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CarolynSteel_2009G-_食物如何塑造我们的城市_
How do you feed a city? 如何喂养一个城市？
It's one of the great questions of our time. 这是我们这个时代的一个重大问题之一。
Yet it's one that's rarely asked. 然而很少人会问这个问题。
rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地;
We take it for granted that if we go into a shop or restaurant, or indeed into this theater's foyer in about an hour's time, there is going to be food there waiting for us, having magically come from somewhere. 我们习以为常了, 我们走进商店的时候 走进餐厅的时候,或是一个小时后我们进入这个剧院的门厅 总会有食物等着我们 它们很神奇地从某个地方冒出来
take it for granted:认为理所当然;想当然; foyer:n.门厅,休息室;大厅; magically:adv.用魔法地;如魔法般地;
But when you think that every day for a city the size of London, enough food has to be produced, transported , bought and sold, cooked, eaten, disposed of, and that something similar has to happen every day for every city on earth, it's remarkable that cities get fed at all. 然而,当你想像每一天,在一个伦敦那么大的城市, 要生产足够的食物 运输、交易这些食物, 烹饪,食用,最后扔弃它们 而且类似的事情每天都发生着 在地球上的每一个城市都如此 每个城市都有食物供应,这件事很不可思议
transported:v.(用交通工具)运输,运送,输送;(transport的过去分词和过去式) disposed:adj.乐意; v.排列; (dispose的过去分词和过去式) remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的;
We live in places like this as if they're the most natural things in the world, forgetting that because we're animals, and that we need to eat, we're actually as dependent on the natural world as our ancient ancestors were. 我们住在每天有食物供应的城市,仿佛 这是世界上最自然的事情, 我们忘记了我们也是动物, 所以我们需要进食, 事实上我们要依赖自然界 就如同我们的祖先要依赖自然界一样。
dependent on:依赖于;依靠;
And as more of us move into cities, more of that natural world is being transformed into extraordinary landscapes like the one behind me, it's soybean fields in Mata Grosso in Brazil , in order to feed us. 随着我们越来越多人到城市生活, 越来越多的自然界正在 变成我身后的这些特别的景象 这是巴西Mata Grosso的大豆田 用来种食物养活我们
transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式) extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; landscapes:n.风景; v.从事庭园设计; soybean:n.大豆;黄豆; Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家);
These are extraordinary landscapes. 这些特别的景象
But few of us ever get to see them. 我们很少人亲眼目睹过
And increasingly these landscapes are not just feeding us either. 越来越多的这些地貌 不只是生产食物养活我们
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地;
As more of us move into cities, more of us are eating meat, so that a third of the annual grain crop globally now gets fed to animals rather than to us human animals. 随着我们越来越多人移居城市 越来越多人吃肉 所以每年全球有三分之一的粮食 现在是用来喂动物 而不是喂养我们人类
annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的; grain:n.粮食; v.把…作成细粒;
And given that it takes three times as much grain -- actually ten times as much grain -- to feed a human if it's passed through an animal first, that's not a very efficient way of feeding us. 虽然说需要3倍的粮食 事实上却是10倍的食物 来喂养一个人,如果从喂养动物的粮食也计算在内 这并不是一个很有效率的喂养方式
efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
An it's an escalating problem too. 这是一个越来越重要的问题
escalating:v.(使)逐步扩大,不断恶化,加剧;(escalate的现在分词)
By 2050 it's estimated that twice the number of us are going to be living in cities. 到2050年,预测有两倍的人口 将在城市居住
estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的;
And it's also estimated that there is going to be twice as much meat and dairy consumed . 预测到也将需要两倍的 肉和奶类制品的消耗
dairy:n.奶制品; adj.乳品的; consumed:adj.沉迷…的; v.消耗,耗费; (consume的过去分词和过去式)
