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BrunoTorturra_2014G-_拥有智能手机？那开始直播吧_
Has anyone among you ever been exposed to tear gas? 在座任何人有没有接触过催泪瓦斯？
exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式)
Tear gas? Anyone? 有么？
I'm sorry to hear that, so you might know that it's a very toxic substance , but you might not know that it's a very simple molecule with an unpronouncable name: it's called chlorobenzalmalononitrile. 我感到很抱歉,你可能知道那是一个致命的物质 但是你可能不知道它是个很简单的分子 有一个读不出来的名字 它叫 “chlorobenzalmalononitrile
toxic:adj.有毒的;中毒的; substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; molecule:n.[化学]分子;微小颗粒,微粒;
I made it. 我成功了
It's decades old, but it's becoming very trendy among police forces around the planet lately, it seems, and according to my experience as a non-voluntary breather of it, tear gas has two main but quite opposite effects. 它有几十年的历史,但是最近开始流行于全球的 警察机关。 以我自己的经验,一个非自愿的吸入者 催泪瓦斯有两个非常不一样的用处
trendy:adj.时髦的,流行的;n.追求时髦者;新潮人物; according to:根据,据说; breather:n.呼吸者;呼吸的东西;剧烈的运动;短时间的休息;
One, it can really burn your eyes, and two, it can also help you to open them. 第一,它可以灼伤你的眼睛 第二,它可以帮你睁开它们
Tear gas definitely helped to open mine to something that I want to share with you this afternoon: that livestreaming the power of independent broadcasts through the web can be a game-changer in journalism , in activism , and as I see it, in the political discourse as well. 催泪瓦斯确实帮助我看到了一些事情 这就是在这个下午我想和你们分享的 网络上的独立直播媒体 可以改变新闻业在 行动主义和政治演讲方面的力量。
definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地; livestreaming:实况转播; independent:adj.独立的; n.无党派议员(或候选人等); journalism:n.新闻业,新闻工作;报章杂志; activism:n.行动主义;激进主义; discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出;
That idea started to dawn on me in early 2011 when I was covering a protest in S?o Paulo. 在2011早年,我开始有了这个想法 当我在圣保罗报导一个抗议
dawn:n.黎明;开端;vt.破晓;出现;被领悟; protest:n.抗议;抗议书(或行动);反对;v.(公开)反对;抗议;申辩;
It was the marijuana march, a gathering of people asking for the legalization of cannabis . 一个关于大麻的示威游行 一群人希望可以合法化印度大麻的使用
marijuana:n.大麻;大麻毒品; legalization:n.[法]合法化;法律认可; cannabis:n.印度大麻(等于hemp);大麻烟原料;大麻雌花顶部;
When that group started to move, the riot police came from the back with rubber bullets , bombs, and then the gas. 当这个组织开始走的时候 防爆警察从后面用橡皮子弹,炸弹 和那些催泪瓦斯阻止。
riot police:n.防暴警察; rubber:n.橡胶;橡皮;v.涂橡胶于…; bullets:n.子弹;弹丸;(bullet的复数)
But to make a long story short , 为了长话短说
make a long story short:长话短说,简而言之;总之;
I had entered that protest as the editor-in-chief of a well-established printed magazine where I'd worked for 11 years, and thanks to this unsolicited effects of tear gas, 我参加了那个游行,以在一个 完建的杂志社主编,我在那工作了11年 但是感谢催泪瓦斯的效果
editor-in-chief:n.总编辑;总主笔; well-established:adj.得到确认的; v.已确立起来; (well-establish的过去分词); unsolicited:adj.未经请求的;主动提供的;
I left it as a journalist that was now committed to new ways of sharing the raw experience of what it's like to be there, actually. 我离开了那个杂志社,以新的方式 去分享这些经历,和亲生体验的感觉。
journalist:n.新闻工作者;报人;记日志者; committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式)
So in the following week, I was back in the streets, but that time, I wasn't a member of any media outlet anymore. 所以在接下来的几星期,我回到了街道 但是这一次,我不再是记者
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; outlet:n.出口;(感情、思想、精力发泄的)出路;表现机会;专营店;
I was there as an independent livestreamer, and all I had with me was basically borrowed equipment. 我以一个独立直播者的身份,我的设备 都是借来的
basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
I had a very simple camera and a backpack with 3G modems . 一个非常简单的相机和拥有3G调制解调器的背包
modems:n.调制解调器(modem的复数); v.通过调制解调器向…发送电子邮件(modem的三单形式);
And I had this weblink that could be shared through social media, could be put in any website, and that time, the protest went along fine. 我还有一个可以在任何交友平台分享的网址 可以放在任何网页上 在那个时候,游行平静的进行着
There was no violence . 没有任何暴力
violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲;
There was no action scenes. 没有动作场景
