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BruceAylward_2011-_我们怎样才能根除脊髓灰质炎_
I want to share with you over the next 18 minutes a pretty incredible idea. 我要 在接下来的18分钟内 与大家分享一个不可思议的愿景
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
Actually, it's a really big idea. 一个非常雄伟的愿景
But to get us started, 不过首先
I want to ask if everyone could just close your eyes for two seconds and try and think of a technology or a bit of science that you think has changed the world. 我想请在座各位 闭上双眼在几秒钟内想一想 某种技术或者科学 在你看来,改变了世界
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
Now I bet , in this audience, you're thinking of some really incredible technology, some stuff that I haven't even heard of, 我打赌,这里所有的观众 你一定想到了某种神奇的技术 某种我甚至没听说过的玩意儿
bet:n.打赌;赌注;预计;估计;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
I'm absolutely sure. 绝对是的
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
But I'm also sure, pretty sure, that absolutely nobody is thinking of this. 但我同时也确信,非常肯定 绝对没有人想到它
This is a polio vaccine . 这是一支脊髓灰质炎疫苗
polio:n.小儿麻痹症(等于poliomyelitis);脊髓灰质炎; vaccine:n.疫苗;牛痘苗;adj.疫苗的;牛痘的;
And it's a great thing actually that nobody's had to think about it here today, because it means that we can take this for granted. 其实,这很好 今天在座没人想到它 是因为我们已将它视为理所当然
This is a great technology. 这是一项伟大的技术
We can take it completely for granted. 我们可以完全地应用它
But it wasn't always that way. 但是过去并不是这样
Even here in California, if we were to go back just a few years, it was a very different story. 甚至就在这里,加利福尼亚 如果退后几十年 情况可大不相同
People were terrified of this disease . 当时,人们惧怕这种疾病
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
They were terrified of polio, and it would cause public panic . 他们十分害怕脊髓灰质炎,它能引起公众惊恐
panic:adj.恐慌的;n.惊恐;恐慌;惶恐不安;v.惊慌失措;
And it was because of scenes like this. 原因就如图中所示
In this scene, people are living in an iron lung. 在这张图片里 人们生活在铁制的肺中
these are people who were perfectly healthy two or three days before, and then two days later, they can no longer breathe, and this polio virus has paralyzed , not only their arms and their legs, but also their breathing muscles . 这些人,两三天前还相当健康 可几天后 便丧失呼吸功能 脊髓灰质炎病毒 不仅仅瘫痪了他们的四肢 就连控制呼吸的肌肉也不放过
paralyzed:adj.瘫痪的;麻痹的;v.使麻痹;使无力;使失去勇气(paralyze的过去分词); muscles:n.肌肉(muscle的复数);
And they were going to spend the rest of their lives, usually, in this iron lung, to breath for them. 通常,他们的余生都得在 铁肺里度过
This disease was terrifying; there was no cure, and there was no vaccine. 这个疾病十分可怕 当时却没有疗法 也没有疫苗
The disease was so terrifying that the president of the United States launched an extraordinary national effort to find a way to stop it. 这个疾病如此恐怖 以至于当时的美国总统 发动了一场声势浩大的全国运动 来试图阻止它的传播
terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的;v.使害怕,使恐怖;(terrify的现在分词) United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) launched:v.发射;发起;开展;开始;(launch的过去式和过去分词) extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的;
Twenty years later, they succeeded and developed the polio vaccine. 二十年后,他们成功地 开发出脊髓灰质炎疫苗
It was hailed as a scientific miracle in the late 1950s. 这被视为科学奇迹 当时是20世纪50年代末
hailed:v.赞扬(或称颂)…为…; (hail的过去分词和过去式) scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例;
Finally , a vaccine that could stop this awful disease. 终于,有一种疫苗能够阻止这种可怕的疾病
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
And here in the United States it had an incredible impact . 在美国 它有着惊人的影响力
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
As you can see , the virus stopped, and it stopped very, very fast. 正如我们所知,病毒被遏制 并且很快被遏制
As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的;
But this wasn't the case everywhere in the world. 可并不是 全世界都如此
And it happened so fast in the United States, however, that even just last month Jon Stewart said this: 虽然在美国,情况迅速好转,但是 甚至就在上个月,乔恩·斯图尔特问我
(Video) Jon Stewart: Where is polio still active? （录像）乔恩·斯图尔特:脊髓灰质炎还活跃在哪些地方呢？
Because I thought that had been eradicated in the way that smallpox had been eradicated. 我以为它已经被灭绝 就如天花从地球上消失一样
eradicated:adj.画着根的;v.摆脱;擦掉;连根拔起(eradicate的过去分词); in the way:妨碍;挡道; smallpox:n.[内科]天花;
Bruce Aylward: Oops. Jon, polio's almost been eradicated. 布鲁斯·艾尔沃德:哎,乔恩,脊髓灰质炎是几乎被灭绝了
But the reality is that polio still exists today. 但现实是 它仍然存在于世间
We made this map for Jon to try to show him exactly where polio still exists. 我们绘制了疾病分布图,给乔恩展示了目前的状况
This is the picture. 这就是那张图
There's not very much left in the world. 存于世界的病源已经很好了