So meat and urbanism are rising hand in hand . 所以肉的消耗和城市化是共同发展的
urbanism:n.都市生活;都市集中; hand in hand:adj.并进的;手拉手的;亲密的;
And that's going to pose an enormous problem. 这就将引发一个很重大的问题
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
Six billion hungry carnivores to feed, by 2050. 要喂养60亿的饥饿人口 在2050年
carnivores:n.[动]食肉动物;食虫植物(carnivore的复数);
That's a big problem. And actually if we carry on as we are, it's a problem we're very unlikely to be able to solve. 这是个大问题.如果我们还像我们现在这么发展, 我们很可能没法在2050年解决这个问题
unlikely:adj.不大可能发生的;非心目中的;非想象的;难以相信的;
19 million hectares of rainforest are lost every year to create new arable land. 每年有1900万公顷的雨林消失 它们用作开垦新的耕地
hectares:n.公顷(hectare的复数); rainforest:n.(热带)雨林; arable:adj.适于耕种的;可开垦的;n.耕地;
Although at the same time we're losing an equivalent amount of existing arables to salinization and erosion . 尽管与此同时我们也失去等量的 现有耕地,因为盐碱化或水土流失
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; salinization:n.盐化作用,盐碱化; erosion:n.侵蚀,腐蚀;
We're very hungry for fossil fuels too. 我们也急需化石燃料
fossil:n.化石;老人;老古董;adj.从地下发掘出来的;化石的;属于旧时代的;陈腐的;
It takes about 10 calories to produce every calorie of food that we consume in the West. 在欧洲,我们需要10卡路里的能量来生产1卡路里 为我们消耗的食物
calories:n.[物]卡路里(热量单位,calorie的复数);
And even though there is food that we are producing at great cost we don't actually value it. 尽管这些食物我们都是花了很多功夫才生产出来 事实上我们却不珍惜它们
Half the food produced in the USA is currently thrown away. 在美国有一半食物被扔弃
currently:adv.当前;一般地;
And to end all of this, at the end of this long process , we're not even managing to feed the planet properly. 最终,在这漫长过程的最后 我们将没法养活我们这个地球
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
A billion of us are obese , while a further billion starve. 我们中10亿人肥胖,还有多于10亿的人处于饥饿中
obese:adj.肥胖的,过胖的;
None of it makes very much sense. 这些都没有道理
And when you think that 80 percent of global trade in food now is controlled by just five multinational corporations , it's a grim picture. 当你发现现在80%的全球食物贸易 仅由五家跨国公司控制, 这是挺可怕的
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; multinational:adj.跨国公司的;多国的;n.跨国公司; corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式); grim:adj.冷酷的;糟糕的;残忍的;
As we're moving into cities, the world is also embracing a Western diet. 随着我们搬进城市,世界正在接受西方的饮食
embracing:n.拥抱;v.拥抱,包含;(embrace的现在分词)
And if we look to the future it's an unsustainable diet. 如果我们展望未来 这不是个可持续的饮食方式
unsustainable:adj.无法支撑的;不可证实的;不能成立的;
So how did we get here? 我们怎么会走到这一步?
And more importantly, what are we going to do about it? 更重要的是,我们应该怎么做?
Well, to answer the slightly easier question first, about 10,000 years ago, I would say, is the beginning of this process. 先回答那个较简单的问题,首先 我想说,在大概1万年前 是这个过程的开始
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地;
In the ancient Near East , known as the Fertile Crescent . 在古代的中东地区 也就是广大的新月状的地区
Near East:na.近东; Fertile:adj.富饶的,肥沃的;能生育的; Crescent:n.新月; adj.新月形的; vt.以新月形物装饰;
Because as you can see it was crescent shaped. 因为你可以看到它是新月形的
as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的;
And it was also fertile. 同时它也是广大的
And it was here, about 10,000 years ago that two extraordinary inventions, agriculture and urbanism, happened roughly in the same place, and at the same time. 就在这里,大概1万年前 2大伟大的发明 农业和城市化在此发生 几乎在同时,同一地点
roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地;