But there was something really exciting, because I could see at a distance the TV channels covering it, and they had these big vans and the teams and the cameras, and I was basically doing the same thing and all I had was a backpack. 但是我发现一些特别兴奋的事情 因为在远处我可以看到一些电视台在做报道 他们用着很大的面包车,很多人和摄像机 而我做着同样的事情 但只用了一个背包。
at a distance:在远处;有相当距离; vans:n.先锋;前卫;大蓬货车(van的复数);
And that was really exciting to a journalist, but the most interesting part was when I got back home, actually, because I learned that I had been watched by more than 90,000 people, 这对一个记者是个很高兴的事情 但是最有趣的是,当我回到家 我才发现我被 90,000多人看着
and I got hundreds of emails and messages of people asking me, basically, how did I do it, how it was possible to do such a thing. 我收到了几百张电子邮件或者信息问我 我是怎么做到的。 怎么可能做到这样的事。
And I learned something else, that that was actually the first time that somebody had ever done a livestreaming in a street protest in the country. 我还学到, 我的直播实际上是 第一个直播游行在街道上 在巴西
And that really shocked me, because I was no geek , I was no technology guy, and all the equipment needed was already there, was easily available. 这个确实让我很吃惊 我并非极客,也不是技术宅, 那些设备我已经拥有 而且非常容易得到
geek:n.做低级滑稽表演的人,反常的人; n.(俚)极客,即智力超群,善于钻研但不懂与人交往的怪才; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
And I realized that we had a frontier here, a very important one, that it was just a matter of changing the perspective , and the web could be actually used, already used, as a colossal and uncontrollable and highly anarchical TV channel, TV network, 我才发现,我们有一个边界 一个非常重要的 但是只要我们转换一下视角 就会发现我们可以利用网络 网络已经是一个巨大,难以控制的平台 让非政府的电视频道,电视广播
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; colossal:adj.巨大的;异常的,非常的; uncontrollable:adj.无法控制的;无法管束的;难以驾驭的; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地;
and anyone with very basic skills and very basic equipment, even someone like me who had this little stuttering issue , so if it happens, bear with me please, even someone like me could become a broadcaster . 和任何有基本技术和设备的人 甚至让我这种有小小结巴的人用。 所以,如果它发生了,原谅我好么 让我这样的人当上了主播
stuttering:v.口吃;结结巴巴地说;艰难运转;(stutter的现在分词) issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; broadcaster:n.广播公司;广播员;播送设备;撒播物;
And that sounded revolutionary in my mind. 这个想法对我来说是革命的
revolutionary:adj.革命性的;革命的;彻底变革的;n.改革者;革命者;
So for the next couple of years, 所以在接下来的几年里
I started to experiment with livestreaming in different ways, not only in the streets but mostly in studios and in homes, until the beginning of 2013, last year, when I became the cofounder of a group called Mídia NINJA . 我开始试验各种不一样的直播 不只是在街道上,还有演播室和家中 知道去年,2013年的开头 我成立了一个叫 MedIa NINJA 的组织
studios:n.工作室(studio的复数); cofounder:n.共同创办人; NINJA:n.(受过偷窃技术专门训练被雇作间谍或刺客的)日本武士;n.忍者;
NINJA is an acronym that stands for Narrativas Independentes Jornalismo e A??o, or in English, independent narratives , journalism, and action. NINJIA是一个首字母缩略词 意为“自由独立叙述播报者”(巴西语） 或者用英文就是“独立叙述者”,报导者和行动
acronym:n.首字母缩略词; narratives:n.叙述,故事;叙述的手法(narrative复数);
It was a media group that had little media plan. 它是一个没有任何媒体计划的媒体组织
We didn't have any financial structure . 我们没有任何的经济来源
financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
We were not planning to make money out of this, which was wise, because you shouldn't try to make money out of journalism now. 我们也没有规划从中获利 不过确实很明智,因为在这个时代想赚钱就不该做记者
But we had a very solid and clear conviction , that we knew that the hyperconnected environment of social media could maybe allow us to consolidate a network of experimental journalists throughout the country. 但是我们有着非常坚定和明确的目的 我们知道在这个高度链接的社会媒体环境中 可以让我们形成一个 遍布全国的记者网络
conviction:n.判罪;定罪;坚定的看法(或信念);坚信;肯定; hyperconnected:超高速连结;超高速连结化;超高速结; consolidate:vt.巩固,使固定;联合;vi.巩固,加强; experimental:adj.实验的;根据实验的;试验性的; journalists:n.新闻记者(journalist的复数); throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
So we launched a Facebook page first, and then a manifesto , and started to cover the streets in a very simple way. 所以我们先注册了脸谱网的页面,然后做了声明 开始用简单的方式报道街道
launched:v.发射;发起;开展;开始;(launch的过去式和过去分词) manifesto:n.宣言;声明;告示;
