蟀—— (注:《木偶奇遇记》里的角色）
avatar:n.电影《阿凡达》; agent:n.代理人,代理商;药剂;特工;v由…作中介;由…代理;adj.代理的; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; Jiminy:int.天啊(表示温和的惊讶所用感叹词); Cricket:n.蟋蟀;板球;
(Laughter) （笑声）
that basically is able to answer things on your behalf. 基本上,它能够代表你来做回应。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
And if we had that technology , we would be able to offload some of the communication and help, maybe, make better decisions or decisions at a larger scale . 如果我们有那种技术, 我们就能够卸下一些沟通负担, 也许就能协助我们做更好的决策 或更大规模的决策。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; offload:vt.卸下;卸货;adj.卸载的; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
And the thing is that the idea of software agents is also not new. 其实软体代理的想法也不是新的。
agents:n.代理人,经纪人;原动力;(agent的复数)
We already use them all the time. 我们已经常常在使用了。
We use software agents to choose the way that we're going to drive to a certain location , the music that we're going to listen to or to get suggestions for the next books that we should read. 我们用软体代理 来选择开车前往 某个地点时要走的路线, 选择我们要听的音乐, 或取得建议,推荐我们 下一次要阅读什么书。
location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位
So there is an obvious idea in the 21st century that was as obvious as the idea of putting together a steam engine with a loom at the time of Jacquard. 所以,在二十一世纪, 有一个很明显的想法, 和加卡尔那时候 将蒸汽引擎与织布机 结合在一起的想法同样明显。
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
And that idea is combining direct democracy with software agents. 那个想法就是将直接民主 与软体代理结合起来。
Imagine, for a second, a world in which, instead of having a representative that represents you and millions of other people, you can have a representative that represents only you, with your nuanced political views -- that weird combination of libertarian and liberal and maybe a little bit conservative on some issues and maybe very progressive on others. 花点时间想像一下这样的世界: 在这个世界,并不是 由一个代表人来代表你 以及其他数百万人, 你可以有单独属于你自己的代表, 这个代表保有你细微的政治观点—— 古典自由派和自由派的奇特组合, 也许在某些议题上有一点点保守, 在其他议题又很激进。
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) nuanced:adj.微妙的; v.精确细腻地表演; weird:adj.奇怪的;奇异的;离奇的;n.命运;宿命;命运女神; combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; libertarian:adj.自由的;自由论者的;持自由论的;n.自由意志主义者;行动自由论者; liberal:adj.宽宏大度的; n.理解且尊重他人意见的人; conservative:adj.保守的;n.保守派,守旧者; progressive:adj.进步的;先进的;开明的;稳步的;n.进步人士;开明人士;改革派;
Politicians nowadays are packages, and they're full of compromises . 现今的政治人物都是套装的, 且他们充满了妥协。
compromises:n.妥协; v.妥协;
But you might have someone that can represent only you, if you are willing to give up the idea that that representative is a human. 但你可以有一个只代表你的人, 只要你愿意接受代表人 不一定要是人类。
If that representative is a software agent, we could have a senate that has as many senators as we have citizens. 如果那个代表人 是个软体代理程式, 我们的参议院中的参议员数目 就可以跟公民数目一样多。
senators:n.参议员(senator的复数);
And those senators are going to be able to read every bill and they're going to be able to vote on each one of them. 那些参议员还能够 读过所有的法案, 且他们能够针对 每一个法案来投票。
So there's an obvious idea that maybe we want to consider. 我们也许可以考虑 这个明显的想法。
But I understand that in this day and age, this idea might be quite scary. 但我了解,在现今这个时代, 这个想法可能会很吓人。
In fact, thinking of a robot coming from the future to help us run our governments sounds terrifying . 事实上,想想看, 一个来自未来的机器人, 来协助我们的政府运作, 听起来很吓人。
terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的;v.使害怕,使恐怖;(terrify的现在分词)
But we've been there before. 但以前就发生过了。
(Laughter) （笑声）
And actually he was quite a nice guy. 其实他人挺好的。
So what would the Jacquard loom version of this idea look like? 所以,
It would be a very simple system. 它会是个很简单的系统。
Imagine a system that you log in and you create your avatar, and then you're going to start training your avatar. 想像一个你可以登入 创造你的虚拟角色的系统, 接着你就要开始 训练你的虚拟角色。
So you can provide your avatar with your reading habits, or connect it to your social media, or you can connect it to other data, for example by taking psychological tests. 你可以将你的阅读习惯提供给它, 或是将它与你的社交媒体连结, 或将它和其他资料连结, 比如,去做心理测验。
psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的;
And the nice thing about this is that there's no deception . 这么做的好处是, 不会有欺骗的状况发生。
deception:n.欺骗;蒙骗;诡计;骗术;骗局;
You are not providing data to communicate with your friends and family that then gets used in a political system. 你并不是提供资料 来和你的朋友及家人沟通, 这些资料接着就会 被一个政治系统拿来使用。
You are providing data to a system that is designed to be used to make political decisions on your behalf. 你是把资料提供给一个设计来 为你做政治决策的系统。
Then you take that data and you choose a training algorithm, because it's an open marketplace in which different people can submit different algorithms to predict how you're going to vote, based on the data you have provided . 接着,你提供资料 并选择一个训练演算法, 因为它是一个开放的市场, 不同的人可以上传不同的演算法, 根据你提供的资料 来预测你会如何投票。
marketplace:n.市场;集市; submit:vt.使服从;主张;呈递;vi.提交;服从; predict:v.预报;预言;预告; provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式)