This is no accident. 这并不是偶然
Because agriculture and cities are bound together. They need each other. 因为农业和城市是紧密联系的.它们需要彼此
bound:n.跳跃:v.跳跃着跑:形成…的边界(或界限)adj.一定会:很可能会:
Because it was discovery of grain, by our ancient ancestors, for the first time, that produced a food source that was large enough and stable enough to support permanent settlements . 因为粮食的发现 我们的远古祖先,第一次 第一次生产出足够的粮食 并且产量稳地,这帮助他们长期居住下来
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房; permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; settlements:n.协议:处理:结算:定居点;(settlement的复数)
And if we look at what those settlements were like, we see they were compact . 如果我们看一下当时那些居住地 我们可以看到他们是紧密的
compact:n.合同,契约;小粉盒;adj.紧凑的,紧密的;简洁的;vt.使简洁;使紧密结合;
They were surrounded by productive farm land and dominated by large temple complexes like this one at Ur, that were, in fact, effectively, spiritualized, centralized food distribution centers 他们被农田围绕 并由一些大的庙宇统领着 例如这一个在乌尔的神殿 事实上,他们是很有效的 精神统领,食物分发中心,两者结合
productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的; dominated:v.支配;控制;左右;影响;(dominate的过去式和过去分词) complexes:n.复体,[免疫]复合物; centralized:adj.集中的;中央集权的;v.集中(centralize的过去分词); distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销;
because it was the temples that organized the harvest, gathered in the grain, offered it to the gods, and then offered the grain that the gods didn't eat back to the people. 因为这些神殿组织耕作 收集这些粮食,供奉给诸神 然后把诸神没吃的食物发还给人们
organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式)
So, if you like, the whole spiritual and physical life of these cities was dominated by the grain and the harvest that sustained them. 所以 这些城市的精神和物质生活 都用粮食和收成掌控 并维持城市的生活
spiritual:n.圣歌(尤指美国南部黑人的);adj.精神的,心灵的; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; sustained:adj.持续的; v.维持; (sustain的过去分词和过去式)
And, in fact, that's true of every ancient city. 事实上,过去的每个城市都是如此
But of course not all of them were that small. 当然,并不是每个都是那么小的城市
And, famously , Rome had about a million citizens by the first century A.D. 比如很著名的罗马城有大约100万居民 在公元一世纪的之前
famously:adv.著名地;极好地;
So how did a city like this feed itself? 那么,这样的城市是如何维持供给的呢？
The answer is what I call "ancient food miles." 在我眼里,我把答案称作“古老的城市之路”
Basically , Rome had access to the sea, which made it possible for it to import food from a very long way away. 基本上,罗马有通往海洋的道路 这样使从很远的地方进口食物成为可能
Basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
This is the only way it was possible to do this in the ancient world, because it was very difficult to transport food over roads, which were rough. 这样是在古代能实现的唯一的方法 因为陆上运输相当困难 鉴于路况不好
And the food obviously went off very quickly. 而且食物的消耗是很快的
So Rome effectively waged war on places like Carthage and Egypt just to get its paws on their grain reserves . 所以罗马常常发动战争 攻打像迦太基和埃及那样的国家 仅仅是为了得到他们的粮食储备
waged:adj.有职业的;有工作的;支付工资的;v.进行;开始(wage的过去分词); Carthage:n.迦太基(古代一国家); paws:n.(动物的)爪; v.(不断地)挠,抓; (paw的第三人称单数和复数) reserves:n.[油气]储量; v.储备;
And, in fact, you could say that the expansion of the Empire was really sort of one long, drawn out militarized shopping spree , really. 其实,事实上,你可以把帝国的扩张 理解为一种长期的 军事化的购物狂欢
expansion:n.扩张;膨胀;扩展;扩大; militarized:adj.军事化的; v.军队化,军国化,鼓吹军国主义(militarize的过去式和过去分词形式); spree:n.狂欢;无节制的狂热行为;欢闹;vi.狂欢;狂饮;
(Laughter) （笑）