But the reason there's not very much left is because there's been an extraordinary public/private partnership working behind the scenes , almost unknown, 而这是因为 有一个非常出色的公私合作组织 一直在幕后积极工作
partnership:n.合伙;[经管]合伙企业;合作关系;合伙契约; behind the scenes:adj.幕后的;
I'm sure to most of you here today. 我肯定今天在座几乎都没听说过这个组织
It's been working for 20 years to try and eradicate this disease. 在过去20年来 这个组织一直试图根除这种疾病
And it's got it down to these few cases that you can see here on this graphic . 并终于将其影响区域下降到 我们现在看到的状况
graphic:adj.形象的;图表的;绘画似的;
But just last year, we had an incredible shock and realized that almost just isn't good enough with a virus like polio. 但就在去年 我们被强烈震动 我们似乎总是做得不够 难以应对像脊髓灰质炎这样的病毒
And this is the reason: in two countries that hadn't had this disease for more than probably a decade, on opposite sides of the globe, there was suddenly terrible polio outbreaks . 原因如下 有两个国家 十多年未出现脊髓灰质炎 它们各位于地球两端 却突然都爆发了严重的脊髓灰质炎
outbreaks:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发;
Hundreds of people were paralyzed. 数百人瘫痪
Hundreds of people died -- children as well as adults. 死亡人数上百-- 儿童和成年人都成了受害者
as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
And in both cases, we were able to use genetic sequencing to look at the polio viruses. 在这两个国家 我们都运用了基因排序的方法来观察查病毒
genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; sequencing:n.[计]排序; v.[计]定序(sequence的ing形式);
And we could tell these viruses were not from these countries. 发现这些病毒并不是来自本土
They had come from thousands of miles away. 他们从几千公里外的地方远道而来
And in one case, it originated on another continent . 其中一个国家的病毒竟来自于另一个大陆
originated:v.起源;发源;创立;创建;发明;(originate的过去式和过去分词) continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的;
And not only that , but when they came into these countries, then they got on commercial jetliners probably and they traveled even farther to other places like Russia, 不仅如此,当他们进入这些国家后 很可能又登上了商务航班 飞到了更远的地方 如俄罗斯
only that:只是;要不是; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; jetliners:n.喷气客机;
where, for the first time in over a decade last year, children were crippled and paralyzed by a disease that they had not seen for years. 在那里,去年,十多年来第一次 有儿童因脊髓灰质炎而瘫痪 而当地已多年未见这种疾病
crippled:v.使残废;使跛;使成瘸子;严重毁坏(或损害)(cripple的过去分词和过去式)
Now all of these outbreaks that I just showed you, these are under control now, and it looks like they'll stop very, very quickly. 刚才我展示给你的这些疾病突发区域 情况已经得到控制 并且看起来它们很快将停止
But the message was very clear. 但信息是清晰的
Polio is still a devastating , explosive disease. 脊髓灰质炎仍然是 毁灭性,爆炸性的疾病
devastating:adj.毁灭性的; v.毁灭; (devastate的现在分词) explosive:n.炸药;爆炸物;adj.易爆炸的;可能引起爆炸的;易爆发的;可能引起冲动的;
It's just happening in another part of the world. 它不过正在世界另外一个角落发生
And our big idea is that the scientific miracle of this decade should be the complete eradication of poliomyelitis . 我们巨大的愿景是 本时代的科学奇迹 将彻底根除 脊髓灰质炎
eradication:n.消灭,扑灭;根除; poliomyelitis:n.[内科]脊髓灰质炎;[医]小儿麻痹症;
So I want to tell you a little bit about what this partnership, the Polio Partnership, is trying to do. 在这里,我想要介绍一下 之前提到的合作伙伴组织,脊髓灰质炎合作机构 当前的工作
We're not trying to control polio. 我们不是单纯去控制脊髓灰质炎
We're not trying to get it down to just a few cases, because this disease is like a root fire; it can explode again if you don't snuff it out completely. 将它的发病率降低到极低 因为这种疾病就像是火种 若不完全熄灭,它随时可能爆发
explode:v.爆炸;爆裂;勃然(大怒);突然发生(危险); snuff:vt.剪烛花;掐灭;消灭;嗅出;n.鼻烟;烛花;灯花;vi.扑灭;断气;嗅;
So what we're looking for is a permanent solution . 因此我们寻求的 是一种永久的解决方案
permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
We want a world in which every child, just like you guys, can take for granted a polio-free world. 我们希望在这个世界,每个孩子,都能像在座各位一样 不用再为 脊髓灰质炎而担心
take for granted:认为…理所当然;
So we're looking for a permanent solution. 是的,我们在寻找一种永久的解决方案
And this is where we get lucky. 幸运的是
This is one of the very few viruses in the world where there are big enough cracks in its armor that we can try to do something truly extraordinary. 脊髓灰质炎属于这样一种少见的病毒类 其本身带有一定缺陷 让人类可以攻克,并取得伟大成就
cracks:n.裂纹; v.破裂; (crack的第三人称单数和复数) armor:n.[军]装甲;盔甲;v.为…装甲;
This virus can only survive in people. 脊髓灰质炎病毒只能在人体中存活
It can't live for a very long time in people. 并且存活时间很短
It doesn't survive in the environment hardly at all. 它在自然界中几乎无法生存
And we've got pretty good vaccines , as I've just showed you. 我们有很有效的疫苗,我刚才已展示给各位
vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗;
So we are trying to wipe out this virus completely. 此我们正努力 彻底根除这种病毒