But then something happened, something that wasn't predicted , that no one could have anticipated . 然后一个让人意想不到的事情发生了 任何人都没有预想到的
predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式) anticipated:adj.预期的; v.预期; (anticipate的过去式和过去分词)
Street protests started to erupt in S?o Paulo. 街道游行在圣保罗开始了
protests:v.抗议;反对(protest的三单形式);n.抗议(protest的复数); erupt:vi.爆发;喷出;发疹;长牙;vt.爆发;喷出;
They began as very local and specific . 他们开始的时候是非常具体和小范围的
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
They were against the bus fare hike that had just happened in the city. 是为了反对公交车票的涨价
fare:n.车费;饭菜;船费;飞机票价;v.成功(或不成功、更好等); hike:v.做徒步旅行; n.徒步旅行; (价格、花费等的)大幅度提高;
This is a bus. 这是那个公交车
It's written there, "Theft." 上面写着”小偷“
But those kind of manifestations started to grow, and they kept happening. 但是这些示威游行开始扩展 他们持续发生
manifestations:n.临床表现(manifestion的复数);显示;证明;
So the police violence against them started to grow as well. 所以警方使用暴力来压制他们也开始加强
But there was another conflict , the one I believe that's more important here to make my point that it was a narrative conflict. 但是那还有另一个问题 一个我相信更重要的问题 那就是报道真实性的问题
conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触;
There was this mainstream media version of the facts that anyone who was on the streets could easily challenge if they presented their own vision of what was actually happening there. 这些主流媒体报道的真相 可以被任何一个当时在街道上的人推翻 如果他们说出事实,到底发生了什么在那里。
mainstream:n.主流; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
And it was this clash of visions , this clash of narratives, that I think turned those protests into a long period in the country of political reckoning where hundreds of thousands of people, probably more than a million people took to the streets in the whole country. 就是因为这些不一致的报道 让我才觉得让这些游行 使这个国家有了长期的政治对话 在那里,有成千上万 有可能超过了一百多万人 占领了全国的街道
clash:v.冲突; n.冲突; visions:n.愿景; v.想像; reckoning:n.计算;清算;算帐;v.计算;认为;指望(reckon的现在分词);
But it wasn't about the bus fare hike anymore. 但已经不再是关于公共交通价格的上升
It was about everything. 而是关于所有的事情
The people's demands, their expectations , the reasons why they were on the streets could be as diverse as they could be contradictory in many cases. 人民的要求,他们的期望 他们在街上的原因 有各式各样,也互相矛盾在许多情况下。
expectations:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望;(expectation的复数) diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; contradictory:adj.矛盾的;反对的;反驳的;抗辩的;n.对立物;矛盾因素;
If you could read it, you would understand me. 如果你能看懂,你就会明白
But it was in this environment of political catharsis that the country was going through that it had to do with politics , indeed, but it had to do also with a new way of organizing , through a new way of communicating. 但这是个在政治发泄的环境中 这个国家所正在经历的 它确实是关于政治 但也关于新的管理模式 用一个新的方式去交流
catharsis:n.[医]泻法,导泻;净化;精神发泄; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) organizing:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;(organize的现在分词)
It was in that environment that Mídia NINJA emerged from almost anonymity to become a national phenomenon , because we did have the right equipment. 在那样的环境中,媒体 NINJA 诞生了 从一个无人知道的组织变成了全球奇迹 因为我们用了正确的设备
emerged:v.(从隐蔽处或暗处)出现;暴露;露出真相;显现;(emerge的过去分词和过去式) anonymity:n.匿名;匿名者;无名之辈; phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物);
We are not using big cameras. 我们没有用高大的摄像机
We are using basically this. 我们基本上用了它
We are using smartphones . 我们用了智能手机
smartphones:智能手机(smartphone的复数);
And that, actually, allowed us to become invisible in the middle of the protests, but it allowed us to do something else: to show what it was like to be in the protests, to present to people at home a subjective perspective. 因为它,所以我们可以隐身于这些游行中 它还让我们达到另一个目的 还原游行最真实的一面 使那些在家的人看到主观视角
invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物; subjective:adj.主观的;个人的;自觉的;
But there was something that is more important, 还有最重要要
I think, than the equipment. 比设备更重要的就是
It was our mindset , because we are not behaving as a media outlet. 我们的思想 我们没有像其他的媒体