In fact -- I love the fact, I just have to mention this: 事实上,我喜欢这个事实。我不得不指出的是
Rome in fact [imported oysters from Britain], at one stage. I think that's extraordinary. 罗马（从英国进口牡蛎） 在一个时期。我认为这非常特别
oysters:n.牡蛎:生蚝:
So Rome shaped its hinterland through its appetite . 所以罗马形成自己的海岸线 根据他的口味
hinterland:n.内地;穷乡僻壤;靠港口供应的内地贸易区; appetite:n.食欲;嗜好;
But the interesting thing is that the other thing also happened in the pre-industrial world. 但是还有一件有趣的事情 发生在前工业化的世界
pre-industrial:adj.工业化以前的;
If we look at a map of London in the 17th century, we can see that its grain, which is coming in from the Thames, along the bottom of this map. 如果我们看看十七世纪伦敦的地图 我们可以看见作物从泰晤士河畔出产的 位于地图的底部
So the grain markets were to the south of the city. 因为市场在城市的南部
And the roads leading up from them to Cheapside, which was the main market, were also grain markets. 道路从那里 通向主要消费市场戚普塞街(位于伦敦) 这里也是粮食的主要消费市场
And if you look at the name of one of those streets, 如果我们随便看看这里的一条街道的名字
Bread Street, you can tell what was going on there 300 years ago. BREAD（面包）街,你可以明白 三百年前这里都发生了什么
And the same of course was true for fish. 这个道理同样使用于鱼类
Fish was of course coming in by river as well. Same thing. 鱼当然是从河里面打捞出来的
And of course Billingsgate , famously, was London's fish market, operating on-site here until the mid-1980s. Billlingsgate是伦敦有名的卖鱼市场 在1980年之前
Billingsgate:n.下流话;粗俗的骂人话; on-site:adj.现场的;
Which is extraordinary, really, when you think about it. 这是很特别的,真的,当你仔细想想
Everybody else was wandering around with mobile phones that looked like bricks, and, sort of, smelly fish happening down on the port. 每个人都在这里游荡 拿着像转头一样的大哥大 还有,在港口还有发臭的鱼
mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的; smelly:adj.有臭味的,发臭的;
This is another thing about food in cities: 这是在城市中关于食物的另一件事情
Once its roots into the city are established , they very rarely move. 一旦一种食物在某个城市站稳脚跟 它的地位很难被动摇
established:adj.已确立的;著名的;v.建立;创立;设立;(establish的过去分词和过去式)
Meat is a very different story because, of course, animals could walk into the city. 肉是一个非常不同的故事了 因为,动物自己走向城市
So much of London's meat was coming from the northwest , from Scotland and Wales. 因此,伦敦消费的大量肉类 是从西北方过来的 从苏格兰和威尔士
northwest:adj.西北的;来自西北的;n.西北;adv.在西北;来自西北;
So it was coming in, and arriving at the city at the northwest, which is why Smithfield, 当他们过来,抵达城市的西北方 这就说明了为什么 Smithfield
London's very famous meat market, was located up there. 伦敦一个非常有名的肉类市场,在这里产生
located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式)
Poultry was coming in from East Anglia and so on, to the northeast . 家禽从Anglia的东部来,去往东北部
Poultry:n.家禽;家禽肉; northeast:adj.东北的;来自东北的;n.东北;adv.向东北;来自东北;
I feel a bit like a weather woman doing this. Anyway. 我感觉这有点像一个天气播报员
And so the birds were coming in with their feet protected with little canvas shoes . 然后鸟儿都飞过来了 它们的脚被小帆布鞋包裹着
canvas shoes:帆布鞋;
And then when they hit the eastern end of Cheapside, that's where they were sold. 然后当它们在东部降落的时候 具体说来是在戚普塞街,也就是它们被卖掉的地方
eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒;
Which is why it's called Poultry. 这也就是戚普塞街被称为“家禽”街的原因
And, in fact, if you look at the map of any city built before the industrial age, you can trace food coming in to it. 事实上,如果你看看任何一个城市的地图 在工业化时代之前 你能够发现食物是如何进入城市的
trace:追溯,追踪
You can actually see how it was physically shaped by food, both by reading the names of the streets, which give you a lot of clues . 事实上,你可以看出食物是如何塑造一个城市的 通过阅读街道的名称,你就会发现很多线索