wipe:v.擦;抹;拭;消除;n.擦;拭;揩;(湿)抹布;
What the polio eradication program is trying to do is to kill the virus itself that causes polio everywhere on Earth. 脊髓灰质炎根除项目正试图 根除这种病毒本身 来防止导致脊髓灰质炎 在地球上肆意蔓延
Now we don't have a great track record when it comes to doing something like this, to eradicating diseases . 我们并不擅长 根除疾病 这样的任务
track record:n.径赛成绩记录;过去的成绩或成就; eradicating:根除; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
It's been tried six times in the last century, and it's been successful exactly once. 上个世纪我们尝试了六次 但只有一次真正成功
And this is because disease eradication, it's still the venture capital of public health. 因为疾病根除 仍是公众健康的风险资金
venture capital:风险投资;
The risks are massive , but the pay-off -- economic , humanitarian , motivational -- it's absolutely huge. 风险是巨大的 但回报 无论从经济,全人类,还是推动力来看 也都是巨大的
massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; pay-off:n.取得成功;清偿债务; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; humanitarian:adj.人道主义的;博爱的;基督凡人论的;n.人道主义者;基督凡人论者; motivational:adj.动机的;激发性的;有关动机的;动机说明;
One congressman here in the United States thinks that the entire investment that the U.S. put into smallpox eradication pays itself off every 26 days -- in foregone treatment costs and vaccination costs. 美国一位国会议员认为 美国投入的 用以根除天花的全部投资 每26天就能收回一次成本 通过抵消治疗成本 和疫苗的成本
congressman:n.国会议员;众议院议员; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁; foregone:adj.过去的;先前的;预知的;预先决定的;v.发生在…之前(forego的过去分词); treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; vaccination:n.接种疫苗;种痘;
And if we can finish polio eradication, the poorest countries in the world are going to save over 50 billion dollars in the next 25 years alone. 如果我们能够完全根除小儿麻痹症 世界上最穷的那些国家 则将节省500亿美元 时间是仅在未来的25年内
So those are the kind of stakes that we're after. 这就是我们追求的利益
stakes:n.桩; v.以…打赌,拿…冒险;
But smallpox eradication was hard; it was very, very hard. 但是根除天花的过程是很困难的 相当,相当艰难
And polio eradication, in many ways, is even tougher. 而要根除小儿麻痹症,从很多方面来讲,还要难
And there's a few reasons for that. 这里有几个因素
The first is that, when we started trying to eradicate polio about 20 years ago, more than twice as many countries were infected than had been when we started off with smallpox. 首先 我们开始尝试根除脊髓灰质炎时 时间大概是20年前 当时,被其感染的国家数量 是开始根除天花之际的两倍多
infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式)
And there were more than 10 times as many people living in these countries. 而感染脊髓灰质炎国家的人口数 超过感染天花的10倍
So it was a massive effort. 因此当时的努力是艰巨的
The second challenge we had was -- in contrast to the smallpox vaccine, which was very stable , and a single dose protected you for life -- the polio vaccine is incredibly fragile . 我们面临的第二个挑战是-- 脊髓灰质炎疫苗与天花疫苗性质不同 天花疫苗性质稳定,打一次就终身免疫 而脊髓灰质炎疫苗是否脆弱
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房; dose:n.剂量;一剂,一服;v.服药;给药;给…服药; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; fragile:adj.脆的;易碎的;
It deteriorates so quickly in the tropics that we've had to put this special vaccine monitor on every single vial , so that it will change very quickly when it's exposed to too much heat, 在赤道地区,它很快变质 我们必须将特殊的疫苗检测器 安在每支疫苗上 因此它能迅速做出反应 当疫苗因为受热过多而改变性质时
deteriorates:vi.恶化,变坏;vt.恶化; tropics:n.热带地区; vial:n.(用于盛装香水、药物等的)小瓶; exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式)
and we can tell that it's not a good vaccine to use on a child -- it's not potent; it's not going to protect them. 我们便知道它不再适用于儿童 因为效力不够,无法保护儿童
Even then, kids need many doses of the vaccine. 即便这样,儿童仍然需要多次注射疫苗
doses:v.服药(dose的三单形式);n.[药][核]剂量(dose的复数);
But the third challenge we have -- and probably even bigger one, the biggest challenge -- is that, in contrast to smallpox where you could always see your enemy -- 我们当时面临的第三个挑战 很可能是最大的一个挑战 与天花作战时,我们总能看清敌人
every single person almost who was infected with smallpox had this telltale rash . 几乎每个感染天花的人 都会长出明显的疹子
telltale:adj.报警的;泄密的;搬弄是非的;n.迹象;指示器;搬弄是非者; rash:adj.轻率的;鲁莽的;不顾后果的;n.[皮肤]皮疹;突然大量出现的事物;
So you could get around the disease; you could vaccinate around the disease and cut it off. 因此我们可以从疾病周边入手 给疾病存在的周边区域打疫苗,将其断绝
get around:到处走走;逃避;说服;传开来(等于getround);有办法应付;有办法应付局面; vaccinate:vi.接种疫苗;vt.给…注射疫苗;n.被接种牛痘者;
With polio it's almost completely different. 而脊髓灰质炎则全然不同
The vast majority of people who are infected with the polio virus show absolutely no sign of the disease. 绝大多数被病毒感染的人 不会表现出任何迹象
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