mindset:n.心态;倾向;习惯;精神状态; behaving:v.表现:表现得体:有礼貌:(behave的现在分词)
We are not competing for news. 我们不在为新闻竞争
competing:adj.相互冲突的;相互矛盾的;v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛;(compete的现在分词)
We are trying to encourage people, to invite people, and to actually teach people how to do this, how they also could become broadcasters . 我们只想鼓励人们 邀请人们,和教导他们 怎么变成一个直播人员,怎们做到这个
broadcasters:n.广播员;节目主持人;电视台;广播公司;(broadcaster的复数)
And that was crucial to turn Mídia NINJA from a small group of people, and in a matter of weeks, we multiplied and we grew exponentially throughout the country. 这就是为什们我们从一个几个人的组织 在几个星期中 我们成倍增加,甚至在全国范围内。
crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; multiplied:v.乘;乘以;成倍增加;(使)繁殖,增殖;(multiply的过去分词和过去式) exponentially:adv.以指数方式;
So in a matter of a week or two, as the protests kept happening, we were hundreds of young people connected in this network throughout the country. 所以在一两个星期内,当这些游行发生的时候 我们这些上千的年轻人 在全国各地,用着网络链接着
We were covering more than 50 cities at the same time . 我们同时报导着50多个城市
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
That's something that no TV channel could ever do. 这是任何一个电视频道都做不到的
That was responsible for turning us suddenly, actually, into kind of the mainstream media of social media. 这就是为什们我们突然变成了 主流的媒体
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的;
So we had a couple of thousands of followers on our Facebook page, and soon we had a quarter of a million followers. 我们当初在脸谱网拥有几千的收听者 现在已经有差不多25万的收听者
Our posts and our videos were being seen by more than 11 million timelines a week. 我们公布的信息和视频 每星期平均被一千多万人看到
timelines:n.时间线;大事记(timeline的复数);
It was way more than any newspaper or any magazine could ever do. 比任何一个杂志或者新闻社都多
And that turned Mídia NINJA into something else, more than a media outlet, than a media project. NINJA 变了 不只是一个媒体播报,或者项目
It became almost like a public service to the citizen, to the protester , to the activist , because they had a very simple and efficient and peaceful tool to confront both police and media authority . 它变成了一个公共服务 为了人民,为了游行者 为了积极分子 因为他们都有一个简单,有效率,和平的工具 去面对警察或者媒体的权威
public service:n.公共事业;公营事业;公益事业(或服务);政府; protester:n.抗议者;反对者;持异议者; activist:n.积极分子;激进主义分子; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; confront:v.直面;无法回避;降临于;处理;对抗; authority:n.权威;权力;当局;
Many of our images started to be used in regular TV channels. 我们很多的相片都被很多电视节目用到
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数)
Our livestreams started to be broadcast even in regular televisions when things got really rough. 很多电视台开始用我们的直播 当事情白热化的时候
livestreams:现场直播活动;直播流;
Some our images were responsible to take some people out of jail , people who were being arrested unfairly under false accusations , and we could prove them innocent . 我们的图像可以免一些的牢狱之灾 让那些被不公平抓进去的人, 被诬告的人,用我们的图片证明他们的清白
responsible to:负责; jail:n.监狱;监牢;拘留所;v.监禁;下狱; unfairly:adv.不公平地;不正当地; accusations:n.控告;起诉;告发;谴责;(accusation的复数) innocent:adj.无辜的;无罪的;无知的;n.天真的人;笨蛋;
And that also turned Mídia NINJA very soon to be seen as almost an enemy of cops , unfortunately , and we started to be severely beaten, and eventually arrested on the streets. 不幸的是,这也让NINGA很快的 变成警察的眼中钉,敌人 我们被严重的打击,最终被逮捕
cops:n.警察;v.遭受;忍受;注意到;(cop的第三人称单数和复数) unfortunately:adv.不幸地; severely:adv.严重地;严格地,严厉地;纯朴地; eventually:adv.最后,终于;
It happened in many cases. 发生了很多次
But that was also useful, because we were still at the web, so that helped to trigger an important debate in the country on the role of the media itself and the state of the freedom of the press in the country. 但是这个经历也有帮助,因为我们还在网上 这个帮助引发一个很重要的争论 关于媒体的职责 和新闻,出版社的自由
trigger:n.触发器; v.触发; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑;
So Mídia NINJA now evolved and finally consolidated itself in what we hoped it would become: a national network of hundreds of young people, self-organizing themselves locally to cover social, human rights issues , and expressing themselves not only politically but journalistically . 现在 NINJA 已经逐步变成 在我们的期望中 一个全国网络,拥有许多的年轻人 在当地自我组织 去报道社会,和一些人权问题 也让他们可以不仅政治地,也能报刊地 表达自己
