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BruceFriedrich_2019U-_下一个全球农業革命_-
In 2019, humanity received a warning: 30 of the world's leading scientists released the results of a massive three-year study into global agriculture and declared that meat production is destroying our planet and jeopardizing global health. 2019年,人类了收到一个警告, 30位世界顶尖的科学家 发布了一项 对全球农业长达三年的 研究结果, 宣称肉类的生产 正在摧毁我们的家园, 并危害全球安全。
humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科; released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; jeopardizing:v.冒…的危险;危及;危害;损害;(jeopardize的现在分词)
One of the study's authors explained that "humanity now poses a threat to the stability of the planet ... 该研究的一位作者解释说: “人类正在危害地球的稳定...
poses:姿势; stability:n.稳定性;坚定,恒心;
[This requires] nothing less than a new global agricultural revolution ." （为解决问题）我们需要 一场新的世界农业革命。“
nothing less than:完全是;不亚于;与…一模一样; agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
As somebody who's spent the last two decades advocating a shift away from industrial meat production, 作为一个把过去 二十年的时间都花在 倡议工业肉类生产转型的人,
advocating:v.拥护;支持;提倡;(advocate的现在分词) shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票;
I wanted to believe that this clarion call was going to make a difference . 我曾经相信这个号召 会带来些许改变。
clarion call:n.口号;号召;召唤; make a difference:有影响,有关系;
The thing is, I've seen this sort of thing again and again and again for decades. 然而,几十年来 此类事件还是反复发生。
again and again:adv.再三地,反复地;
Here's 2018 from the journal "Nature," 这是2018年《自然》杂志的一篇文章,
journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报;
2017 from " Bioscience Journal," 这是2017年《生物科学杂志》的一篇文章,
Bioscience:n.生物科学;
2016 from the National Academy of Sciences. 这是2016年 《美国科学院学报》上的文章,
Academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校;
The main point of these studies tends to be climate change. 这些研究的重点都是气候变化。
But antibiotic resistance represents just as big of a threat. 但抗生素耐药性 也是一个很大的威胁。
antibiotic:adj.抗生的;抗菌的;n.抗生素,抗菌素; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数)
We are feeding massive doses of antibiotics to farm animals. 我们给农场动物 喂食大量的抗生素。
doses:v.服药(dose的三单形式);n.[药][核]剂量(dose的复数); antibiotics:n.抗菌素;抗生素(如青霉素);(antibiotic的复数)
These antibiotics are then mutating into superbugs that threaten to render antibiotics obsolete within all of our lifetimes. 这些抗生素随后 转变为超级细菌, 使得我们有生之年 研究出的抗生素 都不再有效。
mutating:vi.变化,产生突变;vt.改变,使突变; superbugs:n.超级病菌; render:v.提供;给予;提交;翻译;n.粉刷;[建](墙壁的)初涂;抹灰;精制油; obsolete:adj.废弃的;老式的;n.废词;陈腐的人;vt.淘汰;废弃;
You want a scare? 想知道后果吗？
Google : "the end of working antibiotics." 可以去百度一下 “有效抗生素的终结”。
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎;
I'm going to get one thing out of the way: 我想说明的是:
I am not here to tell anybody what to eat. 我不是来教大家该吃什么的。
Individual action is great, but antibiotic resistance and climate change -- they require more. 个体行为固然很好, 但是要解决抗生素耐药性 和气候变化问题—— 这还远远不够。
Individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
Besides , convincing the world to eat less meat hasn't worked. 并且,劝大家少吃肉 是没有效果的。
Besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外; convincing:adj.令人信服的; v.使确信; (convince的现在分词)
For 50 years, environmentalists , global health experts and animal activists have been begging the public to eat less meat. 50多年来,环境学家, 国际卫生专家以及动物保护者 一直苦口婆心地 劝告大家少吃肉。
environmentalists:n.环保人士;环保主义者;(environmentalist的复数形式)
And yet, per capita meat consumption is as high as it's been in recorded history. 然而,人均肉类消耗量 自有历史记载以来 一直都居高不下。
per capita:adj.每人的;人均的; consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨;
The average North American last year ate more than 200 pounds of meat. 去年北美人均消耗肉类 200多磅（约90.7kg）。
And I didn't eat any. 我可一点肉都没吃。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Which means somebody out there ate 400 pounds of meat. 这意味着有人吃了400磅。
(Laughter) （笑声）
On our current trajectory , we're going to need to be producing 70 to 100 percent more meat by 2050. 以目前的趋势来看, 到2050年,我们生产的肉类 要比现在多70％-100％。
trajectory:n.[物]轨道,轨线;[航][军]弹道;
This requires a global solution . 这个问题需要 全人类一起解决。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
What we need to do is we need to produce the meat that people love, but we need to produce it in a whole new way. 我们需要做的是, 生产人们喜爱的肉类, 不过我们要以一种 全新的方式生产。
I've got a couple of ideas. 我有几个主意。
Idea number one: let's grow meat from plants. 其一:从植物中生产肉。
Instead of growing plants, feeding them to animals, and all of that inefficiency , let's grow those plants, let's biomimic meat with them, let's make plant-based meat. 不再把植物当作动物饲料, 那样效率太低了。 我们可以种植物, 然后仿生肉类, 做出素肉。
inefficiency:n.效率低;无效率;无能;
Idea number two: for actual animal meat, let's grow it directly from cells. 其二:如果想做真的肉, 我们可以用细胞培育。
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
Instead of growing live animals, let's grow the cells directly. 而不是养殖牲畜, 我们直接培育细胞。