So can't see the enemy most of the time. 因此很多时候我们根本看不见敌人
And as a result , we've needed a very different approach to eradicate polio than what was done with smallpox. 因此 我们需要一种与应对天花非常不同的方式 来根除脊髓灰质炎
as a result:结果; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
We've had to create one of the largest social movements in history. 我们不得不创造出 历史上最大的社会运动之一
There's over 10 million people, probably 20 million people, largely volunteers , who have been working over the last 20 years in what has now been called the largest internationally-coordinated operation in peacetime . 投入人数超过一千万 甚至接近两千万 大多为志愿者 他们过去二十年来一直努力 贡献于现在被称为 和平年代最大的国际协同运作
largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; volunteers:n.志愿者; v.自愿做; (volunteer的第三人称单数和复数) peacetime:n.平时;和平时期;adj.平时的;和平时期的;
These people, these 20 million people, vaccinate over 500 million children every single year, multiple times at the peak of our operation. 这些人,这两千万人 给五亿多的儿童注射疫苗 每年如此 在运作繁忙的时候 注射数量增倍
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的;
Now giving the polio vaccine is simple. 注射脊髓灰质炎疫苗很简单
It's just two drops, like that. 就是这样简单的两针
But reaching 500 million people is much, much tougher. 但要普及五亿多人 那可是难上加难
And these vaccinators , these volunteers, they have got to dive headlong into some of the toughest, densest urban slums in the world. 这些疫苗注射者,这些志愿者们 必须投身到 一些环境最恶劣的 城市贫民窟中
vaccinators:n.牛痘接种员;种痘刀; dive:n.潜水;跳水;俯冲;猛冲;v.猛冲;(头朝下)跳入水中;[体]跳水(运动); headlong:adj.轻率的;头向前的;匆促而用力的;adv.头向前地;猛然用力地; densest:密集的;浓密的;极度的(dense的最高级); urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; slums:n.贫民,[经]贫民区(slum的复数); v.到贫民窟去;
They've got to trek under sweltering suns to some of the most remote , difficult to reach places in the world. 必须在炎阳下跋涉 到一些最遥远,最难以到达的地方
trek:v.长途跋涉;远足,徒步旅行;n.长途跋涉(尤指在山区); sweltering:adj.闷热的;炎热的;酷热的;v.热得难受;(swelter的现在分词) remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的;
And they also have to dodge bullets , because we have got to operate during shaky cease-fires and truces to try and vaccinate children, even in areas affected by conflict . 有时他们也要躲避战火 因为我们必须要运作 即使在不稳定的停火和休战条约下 也要给孩子注射疫苗 在卷入冲突的地区也如此
dodge:v.闪避;躲开;逃避;n.推脱的计策;逃避的诡计; bullets:n.子弹;弹丸;(bullet的复数) shaky:adj.摇晃的;不可靠的;不坚定的; cease-fires:n.停火; truces:n.停战;休战;休战协定;vt.以休战结束;停止争执;vi.停战; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触;
One reporter who was watching our program in Somalia about five years ago -- a place which has eradicated polio, not once, but twice, because they got reinfected. 一个记者 五年前曾关注我们在索马里的项目 在那里,脊髓灰质炎曾被根除 然而,不是一次,而是两次,因其再度蔓延
He was sitting outside of the road, watching one of these polio campaigns unfold , and a few months later he wrote: "This is foreign aid at its most heroic ." 他坐在路边 关注一项脊髓灰质炎运动是如何展开的 几个月后他写道 这是最伟大的外来援助
unfold:v.(使)展开;打开;展示;透露; heroic:adj.英雄的;英勇的;记叙英雄及其事迹的;夸张的;n.史诗;英勇行为;
And these heroes, they come from every walk of life , all sorts of backgrounds. 这些英雄,他们来自各行各业 各种背景
walk of life:n.行业;阶层;社会地位;
But one of the most extraordinary is Rotary International. 但其中最卓越的是国际扶轮社
Rotary:adj.旋转的,转动的;轮流的;n.旋转式机器;[动力]转缸式发动机;
This is a group whose million-strong army of volunteers have been working to eradicate polio for over 20 years. 这个组织中 有上百万的志愿者 为根除脊髓灰质炎 努力了二十年
They're right at the center of the whole thing. 他们是整个运动的正中心
Now it took years to build up the infrastructure for polio eradication -- more than 15 years, much longer than it should have -- but once it was built, the results were striking. 我们花了很多时间来发展基础建设 为的是根除脊髓灰质炎 超过十五年,比我们预计要长 但一旦建成,效果是显著的
infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
Within a couple of years, every country that started polio eradication rapidly eradicated all three of their polio viruses, with the exception of four countries that you see here. 几年之类 那些开始进行脊髓灰质炎根除的国家 迅速地消灭了现有的三种脊髓灰质炎病毒 唯一例外是图表上的这四个国家
with the exception of:除了…以外;
And in each of those, it was only part of the country. 而在这几个国家中,疾病都只存在于一小部分区域
And then, by 1999, one of the three polio viruses that we were trying to eradicate had been completely eradicated worldwide -- proof of concept. 1999年 我们试图根除的 三种脊髓灰质炎病毒其中之一 被完全地在全世界消灭 证明了这是有效的方式
worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地; proof:n.证据;证实;adj.能抵御;可防护;
And then today, there's been a 99 percent reduction -- greater than 99 percent reduction -- in the number of children who are being paralyzed by this awful disease. 今天 有百分之九十九 超过百分之九十九的 儿童 免于因这恐怖疾病而瘫痪
reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图;
When we started, over 20 years ago, 1,000 children were being paralyzed every single day by this virus. 而在二十多年前我们开始之际 一千名儿童因它瘫痪 这是每一天的数据
Last year, it was 1,000. 去年一年的总数仅为一千
And at the same time , the polio eradication program has been working to help with a lot of other areas. 同时 脊髓灰质炎根除项目 也在帮助其他领域的工作
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
It's been working to help control pandemic flu, 比如控制流行感冒
pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病;
SARS for example. 非典型肺炎
It's also tried to save children by doing other things -- giving vitamin A drops, giving measles shots, giving bed nets against malaria even during some of these campaigns. 它也试图通过其他方式来拯救儿童 例如注射维他命A,注射麻疹药物 散发蚊帐来抵御疟疾 在这些运动中
vitamin:n.维生素;维他命; measles:n.[内科]麻疹;风疹; malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气;
But the most exciting thing that the polio eradication program has been doing has been to force us, the international color="Black"> community , to reach every single child, every single community -- the most color="Black"> vulnerable people in the world with the most basic of health services, color="Black"> irrespective of geography, poverty, culture and even conflict. 最振奋人心的是 脊髓灰质炎根除项目的行动 也促使我们 国际社区 来采取行动,帮助每一个儿童,每一个社区-- 帮助那些最脆弱的人群 给予他们最基本的医疗服务 无论地理,贫困 文化甚至武装冲突状况如何
So things were looking very exciting, and then about five years ago, this virus, this ancient virus, started to fight back. 进展本来激动人心 可大概在五年前 这种病毒,这种古老的病毒,重回战场
The first problem we ran into was that, in these last four countries, the strongholds of this virus, we just couldn't seem to get the virus rooted out. 我们遇到的第一个问题是 在最后的四个国家,这种病毒的根据地 我们似乎无法将它根除
strongholds:n.[军]据点;要塞;堡垒(stronghold的复数形式);
And then to make the matters even worse, the virus started to spread out of these four places, especially northern India and northern Nigeria, into much of Africa, Asia, and even into Europe, causing horrific outbreaks in places that had not seen this disease for decades. 更糟糕的是 病毒开始在这四个国家以外的地区传播 特别是在印度北部和尼日尼亚北部 它深入到非洲亚洲多数地区,甚至是欧洲 导致了极大的爆发 而这些地方已经几十年没有出现过这种疾病
spread out:冒火;喷火; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; horrific:adj.可怕的;令人毛骨悚然的;
And then, in one of the most important, tenacious and toughest reservoirs of the polio virus in the world, we found that our vaccine was working half as well as it should have. 然后 在最重要,最顽固的 脊髓灰质炎病毒感染区 我们发现我们的疫苗 效力减半
tenacious:adj.顽强的;坚韧的;固执的;紧握的;黏着力强的; reservoirs:n.[水利]水库(reservoir的复数);
In conditions like this, the vaccine just couldn't get the grip it needed to in the guts of these children and protect them the way that it needed to. 在这种情况下 疫苗无法满足要求的时间 进入孩子的胃中 按他们需要的方式来保护他们
grip:n.紧握;柄;支配;握拍方式;拍柄绷带;vt.紧握;夹紧;vi.抓住; guts:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;(gut的第三人称单数和复数)
Now at that time, there was a great, as you can imagine, frustration -- let's call it frustration -- it started to grow very, very quickly. 在那时 我们感到一种巨大的,你能够想象的 沮丧,我们暂且称之为沮丧吧 它开始迅速蔓延
frustration:n.挫折;
And all of a sudden , some very important voices in the world of public health started to say, "Hang on. 突然,一些世界公众医疗领域 很重要的声音 开始说,等等
all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地;
We should abandon this idea of eradication. 我们应该放弃根除的目标
abandon:n.狂热;放任;v.遗弃;放弃;
Let's settle for control -- that's good enough." 我们以控制为目标吧,这其实已足够
settle for:满足于;
Now as seductive as the idea of control sounds, it's a false premise . 控制这一主意听起来是不错 可它是一张空头支票
seductive:adj.有魅力的;性感的;引人注意的; premise:n.前提;假定;v.假定;预述(条件等);引导(论述等);;
The brutal truth is, if we don't have the will or the skill, or even the money that we need to reach children, the most vulnerable children in the world, with something as simple as an oral polio vaccine, then pretty soon, more than 200,000 children are again going to be paralyzed by this disease every single year. 残酷的现实是 如果我们没有愿望或技能 或者所需的资金 来帮助儿童,那些世界上最脆弱的儿童 哪怕方法是通过简单的 口头脊髓灰质炎疫苗 那么很快 超过二十万的儿童 将再一次因脊髓灰质炎而瘫痪 每年如此
brutal:adj.残忍的;野蛮的,不讲理的; oral:adj.口头的; n.(尤指外语考试中的)口试; (大学里的)口试;
There's absolutely no question. 毫无疑问
These are children like Umar. 乌玛就是其中之一
Umar is is seven years old, and he's from northern Nigeria. 他七岁 来自尼日尼亚北部
He lives in a family home there with his eight brothers and sisters. 他住在一家中 与他的八个兄弟姐妹在一起
Umar also has polio. 乌玛有脊髓灰质炎
Umar was paralyzed for life. 终身瘫痪
His right leg was paralyzed in 2004. 他的右腿 在2004年瘫痪