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; consolidated:adj.加固的; v.使加强,使巩固; (consolidate的过去分词和过去式) self-organizing:n.[计]自组织; locally:adv.在本地;局部地;在地方上; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) expressing:v.表示;表达;表露;显而易见;(express的现在分词) politically:adv.政治上; journalistically:报刊地;
What I started to do in the beginning of this year, as Mídia NINJA is already a self-organizing network, 在今年的年初,我开始 当 NINJA 已经变成了一个自我组织的网络
I'm dedicating myself to another project. 我开始了另一个项目
dedicating:致力;献身;题献(dedicate的现在分词);
It's called Fluxo, which is Portuguese for "stream." 叫 Fluxo,在葡萄牙语中是 “直播”
Portuguese:adj.葡萄牙的;葡萄牙人的;葡萄牙语的;n.葡萄牙人;葡萄牙语;
It's a journalism studio in S?o Paulo downtown , where I used livestream to experiment with what I call post-television formats. 是一个新闻演播室,在圣保罗的市中心 在那里,我用直播去做实验 我叫这个“后电视格式”
downtown:n.市区;闹市区;adv.在市区;在热闹街上;到闹市区;adj.闹市区的;
But I'm also trying to come up with ways to finance independent journalism through a direct relationship with an audience, with an active audience, because now I really want to try to make a living out of my tear gas resolution back then. 但是我也在想办法去为自由报道集资 用和听众直接联系 和一些活跃,主动的听众 因为这次,我想尝试营生 用我当初的催泪瓦斯计划
come up with:提出;想出;赶上; finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费; make a living:谋生,维持生活; resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议;
But there's something more significant here, something that I believe is more important and more crucial than my personal example. 这次,它更有重要性 这个我相信比我的个人例子更重要,更关键
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
I said that livestream could turn the web into a colossal TV network, but I believe it does something else, because after watching people using it, not only to cover things but to express, to organize themselves politically, 我先面说过,直播可以将网络变成个巨大的电视 但我还相信另一个事情 因为看到这么多人用了它之后 不只是报道,但是用他们去政治性的组织自己
organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;
I believe livestream can turn cyberspace into a global political arena where everyone might have a voice, a proper voice, because livestream takes the monopoly of the broadcast political discourse, of the verbal aspect of the political dialogue 我相信直播可以将网络空间变成一个全球政治场所 在那里,每个人都拥有声音 被正视的声音 因为直播将不再让政治演讲垄断新闻播报 让那些在政治方面的语言自由
cyberspace:n.网络空间;赛博空间; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; arena:n.舞台;竞技场; monopoly:n.垄断;垄断者;专卖权; verbal:adj.口头的;言语的;动词的;照字面的;n.动词的非谓语形式; aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位;
out of the mouths of just politicians and political pundits alone, and it empowers the citizen through this direct and non-mediated power of exchanging experiences and dialogue, 不再只是政治家或权威人士的专利 通过这种直接,非传达的方式交流和交换经验 让人们能够
politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数) pundits:权威(pundit的复数); empowers:授权;使能够(empower的第三人称单数);
empowers them to question and to influence authorities in ways in which we are about to see. 提问题,和影响权威 在我们即将看到的方面
influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数) are about to:眼看就要;即将;正要;行将;
And I believe it does something else that might be even more important, that the simplicity of the technology can merge objectivity and subjectivity in a very political way, as I see it, because it really helps the audience, 我相信它之所以这么重要,还因为 这么简单的科技可以合并客观性和主观性 用非常政治的方式,在我看来 因为它真的可以帮助到观众
simplicity:n.朴素;简易;天真;愚蠢; objectivity:n.客观;客观性; subjectivity:n.主观性,主观;
the citizen, to see the world through somebody else's eye, so it helps the citizen to put him- or herself in other people's place. 人民去看这个世界用另一个人的眼睛 所以它帮助人民,将他们自己 放入别人的立场,环境中
And that idea, I think, should be the intention , should be the goal of any good journalism, any good activism, but most of all, any good politics. 而我觉得,这就是我们的目的 这应该是每一位优秀的报导者,行动者的目标 但最重要,在任何好的政治中。
intention:n.意图;目的;意向;愈合;
Thank you very much. It was an honor. 谢谢大家,我很荣幸。
(Applause) （掌声）