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BrittWray_2019S-_气候变迁如何影响心理健康_-
For all that's ever been said about climate change, we haven't heard nearly enough about the psychological impacts of living in a warming world. 在所有關於氣候變遷的言論中, 探討全球暖化衝擊我們 心理層面的少之又少。
psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的; impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用;
If you've heard the grim climate research that science communicators like me weave into our books and documentaries, you've probably felt bouts of fear, fatalism or hopelessness . 如果你看過我類的科學傳播者 在著述和紀錄片中探討的、 沉重無望的氣候研究, 你可能覺得命運多舛, 恐懼、絕望襲上心頭。
grim:adj.冷酷的;糟糕的;残忍的; communicators:n.交流者;通讯器(communicator的复数); weave:v.编,织;(用…)编成;编造(故事等);n.织法;编法;编织式样; bouts:n.发作;来回一次(bout的复数); fatalism:n.宿命论; hopelessness:n.绝望,无望;不抱希望;
If you've been impacted by climate disaster , these feelings can set in much deeper, leading to shock, trauma , strained relationships, substance abuse and the loss of personal identity and control. 如果你親身經歷過氣候災難, 這些感覺會更加深刻, 造成心理上的衝擊、創傷、 人際關係緊張、藥物濫用、 喪失自我認同及自我控制等問題。
impacted:adj.压紧的;结实的;嵌入的;(人口)稠密的;v.装紧;挤满(impact的过去分词); disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸; trauma:n.[外科]创伤(由心理创伤造成精神上的异常);外伤; strained:adj.紧张的; v.使紧张(动词strain的过去式和过去分词); substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式;
Vital political and technological work is underway to moderate our climate chaos , but I'm here to evoke a feeling in you for why we also need our actions and policies 各國政府及科學家已經開始 緩解氣候混亂的問題, 而在這裡,我想提醒各位, 我們也需要行動和策略,
Vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的; technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; underway:adj.进行中的;起步的;航行中的;n.[公路]水底通道; moderate:v.缓和; adj.适度的; n.持温和观点者(尤指政见); chaos:n.混沌,混乱; evoke:vt.引起,唤起;博得; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数)
to reflect an understanding of how our changing environments threaten our mental , social and spiritual well-being . 來因應已知的環境改變 對我們在精神、社會 和心靈福祉方面的威脅。
reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达; mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; spiritual:n.圣歌(尤指美国南部黑人的);adj.精神的,心灵的; well-being:n.幸福;康乐;
The anxiety , grief and depression of climate scientists and activists have been reported on for years. 氣候科學家及活動人士的 焦慮、悲傷、沮喪等等, 多年來一直有報導。
anxiety:n.焦虑;渴望;挂念;令人焦虑的事; grief:n.悲痛;忧伤;不幸; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁;
Trends we've seen after extreme weather events like hurricane Sandy or Katrina for increased PTSD and suicidality . 在桑迪和卡崔娜颶風 這類極端氣候事件過後, 創傷後壓力症候群和自殺傾向 有明顯上升的趨勢。
Trends:n.趋势;倾向;动态;动向;(trend的第三人称单数和复数) extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; hurricane:n.飓风,暴风; PTSD:abbr.创伤后精神紧张性精神障碍(post-traumaticstressdisorder); suicidality:自杀倾向;自杀行为;自杀想法与行为;
And there are rich mental-health data from northern communities where warming is the fastest, like the Inuit in Labrador , who face existential distress as they witness the ice, a big part of their identity, vanishing before their eyes. 在暖化速度最快的極區社群, 豐富的身心健康數據顯示: 拉布拉多省的因努伊特原住民 面臨絕望的存在痛苦, 因為他們一個重要的身份認同── 冰山──在眼前化為烏有。
mental-health:n.心理健康;心理卫生; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) Inuit:n.因纽特人(加拿大北部以及格陵兰和阿拉斯加部分地区的一个种族的人,有时误指西伯利亚及阿拉斯加南部和西部的人); Labrador:n.拉布拉多(加拿大东部一地区);一种纽芬兰猎犬; existential:adj.存在主义的;有关存在的;存在判断的; distress:n.危难,不幸;贫困;悲痛;v.使悲痛;使贫困; witness:n.证人;目击者;证据;v.目击;证明;为…作证; vanishing:adj.消没的;n.消失;v.消失(vanish的现在分词);