This leg, his right leg, now takes an awful beating, because he has to half-crawl, because it's faster to move that way to keep up with his friends, keep up with his brothers and sisters, than to get up on his crutches and walk. 这只腿,他的右腿 现在受到严重的损害 因为它必须半爬行 才能行动得更快 才能跟上他的朋友,兄弟姐妹 这比靠拐杖行走要快
keep up with:赶得上;和…保持联系; crutches:n.拐杖,支撑物;叉状架(crutch复数);
But Umar is a fantastic student. He's an incredible kid. 但乌玛也是一个非常优秀的学生,一个不可思议的孩子
fantastic:奇异的,空想的
As you probably can't see the detail here, but this is his report card . 你可能难以看清细节 这是他的成绩卡
report card:成绩单;工作报告;
And you'll see, he's got perfect scores. 如你所见,他成绩完美
He got 100 percent in all the important things, like nursery rhymes , for example there. 所有的重要科目他都拿了满分 比如这儿,儿歌
nursery:n.苗圃;托儿所;温床; rhymes:n.押韵(rhyme的复数);尾韵;v.押韵(rhyme的第三人称单数形式);
But you know I'd love to be able to tell you that Umar is a typical kid with polio these days, but it's not true. 我也希望能够告诉各位 乌玛是目前典型的一个患脊髓灰质炎的儿童 但事实不是这样
typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的;
Umar is an exceptional kid in exceptional circumstances . 他是个例外的孩子 处在例外的环境中
exceptional:adj.异常的,例外的;n.超常的学生; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数)
The reality of polio today is something very different. 今天,脊髓灰质炎的现实 与以前大不相同
Polio strikes the poorest communities in the world. 它打击的是世界上最穷困的社会群体
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
It leaves their children paralyzed, and it drags their families deeper into poverty, because they're desperately searching and they're desperately spending the little bit of savings that they have trying in vain to find a cure for their children. 它让孩子们瘫痪 让他们的家庭 深陷贫困 因为他们绝望地搜寻疗法 绝望地花费掉那少得可怜的积蓄 却徒劳无获 找不到拯救孩子的办法
desperately:adv.拼命地;绝望地;不顾一切地;极度地; savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数) vain:adj.徒劳的;自负的;无结果的;无用的;
We think children deserve better. 我们相信,孩子们应该过得更好
deserve:vi.应受,应得;
And so when the going got really tough in the polio eradication program about two years ago, when people were saying, "We should call it off," 我们的脊髓灰质炎根除项目 曾一度举步维艰 那大概是两年前的时候 人们都说,“我们应该停止了”
the Polio Partnership decided to buckle down once again and try and find innovative new solutions, new ways to get to the children that we were missing again and again . 而脊髓灰质炎伙伴机构 决定再次投身其中 寻找创新的解决方案 用新的方式来拯救那些 被我们一再遗落的孩子们
buckle:n.搭扣;(皮带等的)锁扣;v.(使)搭扣扣住;(被)压垮;双腿发软 innovative:adj.革新的,创新的; again and again:adv.再三地,反复地;
In northern India, we started mapping the cases using satellite imaging like this, so that we could guide our investments and vaccinator shelters, so we could get to the millions of children of the Koshi River basin where there are no other health services. 在印度北部,我们开始绘制疾病分布图 应用这样的卫星成像 我们能够引导我们的投资和接种员队伍 找到上百万儿童 他们居住在波曲河盆地 那里没有其他任何医疗服务
imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) investments:n.[经]投资,投资的财产;投资学;(investment的复数) basin:n.水池;流域;盆地;盆;
In northern Nigeria, the political leaders and the traditional Muslim leaders, they got directly involved in the program to help solve the problems of logistics and community confidence . 在尼日尼亚北部 政治领导和传统穆斯林领导 都直接参与到项目中 帮助解决物流问题 建立社区信心
traditional:传统的,惯例的, directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) logistics:n.[军]后勤;后勤学;物流; confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的;
And now they've even started using these devices -- speaking of cool technology -- these little devices, little GIS trackers like this, which they put into the vaccine carriers of their vaccinators. 现在他们开始运用这些设备 这些高科技 这些小型的GIS跟踪器 被放到接种员的疫苗携带器中
devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); trackers:n.追踪者(tracker的复数形式);
And then they can track them. 这样他们可以跟踪接种员
And at the end of the day, they look and see, did these guys get every single street, every single house. 每天工作结束之际,他们会检查 看看这些人是否到访了每条街的每户人家
This is the kind of commitment now we're seeing to try and reach all of the children we've been missing. 我们需要的就是这样的承诺 来找到所有那些被我们遗落的儿童
commitment:n.承诺;投入;保证;许诺;
And in Afghanistan , we're trying new approaches -- access negotiators . 在阿富汗,我们尝试新的方法 通入谈判者
Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲); approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度; negotiators:n.谈判代表(negotiator的复数);
We're working closely with the International Committee of the Red Cross to ensure that we can reach every child. 我们与国际红十字委员会紧密合作 保证我们能够触及每个孩子