clues:n.(调查,研究等的)线索;迹象;(故事的)关键情节;(clue的复数)
Friday Street, in a previous life, is where you went to buy your fish on a Friday. 星期五街,在过去的日子中 是一个在星期五买鱼的地方
previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前;
But also you have to imagine it full of food. 但是,你同时也必须想象那里到处都是食物
Because the streets and the public spaces were the only places where food was bought and sold. 因为街道和公共区域 是食物买卖的唯一地点
And if we look at an image of Smithfield in 1830 you can see that it would have been very difficult to live in a city like this and be unaware of where your food came from. 如果你想象一下1830年的Smithfield 你会发现很难在这样一个城市里面生活下去 并且不留意食物的来源
unaware:adj.不知道的,无意的;未察觉到的;adv.意外地;不知不觉地;
In fact, if you were having Sunday lunch, the chances were it was mooing or bleating outside your window about three days earlier. 事实上,当你在星期日吃午饭的时候 你将很有可能听到窗外的牛羊的叫声 在三年以前
mooing:vi.发出哞哞声;n.牛叫声; bleating:v.咩咩叫;以微弱的声音说话;抱怨;(bleat的现在分词)
So this was obviously an organic city, part of an organic cycle. 因此,显然他是一个有机城市 属于有机循环中的一个部分
organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体;
And then 10 years later everything changed. 但是,10年后,一切都改变了
This is an image of the Great Western Railway in 1840. 这是大西铁路在1840的照片
And as you can see, some of the earliest train passengers were pigs and sheep. 你可以看见,一些早期的铁路乘客们 是猪和羊群
So all of a sudden these animals are no longer walking into market. 一夕之间,这些动物不再走进市场
all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地;
They're being slaughtered out of sight and mind, somewhere in the countryside. 他们被屠宰了 在乡村的某个地方
slaughtered:v.屠宰;宰杀;屠杀;杀戮;使惨败;(slaughter的过去分词和过去式) out of sight:看不见;在视野之外;在看不见的地方;
And they're coming into the city by rail. 然后他们通过铁路来到了城市
And this changes everything. 这些改变了一切
To start off with, it makes it possible for the first time to grow cities, really any size and shape, in any place. 首先,他第一次 使城市成长变成了可能 不论地点、成为什么规模和形状的城市
Cities used to be constrained by geography: they used to have to get their food through very difficult physical means. 城市发展过去受到地理的限制 城市需要通过很艰难的方式获得食物
constrained:adj.不自然的; v.约束; (constrain的过去分词和过去式)
All of the sudden they are effectively emancipated from geography. 突然,他们从地理限制中解放了出来
emancipated:adj.被解放的;v.解放;使…获得自由(emancipate的过去分词);
And as you can see from these maps of London, in the 90 years after the trains came, it goes from being a little blob that was quite easy to feed, by animals coming in on foot, and so on, to a large splurge , 你可以看看伦敦的地图 在铁路建成后的90年 它从容易喂饱的一小点 通过动物步行到市场等方式 成长成为大型的奢侈的大都市
blob:n.一滴;一抹;v.弄脏;把…做错;得零分; splurge:v.挥霍;卖弄;n.挥霍;炫耀;
that would be very very difficult to feed with anybody on foot, either animals or people. 步行运输再也不能喂饱每个人 不论是对人还是对动物
And of course that was just the beginning. After the trains came cars. 当然,这仅仅是开始。当汽车代替了火车
And really this marks the end of this process. 这真正标志这个过程的结束
It's the final emancipation of the city from any apparent relationship with nature at all. 这是城市的最终解放 从自然的束缚中完全的解放了
emancipation:n.解放;释放; apparent:adj.显然的;表面上的;
And this is the kind of city that's devoid of smell, devoid of mess , certainly devoid of people. 这样类型的城市没有了原来城市的味道 乱糟糟的市容,当然也缺少了人
devoid:adj.缺乏的;全无的; mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺;
Because nobody would have dreamed of walking in such a landscape. 因为没有人想要在这么大的一块地方步行