Now if that weren't enough, the American Psychological Association says that our psychological responses to climate change, like conflict avoidance , helplessness and resignation , are growing. 如果這還不夠, 美國心理學會表示, 我們對氣候變遷的心理反應, 像是逃避、無助及放棄的 心態,都在與日俱增。
Association:n.协会;关联;联想;交往; responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数) conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触; avoidance:n.逃避;废止;职位空缺; helplessness:n.无能为力;无可奈何状态; resignation:n.辞职;放弃;辞职书;顺从;
This means that our conscious and unconscious mental processes are holding us back from identifying the causes of the problem for what they are, working on solutions and fostering our own psychological resilience , but we need all those things to take on what we've created. 這意味著我們的有意識 及無意識的心理機制 阻礙我們尋找問題根源、 研擬對策、 更無法培養心理調適的韌性, 而這些正是我們面對問題時 所需要的應對方法。
unconscious:adj.无意识的;失去知觉的;未发觉的; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); identifying:n.识别,标识;标识关系;v.识别;(identify的现在分词) fostering:v.促进;助长;培养;鼓励;抚育;(foster的现在分词) resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力;
Lately, I've been studying a phenomenon that's just one example of the emotional hardships that we're seeing. 我最近在研究一種現象, 是目前我們所知的 各種情緒困境的其中之一。
phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; hardships:n.艰难(hardship复数形式);困苦;
And it comes in the form of a question that a significant amount of people in my generation are struggling to answer. 它反映在我這一代很多人 都很難回答的一個問題上,
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
That being: 那就是:
Should I have a child in the age of climate change? 在氣候變遷的年代,我該生小孩嗎？
After all, any child born today will have to live in a world where hurricanes , flooding, wildfires -- what we used to call natural disasters -- have become commonplace . 畢竟現在出生的孩子, 都必須活在一個颶風、水災 及森林大火── 以前我們稱之為天災── 現在卻司空見慣的環境裡。
hurricanes:n.[气象]飓风(hurricane的复数); wildfires:n.野火(wildfire复数);大火灾;鬼火;古时攻打敌船所用的燃料剂; disasters:n.灾难(disaster的复数); commonplace:n.老生常谈;司空见惯的事;普通的东西;adj.平凡的;陈腐的;
The hottest 20 years on record occurred within the last 22. 史上最熱的 20 年 全發生在過去 22 年間。
occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
The UN expects that two-thirds of the global population may face water shortages only six years from now. 聯合國預計,接下來的六年內, 全球三分之二的人口 可能面臨水資源短缺。
two-thirds:n.三分之二;三分之二的;三分之二地; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; shortages:n.不足,缺乏(shortage的复数形式);
The World Bank predicts that by 2050, there's going to be 140 million climate refugees in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South Asia. 世界銀行預測 2050 年前, 全球將有 1.4 億氣候難民, 在撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲大陸、 拉丁美洲及南亞地區。
World Bank:n.世界银行(向处于困境需要资助的成员国贷款的国际机构); predicts:vt.预报,预言;预知;vi.作出预言;作预料,作预报; refugees:n.避难者;逃亡者;难民;(refugee的复数) sub-Saharan:撒哈拉以南地区; Latin America:n.拉丁美洲(以西班牙语或葡萄牙语为主要语言的美洲地区);
And other estimates put that number at over one billion. 其他來源的預測則超過十億人口。
estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数)
Mass migrations and resource scarcity increase the risk for violence , war and political instability . 大規模移民和資源短缺, 提高了暴力、戰爭、 政局動盪等風險。
Mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; migrations:[动][地质]迁移; resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备); scarcity:n.不足;缺乏; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; instability:n.不稳定(性);基础薄弱;不安定;
The UN just reported that we are pushing up to a million species to extinction , many within decades, and our emissions are still increasing, even after the Paris Agreement. 聯合國最近報告,高達 百萬個物種將因人類而絕種, 許多在幾十年內就會消失, 即使《巴黎協定》簽署之後, 我們的碳排放量仍在增加。
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; extinction:n.绝种; emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数)
Over the last year and a half, 過去一年半的時間裡,
I've been conducting workshops and interviews with hundreds of people about parenting in the climate crisis . 我一直在舉辦研討會, 針對氣候危機中養育後代的議題 採訪了數百人。
conducting:v.组织;安排;实施;指挥;引导;导游(conduct的现在分词) workshops:n.工作坊,[工业]车间;研习会,讲习班(workshop的复数形式); interviews:n.面试; v.对(某人)进行面试(或面谈); crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
And I can tell you that people who are worried about having kids because of climate change are not motivated by an ascetic pride. 我可以告訴各位, 那些因為氣候變遷 而害怕生小孩的人, 他們的動機並非 出自禁慾主義的堅持,
motivated:adj.有动机的; v.使产生动机; ascetic:adj.苦行的;禁欲主义的;n.苦行者;禁欲者;
They're nerve-racked. 而是精神壓力大到不行。
There's even a movement called BirthStrike, whose members have declared they're not going to have kids because of the state of the ecological crisis and inaction from governments to address this existential threat. 甚至有一場名為「生育罷工」的運動, 參與者宣告他們不生小孩, 因為生態危機的現況, 以及各國政府坐視不顧 這個威脅人類存亡的問題。
ecological:adj.生态的,生态学的; inaction:n.不活动;迟钝;
And yes, other generations have also faced their own apocalyptic dangers, but that is no reason to disregard the very real threat to our survival now. 過去人類也面臨過 當時所謂的末日危機, 但我們不該因此而漠視 此刻這個關乎存亡的真實威脅。
apocalyptic:adj.启示录的;天启的; disregard:vt.忽视;不理;漠视;不顾;n.忽视;不尊重; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
Some feel that it's better to adopt children. 有些人主張生小孩不如收養
adopt:v.采取;接受;收养;正式通过;
Or that it's unethical to have more than one, especially three, four or more, because kids increase greenhouse gas emissions. 或認為生超過一個孩子是不道德的, 遑論生三四個或更多, 原因是孩子會增加溫室氣體排放。
unethical:adj.不道德的;缺乏职业道德的; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; greenhouse gas:n.温室气体(尤指二氧化碳);
Now, it is a really unfortunate state of affairs when people who want kids sacrifice their right to because, somehow , they have been told that their lifestyle choices are to blame when the fault is far more systemic , but let's just unpack the logic here. 現下很悲慘的狀況是 有些人愛小孩卻放棄生育的權利, 因為不知何故,他們選擇的 生活型態被指責是錯的, 但其實社會體系才是問題所在, 讓我們來解析一下這個邏輯。
sacrifice:n.牺牲;舍弃;祭献;祭祀;祭品;v.牺牲;献出;作祭献 somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; systemic:adj.系统的;全身的;体系的; unpack:vt.卸下…;解除…的负担;vi.打开包裹;
So an oft-cited study shows that, on average, having one less child in an industrialized nation can save about 59 tons of carbon dioxide per year. 有一個常被引用的研究顯示, 工業國家每少生一個小孩, 平均每年就可減少 59 噸的二氧化碳排放。
oft-cited:经常提到的; industrialized:adj.工业化的;v.使工业化;将…组成产业(industrialize的过去分词); carbon dioxide:二氧化碳;
While in comparison , living car-free saves nearly 2.5 tons, avoiding a transatlantic flight -- and this is just one -- saves about 1.5 tons, and eating a plant-based diet can save almost one ton per year. 相較之下, 無車族平均少了 2.5 噸排放, 少一趟跨大西洋飛行── 單趟,不是來回喔── 可以減少 1.5 噸排放, 蔬食飲食每年可減少近一噸排放。