It takes six weeks to grow a chicken to slaughter weight. 将鸡养到可以屠宰 的重量需要六周。
slaughter:vt.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;使惨败;n.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;消灭;
Grow the cells directly, you can get that same growth in six days. 直接培育细胞的话, 要达到同样大小, 只需六天。
This is what that looks like at scale . 这就是规模化的生产过程。
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
It's your friendly neighborhood meat brewery . 就像是你家附近美妙的 肉类“啤酒厂”。
neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的; brewery:n.啤酒厂;
(Laughter) （笑声）
I want to make two points about this. 我想说的有两点。
The first one is, we believe we can do it. 一是:我们相信 我们能够做到。
In recent years, some companies have been producing meat from plants that consumers cannot distinguish from actual animal meat, and there are now dozens of companies growing actual animal meat directly from cells. 近年来,有些公司 已经在生产素肉了, 消费者分别不出素肉 和真肉口感的区别。 并且,有一批工厂 已经直接从细胞中 生产肉类。
consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数) distinguish:vt.区分;辨别;使杰出,使表现突出;vi.区别,区分;辨别;
This plant-based and cell-based meat gives consumers everything that they love about meat -- the taste, the texture and so on -- but with no need for antibiotics and with a fraction of the adverse impact on the climate. 素肉和细胞肉 能还提供消费者喜爱的 关于肉的一切 —— 味道,质地,等等。 但不需要抗生素, 对地球气候也 只有很小的影响。
texture:n.质地;纹理;结构;本质,实质; fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量; adverse:adj.不利的;相反的;敌对的(名词adverseness,副词adversely); impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
And because these two technologies are so much more efficient , at production scale these products will be cheaper. 由于这两项技术 生产肉类效率如此高, 如果大规模生产, 肉类产品会更便宜。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
But one quick point about that -- it's not going to be easy. 但是要知道, 这项技术不那么简单。
These plant-based companies have spent small fortunes on their burgers , and cell-based meat has not yet been commercialized at all. 生产素肉的公司已经 在产品上投入大笔资金, 细胞肉也没有完全进入市场。
fortunes:n.命运,机遇(fortune复数形式); v.给…以大宗财富(fortune的第三人称单数形式); burgers:n.汉堡包(burger的复数); commercialized:adj.商业化的;v.使商品化;靠…赚钱(commercialize的过去分词);
So we're going to need all hands on deck to make these the global meat industry. 所以我们需要所有人共同努力, 来建造全球范围的产业。
deck:n.甲板;舱面;层面;一副(为52张);v.装饰;打扮;布置;用力击倒;
For starters , we need the present meat industry. 首先,我们仍需要 现存的肉类产业。
starters:n.(主菜之前的)开胃小吃;参赛者;发令员;(starter的复数)
We don't want to disrupt the meat industry, we want to transform it. 我们不想干扰肉类产业, 我们想要它转型。
disrupt:vt.破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱;adj.分裂的,中断的;分散的; transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式;
We need their economies of scale, their global supply chain , their marketing expertise and their massive consumer base. 我们需要他们的经济规模, 他们的全球供应链,营销技术, 以及广大消费者的基础。
economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数) supply chain:n.供应链; expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见;
We also need governments. 我们还需要各国政府的支持。
Governments spend tens of billions of dollars every single year on research and development focused on global health and the environment. 各国政府每年在全球健康和环境方面的 研究和开发上 花费了数百亿美元。
research and development:n.研究和开发;
They should be putting some of that money into optimizing and perfecting the production of plant-based and cell-based meat. 他们应该把部分资金 用来优化和完善 素肉和细胞肉的生产。
optimizing:n.[数]优化,最佳化;adj.最佳的;v.最佳化(optimize的现在分词);
Look, tens of thousands of people died from antibiotic-resistant superbugs in North America just last year. 在北美,仅仅去年一年,就有数以万计的人们死于 有抗生素耐药性的超级病菌。
antibiotic-resistant:adj.耐抗生素的; North America:n.北美洲;
By 2050, that number is going to be 10 million per year globally. 到2050年,该数字 会达到每年全球数千万。
And climate change represents an existential threat to huge portions of our global family, including some of the poorest people on the face of the planet. 还有,气候变化 对全球很多家庭 构成了毁灭性的威胁, 这里面包括一部分 全球最贫困人口。
existential:adj.存在主义的;有关存在的;存在判断的; portions:n.部分; v.把…分成若干份(或部分); (portion的第三人称单数和复数)
Climate change, antibiotic resistance -- these are global emergencies . 气候变化、抗生素耐药性 都是全球性紧急事件。
emergencies:n.突发事件;紧急情况;(emergency的复数)
Meat production is exacerbating these emergencies on a global scale. 肉类生产恶化了 它们的紧急程度。
exacerbating:v.恶化(exacerbate的现在分词);
But we are not going to decrease meat consumption unless we give consumers alternatives that cost the same or less and that taste the same or better. 但我们不会减少肉类消耗, 除非我们能提供给消费者 一些同样价钱或更加便宜, 口味相同或更好的替代品。
decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置; alternatives:n.可供选择的事物;(alternative的复数)
We have the solution. 我们有解决方案。
Let's make meat from plants. Let's grow it directly from cells. 让我们用植物生产肉, 或直接用细胞培育。
It's past time that we mobilize the resources that are necessary to create the next global agricultural revolution. 我们已经动用了所需的资源, 是时候进行下一场 全球农业革命了。
mobilize:v.动员;动员;调动;组织;鼓动;调用; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）