In fact, what they did to get food was they got in their cars, drove to a box somewhere on the outskirts , came back with a week's worth of shopping, and wondered what on earth to do with it. 事实上,他们都开小汽车去购买食物了 开车去郊外的超级市场 买回来一周需要的食物 然后考虑到底如何规划这些食品
outskirts:n.郊区;市郊;(市镇的)边缘地带;(outskirt的复数)
And this really is the moment when our relationship, both with food and cities, changes completely. 这时刻, 食物和城市的关系,完全的改变了
Here we have food -- that used to be the center, the social core of the city -- at the periphery . 过去买食物是在市中心 在城市的最核心地带
core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; periphery:n.外围,边缘;圆周;圆柱体表面;
It used to be a social event, buying and selling food. 买卖食物曾经是一种社会性的活动,
Now it's anonymous . 现在都是匿名了的
anonymous:adj.匿名的,无名的;无个性特征的;
We used to cook; now we just add water, or a little bit of an egg if you're making a cake or something. 我们原来还需要烹饪,现在我们只需要加水 或者是一些鸡蛋,当我们在做蛋糕或者其他东西的时候
We don't smell food to see if it's okay to eat. 我们不会在去闻闻食物来确认它是否可以吃了
We just read the back of a label on a packet. 我们只是阅读包装袋上的使用说明就好
label:n.标签;标记;谓;唱片公司;v.贴标签于;用标签标明;
And we don't value food. We don't trust it. 我们没有发现食物的价值,我们也不信赖它
So instead of trusting it we fear it. 我们甚至担心它
And instead of valuing it we throw it away. 从体会它的价值变成浪费
One of the great ironies of modern food systems is that they've made the very thing they promised to make easier much harder. 当今食品工业最最讽刺的是 他们让生活极致地便利 却也使得一切更为复杂
ironies:n.讽刺;反语;具有讽刺意味的事;adj.铁的;似铁的;
By making it possible to build cities anywhere and any place, they've actually distanced us from our most important relationship, which is that of us and nature. 因为可以自由的建立新城市 但是他们却疏远了人可贵的联系 也就是人与自然的联系
And also they've made us dependent on systems that only they can deliver, that, as we've seen, are unsustainable. 同时,他们也让我们依赖这个系统 这个系统,在我们看来,是不可持续的
So what are we going to do about that? 所以,我们应该做点什么呢？
It's not a new question. 这不是一个新的问题
500 years ago it's what Thomas More was asking himself. 500年前,汤马斯摩尔曾经问过自己
This is the frontispiece of his book " Utopia ." 这是他的书《乌托邦》的主旨
frontispiece:n.卷头插画;标题页;vt.为书加卷首插图;把…画入书的卷首插图; Utopia:n.乌托邦(理想中最美好的社会);理想国;
And it was a series of semi-independent city-states, if that sounds remotely familiar , a day's walk from one another where everyone was basically farming-mad, and grew vegetables in their back gardens, and ate communal meals together, and so on. 它是一个半独立的城邦 如果这么说听上去还比较熟悉的话 一天的行走你会看见所有人农场都在疯狂的种植 或者在自己的后院种植蔬菜 然后一起享用乡镇的共有食物,等等
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; semi-independent:半独立; remotely:adv.遥远地;偏僻地;(程度)极微地,极轻地; familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; communal:adj.公共的;公社的;
And I think you could argue that food is a fundamental ordering principle of Utopia. 我认为你可能想要说 食物是乌托邦维持秩序的基础
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉;
Even though More never framed it that way. 尽管摩尔从来没有这么构想
framed:v.给…做框;给…镶边;制订;拟订;(frame的过去分词和过去式)
And here is another very famous " Utopian " vision , that of Ebenezer Howard, "The Garden City ." 这里有一个很著名的乌托邦蓝图 来自埃比尼泽·霍华德的“花园城市”
Utopian:adj.乌托邦的;空想的;理想化的;n.空想家;乌托邦的居民; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; Garden City:ns.花园城市(园林化都市或市区);
Same idea. Series of semi-independent city-states. 同样的想法。一系列半独立的城邦
Little blobs of metropolitan stuff with arable land around, joined to one another by railway. 小型都市被可耕地包围 相互之间通过铁路连接