Committee:n.委员会; ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全;
But as we tried these extraordinary things, as people went to this trouble to try and rework their tactics , we went back to the vaccine -- it's a 50 year-old vaccine -- 在我们尝试这些独特的方式 当人们费劲心思 重新制定战略的同时 我们再度回到疫苗本身,这疫苗已有50年历史
rework:vt.重做;修订; tactics:n.战术:策略:手段:兵法(tactic的复数)
and we thought, surely we can make a better vaccine, so that when they finally get to these kids, we can have a better bang for our buck. 我们确信,我们能够研制出更好的疫苗 因此当儿童最终接收到疫苗时 我们会取得更好的预防效果
bang:n.猛敲; v.猛敲; v.正好;
And this started an incredible collaboration with industry. 我们在行业内进行了辉煌的合作
collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌;
And within six months, we were testing a new polio vaccine that targeted, just two years ago, the last two types of polio in the world. 六个月后 我们便开始测试一种新型疫苗 针对的是,自前年以来 世界上余下的两种脊髓灰质炎病毒
Now June the ninth, 2009, we got the first results from the first trial with this vaccine. 2009年6月9日 我们得到了第一批疫苗的测试结果
And it turned out to be a game-changer. 这是一个转折点
The new vaccine had twice the impact on these last couple of viruses as the old vaccine had. 新的疫苗的效应 针对这最后的两种病毒 比旧的强一倍
And we immediately started using this. 我们立刻投入使用新疫苗
Well, in a couple of months; we had to get it out of production. 几个月后,我们便生产出成品
And it started rolling off the production lines and into the mouths of children around the world. 疫苗源源不断地从生产线上 被送到世界各地儿童口中
And we didn't start with the easy places. 我们并不是从容易的地方开始
The first place this vaccine was used was in southern Afghanistan, because it's in places like that where kids are going to benefit the most from technologies like this. 第一个采用新疫苗的地方 是阿富汗南部 因为正是在这些地方 孩子们最能从 这样的新科技中获益
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
Now here at TED, over the last couple of days, 现在,在这里,最近几天
I've seen people challenging the audience again and again to believe in the impossible. 我看到各位发言人不断挑战观众 去相信不可能的事物
So this morning at about seven o'clock, 所以今天早上7点左右
I decided that we'd try to drive Chris and the production crew here berserk by downloading all of our data from India again, so that you could see something that's just unfolding today, which proves that the impossible is possible. 我决定要把克里斯 和出品团队弄得抓狂 我再次下载我们印度的所有数据 为了各位能看到 我们今天刚刚发生的事情 它证明了不可能也能成为可能
berserk:adj.狂怒的;adv.狂暴地,狂怒地; unfolding:v.(使)展开;打开;展示;透露;(unfold的现在分词)
And only two years ago, people were saying that this is impossible. 而就在两年前,人们还说这是不可能发生的
Now remember, northern India is the perfect storm when it comes to polio. 大家都还记得,印度北部 是脊髓灰质炎的风暴之地
perfect storm:n.祸不单行;屋漏偏逢连夜雨;
Over 500,000 children are born in the two states that have never stopped polio -- 超过500,000名儿童 出生于这两个从未中止脊髓灰质炎的地区--
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar -- 500,000 children every single month. 他们是Uttar Pradesh和Bihar省 500,000名儿童,每个月出生
Sanitation is terrible, and our old vaccine, you remember, worked half as well as it should have. 卫生条件极其糟糕 而我们的旧疫苗,你知道的 效力只有一半
Sanitation:n.[医]环境卫生;卫生设备;下水道设施;
And yet, the impossible is happening. 但是不可能的事情正在发生
Today marks exactly six months -- and for the first time in history, not a single child has been paralyzed in Uttar Pradesh or Bihar. 今天刚好满六个月 这是历史上第一次 没有一个孩子因脊髓灰质炎而瘫痪 这是Uttar Pradesh和Bihar省的情况
(Applause) 掌声
India's not unique . 不仅在印度
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
In Umar's home country of Nigeria, a 95 percent reduction in the number of children paralyzed by polio last year. 在乌玛的家乡尼日尼亚 有百分之九十五的减少 出现在去年因脊髓灰质炎瘫痪的儿童数量中
And in the last six months, we've had less places reinfected by polio than at any other time in history. 在过去六个月 脊髓灰质炎再感染地区的数量 也下降到历史以来最低
Ladies and gentlemen, with a combination of smart people, smart technology and smart investments, polio can now be eradicated anywhere. 女士们先生们,我们结合了 人类的智慧,先进的科技 创新的发明 使得脊髓灰质炎无处藏身
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合;
We have major challenges, you can imagine, to finish this job, but as you've also seen, it's doable , it has great secondary benefits, and polio eradication is a great buy. 我们面临巨大的挑战,如你所知 来完成这项事业 但你也看到了 它可能的 它能带来巨大的衍生利益 而根除脊髓灰质炎是一笔很棒的交易
doable:adj.可做的; secondary:adj.第二的;中等的;次要的;中级的;n.副手;代理人;
And as long as any child anywhere is paralyzed by this virus, it's a stark reminder that we are failing, as a society, to reach children with the most basic of services. 只要世界上还有儿童 因其瘫痪 就提醒着我们 整个社会就还未成功地给儿童 提供最基本的服务
as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然;