comparison:n.比较;对比;相比; car-free:无车;无車;无车的; transatlantic:adj.大西洋彼岸的,横渡大西洋的;美国的;
And consider that a Bangladeshi child only adds 56 metric tons of carbon to their parents' carbon legacy over their lifetime, while an American child, in comparison, adds 9,441 to theirs. 再看看,在孟加拉出生的小孩, 一生只將父母的碳遺產 往上提高 56 噸而已, 相較之下,在美國出生的孩子 則是將其父母碳遺產增加 9441 噸。
metric:adj.米制的;公制的;按公制制作的;用公制测量的; legacy:n.遗赠,遗产;
So this is why some people argue that it's parents from nations with huge carbon footprints who should think the hardest about how many kids they have. 這就是為什麼有些人認為 在碳足跡巨大的國家, 想生育下一代的人要 嚴正考慮生育的數目。
footprints:n.脚印;足迹;空间量,面积;(通信卫星)覆盖区;(footprint的复数)
But the decision to have a child and one's feelings about the future are deeply personal, and wrapped up in all sorts of cultural norms , religious beliefs, socioeconomic status , education levels and more. 但決定生育與否以及對未來的感覺是絕對主觀的, 並與各種文化傳統、宗教信仰、 社會經濟地位、 教育水準等密切相關。
wrapped:adj.极高兴的;十分满意的;v.用…包裹;用…缠绕;(wrap的过去分词和过去式) cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; norms:n.[标准]标准,规范;基准(norm复数形式); religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑; socioeconomic:adj.社会经济学的; status:n.地位;状态;情形;重要身份;
And so to some, this debate about kids in the climate crisis can seem like it came from another planet. 因此,這場氣候危機 與生育孩子這場辯論, 對某些人來說,好像是 來自另一個星球的事。
debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑;
Many have more immediate threats to their survival to think about, like, how they're going to put food on the table, when they're a single mom working three jobs, or they're HIV positive or on the move in a migrant caravan . 因為許多人面臨著比這個 更迫切的生存威脅, 例如:為了養孩子 而做三份工作的單親媽媽、 愛滋病帶原者、 以篷車為家的難民們。 悲慘的是,氣候變遷 與很多其他問題重疊交集。
HIV:n.艾滋病病毒; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; on the move:在活动中,在进行中;四处奔波; migrant:n.候鸟;移居者;随季节迁移的民工;adj.移居的;流浪的; caravan:n.(可供居住的)拖车,大篷车; vi.乘拖车度假;
Tragically , though, climate change is really great at intersectionality . 悲慘的是,氣候變遷 與很多其他問題重疊交集。
Tragically:adv.悲剧地;悲惨地; intersectionality:交叉法;交错性;
It multiplies the stresses marginalized communities already face. 加劇了社會邊緣族群 所面臨的壓力。
multiplies:乘;繁殖; marginalized:使边缘化;忽略;排斥(marginalize的过去式和过去分词);
A political scientist once said to me that a leading indicator that climate change is starting to hit home, psychologically , would be an increase in the rate of informed women deciding to not have children. 一位政治學家曾對我說, 氣候變遷在心理層面 影響之大的主要指標 是越來越多有教育學養的女性 決定不生小孩。
political scientist:n.政治学家; indicator:n.指示器;[试剂]指示剂;[计]指示符;压力计; psychologically:adv.心理上地;心理学地; informed:adj.见多识广的; v.通知; (inform的过去分词和过去式)
Interesting. 有趣吧。
Is it hitting home with you, psychologically? 氣候變遷是否也已 對你的心理造成影響？
Are you perhaps someone with climate-linked pre-traumatic stress? 你是否也承受著 「氣候相關創傷前壓力 」？
A climate psychiatrist coined that term, and that's a profession now, by the way , shrinks for climate woes . 一個氣候精神病學家 創了這個新名詞, 這個新的「氣候精神病學」 有專治氣候悲傷的心理醫生。
psychiatrist:n.精神病学家,精神病医生; profession:n.行业,职业;业内人士;同行; by the way:顺便说一下; shrinks:v.缩水,收缩,缩小;n.精神病学家;心理学家;(shrink的第三人称单数和复数) woes:n.麻烦;问题;困难;痛苦;苦恼;悲伤;(woe的复数)
They're getting work at a time when some high schoolers don't want to apply to university any longer, because they can't foresee a future for themselves. 他們的工作來自於現下一些 高中畢業生不想去念大學, 因為他們看不見自己的未來。
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; foresee:vt.预见;预知;