blobs:n.斑点(blob的复数);v.溅污(blob的三单形式); metropolitan:adj.大都市的;大主教辖区的;宗主国的;n.大城市人;大主教;宗主国的公民; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
And again, food could be said to be the ordering principle of his vision. 当然,食物在一次被称作 维持秩序的物体,在他的版本中
It even got built, but nothing to do with this vision that Howard had. 这些田园都市是有的,但与当初 霍华的愿景没有关系
And that is the problem with these Utopian ideas, that they are Utopian. 这也与乌托邦的构想产生了冲突 因为他们是乌托邦（不存在的）
Utopia was actually a word that Thomas Moore used deliberately . 乌托邦实际是上一个托马斯摩尔故意使用的一个词
deliberately:adv.故意地;谨慎地;慎重地;
It was a kind of joke. Because it's got a double derivation from the Greek. 这似乎是一个笑话。因为它在希腊中有两个来历
derivation:n.引出;来历;词源;派生词;
It can either mean a good place, or no place. 他既可以表示一个好的地方,也可以表示一个不存在的地方
Because it's an ideal. It's an imaginary thing. We can't have it. 因为他是一种理想。一个想象中的事物。我们不能拥有它
imaginary:adj.虚构的,假想的;想像的;虚数的;
And I think, as a conceptual tool for thinking about the very deep problem of human dwelling , that makes it not much use. 我认为,这是一个观念 用来深层次的思考人类居住的问题 它不是很有用
conceptual:adj.概念上的; dwelling:n.住处;住所;公寓;v.居住;栖身;(dwell的现在分词)
So I've come up with an alternative , which is Sitopia, from the ancient Greek, "sitos" for food, and " topos " for place. 所以我提出另一个概念 “希托邦”,在古希腊文中 “希托”代表食物,“邦”是地方
come up with:提出;想出;赶上; alternative:adj.供选择的;选择性的;交替的;n.二中择一;供替代的选择; topos:n.(修辞学上的)惯用语句;(文学创作的)传统的主题;
I believe we already live in Sitopia. 我相信我们已经住在“希托邦”里面
We live in a world shaped by food, and if we realize that, we can use food as a really powerful tool -- a conceptual tool, design tool, to shape the world differently. 这个世界是受食物影响的 只要认清楚这个事实,食物便能成为有力的工具 一个概念性的工具,设计工具,用来改变这个世界
So if we were to do that, what might Sitopia look like? 如果这样做,希托邦会成什么样
Well I think it looks a bit like this. 我是这样想的
I have to use this slide. It's just the look on the face of the dog. 我用投影这张照片,是因为这狗长相可爱
But anyway, this is -- (Laughter) 无论如何,在这里（笑）
it's food at the center of life, at the center of family life, being celebrated, being enjoyed, people taking time for it. 食物是生活的重心 是家庭生活的重心,被赞颂 被享用,你们花时间在这上面
This is where food should be in our society. 这是食物在我们社会里应有的地位
But you can't have scenes like this unless you have people like this. 但想做到这样,得先有这些人
By the way , these can be men as well. 他也可以是男的
By the way:顺便说一下;
It's people who think about food, who think ahead, who plan, who can stare at a pile of raw vegetables and actually recognize them. 这些人是会想到食物的 他们会预先思考,做计划 看到一堆生菜时 知道那是什么
stare:v.凝视;盯着看;注视;n.凝视; pile:n.桩;堆;摞;桩柱;v.堆放;摞起;叠放;放置; recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
We need these people. We're part of a network. 我们需要这种人。我们都是整体的一部分
Because without these kinds of people we can't have places like this. 因为如果没有这样的人,就不会有这样的地方
Here I deliberately chose this because it is a man buying a vegetable. 我故意选了这个因为这张照片显示一个人在买蔬菜
But networks, markets where food is being grown locally . 但是整体联络,食物是当地生产的
locally:adv.在本地;局部地;在地方上;
It's common. It's fresh. 他是大面积的,也是新鲜的
It's part of the social life of the city. 这是城市社会生活的一部分
Because without that you can't have this kind of place, food that is grown locally and also is part of the landscape, and is not just a zero-sum commodity , off in some unseen hell-hole. 因为没有它,你就不会拥有这样的地方 种植食物的地方也是风景的一部分 他不仅仅是一个消费商品 来自看不见的黑暗角落