And the system is open, so nobody controls the algorithms; there are algorithms that become more popular and others that become less popular. 这个系统是开放的, 没有人能控制演算法; 有些演算法会变得比较热门, 其他的比较冷门。 最终,你能稽核这个系统。
Eventually, you can audit the system. 最终,你能稽核这个系统。
audit:v.审计;[审计]查账;n.审计;[审计]查账;
You can see how your avatar is working. 你可以看到你的 虚拟角色怎么运作。
If you like it, you can leave it on autopilot . 如果你喜欢,就让它自己运作。
autopilot:n.[航]自动驾驶仪(等于automaticpilot);
If you want to be a little more controlling, you can actually choose that they ask you every time they're going to make a decision, or you can be anywhere in between. 如果你想要有多一点控制权, 你也可以选择让它 在每次做决策之前先询问过你, 或是取这两者之间的 任何部分控制。
One of the reasons why we use democracy so little may be because democracy has a very bad user interface . 我们之所以很少去 使用民主的原因之一, 可能是因为民主的 使用者介面实在太烂了。
interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接;
And if we improve the user interface of democracy, we might be able to use it more. 如果我们改善民主的使用者介面, 也许我们会更常使用它。
Of course, there's a lot of questions that you might have. 当然,你们可能有很多疑问。
Well, how do you train these avatars ? 你要如何训练这些虚拟角色？
avatars:n.神使;头像;形象化符号;(avatar的复数)
How do you keep the data secure? 你要如何确保资料安全性？
How do you keep the systems distributed and auditable ? 你要如何让系统一直是 分散式且可稽核的？
distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式) auditable:可审计性;可稽核的;可查证性
How about my grandmother, who's 80 years old and doesn't know how to use the internet? 我八十岁的祖母不知道 如何用网路,怎么办？
Trust me, I've heard them all. 相信我,这些问题我都听过。
So when you think about an idea like this, you have to beware of pessimists because they are known to have a problem for every solution . 当你在思考这类的想法时 得要意识到有悲观主义者, 因为他们着名的特色就是 对每个解决方案都会有疑异。
beware:v.小心;提防; pessimists:悲观主义者(pessimist的复数); solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So I want to invite you to think about the bigger ideas. 我想要邀请各位 去思考更大的想法。
The questions I just showed you are little ideas because they are questions about how this would not work. 我刚刚向各位展示的 问题都是小想法。 因为它们是关于这个系统 如何无法成功的问题。
The big ideas are ideas of: 大想法指的是这些想法:
What else can you do with this if this would happen to work? 如果这个系统碰巧可行, 你还能拿它做什么？
And one of those ideas is, well, who writes the laws? 其中一个想法是,谁来订法律？
In the beginning, we could have the avatars that we already have, voting on laws that are written by the senators or politicians that we already have. 一开始,我们会有那些 我们已经拥有的虚拟角色, 针对参议员或政治人物 所订的法律来投票, 都是既有的法律。
But if this were to work, you could write an algorithm that could try to write a law that would get a certain percentage of approval , and you could reverse the process . 但如果这个系统成功了, 你可以写一个演算法 来试着制订出能得到 一定百分比的人同意的法律, 你还可以把这个流程反转。
percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成; approval:n.批准;认可;赞成; reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
Now, you might think that this idea is ludicrous and we should not do it, but you cannot deny that it's an idea that is only possible in a world in which direct democracy and software agents are a viable form of participation. 你可能觉得这个想法很荒唐, 我们不该采纳, 但无法否认,这个想法只有在 直接民主和软体代理是种 可参与形式的世界里 才有可能实现。
ludicrous:adj.滑稽的;荒唐的; deny:v.否定,否认;拒绝给予;拒绝…的要求;
So how do we start the revolution ? 所以,我们要如何发动这场革命？
revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
We don't start this revolution with picket fences or protests or by demanding our current politicians to be changed into robots. 我们发动这场革命的方式 也不要求用机器人 取代目前的政治人物。
picket:n.纠察队;担任警戒;围厂抗议;v.在…外抗议;进行罢工纠察; protests:v.抗议;反对(protest的三单形式);n.抗议(protest的复数);
That's not going to work. 那是行不通的。
This is much more simple, much slower and much more humble . 这更简单许多, 更慢许多,更谦卑许多。
humble:adj.谦逊的; vt.使谦恭;
We start this revolution by creating simple systems like this in grad schools, in libraries, in nonprofits . 我们发动这场革命的方式 是创造像这样的简单系统, 在研究所、图书馆、非营利机构里。
grad:n.毕业生;校友; nonprofits:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的;
And we try to figure out all of those little questions and those little problems that we're going to have to figure out to make this idea something viable, to make this idea something that we can trust. 我们试着设法解决 所有的小疑问、小问题, 我们得要解决它们, 才能让这个想法变成可行, 才能让这个想法变成 我们能信任的想法。
And as we create those systems that have a hundred people, a thousand people, a hundred thousand people voting in ways that are not politically binding , we're going to develop trust in this idea, the world is going to change, 当我们在创造那些系统, 让一百人、一千人、 十万人以没有政治 牵连的方式投票时, 我们将会发展出 对这个想法的信任, 世界将会改变,
politically:adv.政治上; binding:v.结合; n.(书籍的)封皮; adj.必须遵守的; (bind的现在分词)
and those that are as little as my daughter is right now are going to grow up. 现在和我女儿一样小的那些人, 将来会长大。
And by the time my daughter is my age, maybe this idea, that I know today is very crazy, might not be crazy to her and to her friends. 当我女儿到我这个年纪时, 也许,这个现今听起来 很疯狂的想法, 在她和她朋友看来可能并不疯狂。
And at that point, we will be at the end of our history, but they will be at the beginning of theirs. 到那个时候, 我们的历史就走到了终点, 但那会是他们的历史的开端。
at the beginning of:在…的开始;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）