And for that reason, polio eradication: it's the ultimate in equity; and it's the ultimate in social justice . 因此,根除脊髓灰质炎 意味着最终的平等 和社会公正
ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则; justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判;
The huge social movement that's been involved in polio eradication is ready to do way more for these children. 这个巨大的社会活动群体 一直以来参与到根除脊髓灰质炎事业中 正准备为这些儿童贡献更多
It's ready to reach them with bed nets, with other things. 给他们提供蚊帐,以及其他
But capitalizing on their enthusiasm , capitalizing on their energy means finishing the job that they started 20 years ago. 而利用他们的热情 他们的能量 意味着完成 这项20年前开始的工作
capitalizing:资本化; enthusiasm:n.热心,热忱,热情;
Finishing polio is a smart thing to do, and it's the right thing to do. 根除脊髓灰质炎是一件明智的事 同时也是正确的
Now we're in tough times economically . 现在我们处在金融困难时期
economically:adv.经济地;在经济上;节俭地;
But as David Cameron of the United Kingdom said about a month ago when he was talking about polio, "There's never a wrong time to do the right thing." 但正如英国大卫·卡梅隆首相 一个月前谈到脊髓灰质炎时所说的 “做合适的事情 从来没有错误的时间”
United Kingdom:n.英国;
Finishing polio eradication is the right thing to do. 而根除脊髓灰质炎 就是这样无比正确一件事
And we are at a crossroads right now in this great effort over the last 20 years. 我们现在处在十字路口 经过20年来艰难的努力
crossroads:n.十字路口;交叉路口;聚会的中心地点(crossroad的复数形式);
We have a new vaccine, we have new resolve , and we have new tactics. 我们有了新的疫苗 我们有了新的解决方式 有了新的战术
resolve:vt.决定; vi.解决; n.坚决;
We have the chance to write an entirely new polio-free chapter in human history. 我们有机会 将告别脊髓灰质炎的新篇章 书写进人类历史
But if we blink now, we will lose forever the chance to eradicate an ancient disease. 但稍一恍惚 我们便可能永远失去 彻底根除这个古老疾病的机会
blink:vt.眨眼;使…闪烁;vi.眨眼;闪烁;n.眨眼;瞬间;闪光;
Here's a great idea to spread: 这就是我今天要传播的愿景
End polio now. 立即根除脊髓灰质炎
Help us tell the story. 请帮我们传播这个故事吧
Help us build the momentum . 帮我们筑造声势
momentum:n.势头;[物]动量;动力;冲力;
So that very soon every child, every parent everywhere can also take for granted a polio-free life forever. 那么很快 每一个孩子,每一个父母 不论在哪里 都能理所应当地 永远不再为脊髓灰质炎担忧
Thank you. 谢谢大家
(Applause) 掌声
Bill Gates: Well Bruce, where do you think the toughest places are going to be? 比尔·盖茨:布鲁斯,你认为最困难的地方在哪里
Where would you say we need to be the smartest? 我们需要在那些地方特别谨慎
BA: The four places where you saw, that we've never stopped -- northern Nigeria, northern India, the southern corner of Afghanistan and bordering areas of Pakistan -- they're going to be the toughest. 布鲁斯·艾尔沃德:就是你刚才看到的那四个地方,我们从未中止过疾病的区域 尼日尼亚北部,印度北部 阿富汗南角 和巴基斯坦交界处 这些区域是最困难的
But the interesting thing, of those three, 关于其中三个国家,有一点很有趣
India's looking real good, as you just saw in the data. 印度现在情况很好,正如刚才的数据显示
And Afghanistan, Afghanistan, we think has probably stopped polio repeatedly . 在阿富汗,我们 大概多次了中断了脊髓灰质炎感染
repeatedly:adv.反复地;再三地;屡次地;
It keeps getting reinfected. 但它又不断复发
So the tough ones: going to get the top of Nigeria finished and getting Pakistan finished. 因此最困难的是尼日尼亚北部 和巴基斯坦
They're going to be the tough ones. 它们是我们最难根除脊髓灰质炎的地区
BG: Now what about the money? 比尔·盖茨:资金方面呢？
Give us a sense of how much the campaign costs a year. 这场运动每年大概会耗费多少钱
And is it easy to raise that money? 资金的筹集容易吗？
And what's it going to be like the next couple of years? 接下来几年情况如何？
BA: It's interesting. 布鲁斯·艾尔沃德:这一点比较有趣
We spend right now about 750 million to 800 million dollars a year. 我们现在每年花费7.5 到8亿美元
That's what it costs to reach 500 million children. 这是帮助5亿儿童的花费
It sounds like a lot of money; it is a lot of money. 这数目听起来很大,的确,是花了很多钱
But when you're reaching 500 million children multiple times -- 20, 30 cents to reach a child -- that's not very much money. 但用这些钱,我们能给5亿儿童提供多次的帮助 每个儿童仅花费了20到 30美分 这其实是很少的数目
But right now we don't have enough of that. 而现在我们资金不够
We have a big gap in that money. We're cutting corners. 我们差的还很远。因此我们在减少开支
gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开;
And every time we cut corners , more places get infected that shouldn't have, and it just slows us down. 但每减少一次 就意味着更多本不该被感染的地区受到感染,同时减缓我们的进度
cut corners:抄近路;以简便方法做事;
And that great buy costs us a little bit more. 而这项伟大交易的成本又上涨了一些
BG: Well, hopefully we'll get the word out , and the governments will keep their generosity up. 比尔·盖茨:希望我们可以 让政府慷慨许诺,资助这项事业
get the word out:把消息传开去; generosity:n.慷慨,大方;宽宏大量;
So good luck. We're all in this with you. 祝好运,我们都支持你们
Thank you. (BA: Thank you.) 非常感谢（比尔·盖茨:谢谢你）
(Applause) 掌声