zero-sum:adj.零和的; commodity:n.商品,货物;日用品; unseen:adj.看不见的,未看见的;未经预习的;n.(事前未看过原文的)即席翻译;
Cows with a view. 成片的牛群
Steaming piles of humus . 冒着水汽的肥沃土壤
piles:n.痔疮;痔; humus:n.腐殖质;腐植土;
This is basically bringing the whole thing together. 这才使一切变得完整
And this is a community project 这是一个集体的计划
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
I visited recently in Toronto . 我最近去了多伦多
recently:adv.最近;新近; Toronto:n.多伦多(加拿大城市);
It's a greenhouse , where kids get told all about food and growing their own food. 在这个温室里,孩子学习 关于食物的知识,以及他们种植自己所需的食物
greenhouse:n.温室;暖房;
Here is a plant called Kevin, or maybe it's a plant belonging to a kid called Kevin. I don't know. 这有一颗菜叫做凯文,他也许 属于一个叫凯文的小孩子。我不太确定
But anyway, these kinds of projects that are trying to reconnect us with nature is extremely important. 但是不管怎么说,这类计划 是及其重要的,因为他们试图重新建立我们和自然的联系
reconnect:v.使再接合; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
So Sitopia, for me is really way of seeing. 因此,希托邦,是另一种观点
It's basically recognizing that Sitopia already exists in little pockets everywhere. 基本上,我们认可在某些小地方 希托邦已经存在了
recognizing:v.认识;认出;承认;接受,赞成(recognize的现在分词)
The trick is to join them up, to use food as a way of seeing. 下一步就是将他们连接起来 从食物的角度看
And if we do that, we're going to stop seeing cities as big metropolitan unproductive blobs, like this. 如果我们这样做了,城市将不再是 一个不从事生产的大都市,像现在一样
unproductive:adj.非生产性的;徒劳的;不毛的;不生产的;
We're going to see them more like this, as part of the productive organic framework of which they are inevitably a part, symbiotically connected. 我们将把城市 作为一个有机生产的一部分 在这种架构下,城乡之间 以一种共生的方式连接
inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地; symbiotically:adv.symbiotic的变形adj.[生物学]共生的[亦作symbiotical];
But of course that's not a great image either. 但这也不是什么大理论
Because we need not to be producing food like this anymore. 因为我们不需要这样的食物产出方式了
We need to be thinking more about permaculture . 我们需要更多的思考关于社区生态农业
permaculture:n.永久培养;
Which is why I think this image just sums up for me the kind of thinking we need to be doing. 所以这张图 很合适来做一个结论
sums:n.算术题;总数;全部;v.归纳;总计;(sum的第三人称单数和复数)
It's a reconceptualization of the way food shapes our lives. 我们需要重新思考 食物如何塑造我们的生活
The best image I know of this is from 650 years ago. 我知道的最好的方式是这张650年前的画
It's Ambrogio Lorenzetti's " Allegory of Good Government." 他是 Ambrogio Lorenzetti 提出的“优秀政府的寓言”
Allegory:n.寓言;
It's about the relationship between the city and the countryside. 他勾画出城市和乡村的关系
And I think the message of this is very clear. 我认为他想传达的思想非常清晰
If the city looks after the country, the country will look after the city. 如果城市照顾好乡村 乡村就会帮助城市
And I want us to ask now what would Ambrogio Lorenzetti paint if he painted this image today. 我希望大家都想一想 如果Ambrigio Lorenzetti在今天再画一张 他会画出怎样的图画
What would an allegory of good government look like today? 现代版“优秀政府的寓言”会是什么样子
Because I think it's an urgent question. 因为我认为这是一个紧要的问题
urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的;
It's one we have to ask, and we have to start answering. 一个我们必须提出的问题 一个我们需要马上做答的问题
We know we are what we eat. 我们知道我们吃的东西很大程度上决定了我们身体状况
We need to realize that the world is also what we eat. 所以,我们也了解我们的食物决定了世界的状况
But if we take that idea, we can use food as a really powerful tool to shape the world better. 如果我们采纳这个想法,我们可以利用食物 作为一个强有力的工具来重新塑造世界
Thank you very much. 非常感谢
(Applause) （掌声）