And this brings me back to my main point. 這又回到我所說的重點,
The growing concern about having kids in the climate crisis is an urgent indicator of how hard-pressed people are feeling. 面臨氣候危機是否該生小孩 是一個緊迫的指標, 顯示出人們遭受到強大的心理壓力。
concern:v.涉及,关系到;使担心;n.关系;关心;关心的事; urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的; hard-pressed:adj.被紧紧催逼的;被紧迫追赶的;
Right now, students around the world are screaming for change in the piercing voice of despair . 現在世界各地的學生都在 絕望而尖銳地吶喊,要求改變。
piercing:adj.刺穿的; n.熔化穿孔; v.刺穿; despair:v.绝望;失去希望;丧失信心;n.绝望;
And the fact that we can see how we contribute to this problem that makes us feel unsafe is crazy-making in itself. 一旦清楚原來是我們的行為 促成了今日這個威脅, 那真的是讓人懷疑自己是否瘋了。
contribute to:有助于;捐献; unsafe:adj.不安全的;危险的;不安稳的;
Climate change is all-encompassing and so are the ways that it messes with our minds. 氣候變遷的影響無所不在, 它擾亂我們心理的方式也包羅萬象。
all-encompassing:包罗万象的; messes:v.弄糟;弄乱;妨碍(mess的第三人称单数);n.杂乱,脏乱(mess的名词复数);
Many activists will tell you that the best antidote to grief is activism . 許多環境運動人士說, 消除悲傷最好的解藥 就是加入他們的運動。
antidote:n.[药]解毒剂;解药;矫正方法; activism:n.行动主义;激进主义;
And some psychologists will tell you the answer can be found in therapy . 有些心理學家則說, 心理治療是解決之道。
psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); therapy:n.治疗,疗法;
Others believe the key is to imagine you're on your deathbed , reflecting back on what's mattered the most in your life, so you can identify what you should do more of now, with the time that you have left. 還有些人相信最好的方式是 想像自己死亡在即, 躺在床上回顧一生; 如此就能把握剩下的時間, 做更多該做的事。
deathbed:n.临终之时;临死所卧之床;adj.临终时作的; reflecting:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;显示,表明,表达;(reflect的现在分词)
We need all these ideas, and more, to take care of our innermost selves as the environments we've known become more punishing towards us. 我們需要更多類似這樣的想法, 來照顧內心深處的自我, 因為以往熟悉的環境氣候 只會越來越殘酷嚴峻。
innermost:adj.内心的;最里面的,最深处的;秘密的;
And whether you have children or not, we need to be honest about what is happening, and what we owe one another. 無論是否有下一代, 我們都需要誠實地面對 正在發生的事情, 以及對彼此有何虧欠。
owe:v.归功于;欠(债);欠(账);欠(情)
We cannot afford to treat the psychological impacts of climate change as some afterthought , because the other issues , of science, technology and the politics and economy , feel hard, while this somehow feels soft. 我們不能漠視氣候變遷 所造成的心理衝擊, 等到真的發生再處理, 就因為其他氣候變遷相關的 科技、政治、經濟等問題, 感覺都很嚴重,
afford:v.给予,提供;买得起; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; afterthought:n.事后的想法;后来添加的东西; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
Mental health needs to be an integral part of any climate change survival strategy , requiring funding , and ethics of equity and care, and widespread awareness . 心理健康是氣候變遷下 生存策略不可或缺的一環, 需要資金、公平和關懷的倫理規範, 以及大眾的廣泛認知。
integral:adj.积分的;完整的,整体的;必须的;n.积分;部分;完整; strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词) ethics:n.伦理学;伦理观;道德标准; equity:n.公平,公正;衡平法;普通股;抵押资产的净值; widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的; awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道;
Because even if you're the most emotionally avoidant person on the planet, there's no rug in the world that's big enough to sweep this up under. 就算你是這個星球上 最會規避心理影響的人, 世上也沒有那麼大的地毯 能蓋掉眼前的這些問題。
emotionally:adv.感情上;情绪上;令人激动地;情绪冲动地; avoidant:adj.回避反应的; rug:n.小地毯;垫子;(盖腿的)厚毯子;v.用厚毯包;
Thank you. 謝謝大家。
(Applause) （掌聲）