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BrianPavlac_HistoryoftheDevil_2020E-_恶魔简史_-
Satan , the beast crunching sinners’ bones in his subterranean lair . 撒旦,在地底牢笼中 咀嚼罪人骨头的恶兽。
Lucifer , the fallen angel raging against the established order. 路西法,反抗既有秩序的堕落天使。
Mephistopheles , the trickster striking deals with unsuspecting humans. 梅菲斯托费勒斯,和没有戒心的人类 签订契约的狡猾恶魔。
These three divergent devils are all based on Satan of the Old Testament , an angelic member of God’s court who torments Job in the Book of Job. 这三个恶魔看似完全不同, 但原型都是《旧约圣经》中的撒旦。 在〈约伯记〉中,撒旦是上帝统领的 天使之一,也是折磨约伯的人。
Satan:n.撒旦;魔鬼; crunching:v.(使)发出碎裂声;行进发出响声;(crunch的现在分词) subterranean:adj.地下的;秘密的;隐蔽的;n.地下工作者; lair:n.(野兽的)[动]巢穴; vi.进入兽穴; vt.使陷入泥潭; Lucifer:n.撒旦;金星; raging:adj.愤怒的,狂暴的;v.发怒,恼火(rage的现在分词); established:adj.已确立的;著名的;v.建立;创立;设立;(establish的过去分词和过去式) Mephistopheles:n.靡菲斯特(歌德所著《浮士德》中的魔鬼); trickster:n.骗子;魔术师; unsuspecting:adj.不怀疑的;未猜想到…的; divergent:adj.相异的,分歧的;散开的; devils:n.魔王;恶魔;调皮鬼(devil的复数) Old Testament:n.(圣经)《旧约》; angelic:adj.天使的;似天使的;天国的; torments:n.折磨,痛苦; v.使备受折磨; (torment的第三人称单数和复数)
But unlike any of these literary devils, the Satan of the Bible was a relatively minor character, with scant information about his deeds or appearance . 但和那三个在文学中登场的恶魔不同, [图书馆] 对撒旦的外表或行为的描述, 在圣经中只有只字片语, 是个相对无足轻重的小角色。
So how did he become the ultimate antagonist , with so many different forms? 那么撒旦是怎么变成超级反派, 还多了这么多分身？
In the New Testament , Satan saw a little more action: tempting Jesus , using demons to possess people, and finally appearing as a giant dragon who is cast into hell. 在《新约圣经》里, 撒旦做了更多事: 诱惑耶稣、唆使恶魔附身人类, 最后还以被打入地狱的巨龙形象出现。
literary:adj.文学的;书面的;精通文学的; Bible:n.有权威的书; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; minor:adj.未成年的; n.未成年人; vi.副修; scant:adj.不足的;缺乏的;勉强够的;vt.减少;节省;限制; deeds:n.行为;行动;(尤指房产)契约,证书;(deed的复数) appearance:n.外貌;外观;外表; ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则; antagonist:n.敌手;[解剖]对抗肌;[生化]拮抗物;反协同试剂; New Testament:n.(圣经)《新约》; tempting:adj.吸引人的;诱惑人的;v.引诱;(tempt的现在分词); Jesus:int.上帝啊:天哪:n.耶稣:耶稣基督: demons:n.恶魔;魔鬼;心魔;邪念;(demon的复数) possess:vt.控制;持有;迷住;具备; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 dragon:n.龙;悍妇;母夜叉;
This last image particularly inspired medieval artists and writers, who depicted a scaled , shaggy-furred creature with overgrown toenails . 撒旦的这个最终形象, 启发了中世纪的艺术家与文人, 让他们将恶魔塑造为长有鳞片、 厚重毛皮,以及脚趾甲过长的怪物。
In Michael Pacher’s painting of St. Augustine and the Devil, the devil appears as an upright lizard— with a second miniature face glinting on his rear and. 在迈克尔·帕赫的画作 《圣奥古斯丁与恶魔》中, 恶魔长得像一只直立的蜥蜴, 臀部还长着一个眼神闪烁的小脸。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) medieval:adj.中世纪的;原始的;仿中世纪的;老式的; depicted:vt.描述;描画; scaled:adj.有鳞的; v.刮去鳞片; creature:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人; overgrown:adj.蔓生的;生长过快的;v.生长过度(overgrow的过去分词); toenails:n.脚趾甲(toenail复数); upright:n.立柱;adj.直立的;挺直的;竖直的;垂直的;adv.竖立着;垂直着; miniature:adj.微型的,小规模的;n.缩图;微型画;微型图画绘画术;vt.是…的缩影; glinting:v.闪光;闪亮;流露出强烈情感;(glint的现在分词) rear:adj.后方的;后面的;n.后部;屁股;臀部;v.抚养;培养;饲养;用后腿直立;
The epitome of these monster Satans 义大利诗人但丁?阿利格耶里, 在《神曲Ⅰ:地狱篇》中
Encased in the ninth circle of hell, 但丁的撒旦是一头巨兽, 有着三颗头与蝙蝠翅膀,
Dante’s Satan is a three-headed, bat-winged behemoth who feasts on sinners . 被囚禁在第九层的地狱里, 以罪人为食。
But he’s also an object of pity: powerless as the panicked beating of his wings only encases him further in ice. 但他也是个让人怜悯的角色: 他惊慌失措、无力地拍打翅膀, 却只让自己更加深陷冰窟。
epitome:n.缩影;摘要;象征; monster:n.怪物;恶魔;庞然大物;adj.巨大的; Satans:n.撒旦;魔鬼; Encased:adj.包装的;被包住的;v.盖住;包起;装箱(encase的过去分词); behemoth:n.巨兽;河马;adj.巨大的;高大的; feasts:vt.享受;款待,宴请;n.筵席,宴会;节日;vi.享受;参加宴会; sinners:n.罪人(sinner的复数); panicked:v.(使)惊慌,惊慌失措;(panic的过去分词和过去式) encases:v.把…装箱;把…包在…内;(encase的第三人称单数)
The poem’s protagonist escapes from hell by clambering over Satan’s body, and feels both disgust and sympathy for the trapped beast— prompting the reader to consider the pain of doing evil. 《神曲》的主角手脚并用, 爬过撒旦的身体,逃出地狱, 虽因这受束缚的野兽感到恶心, 但也对他同情不已。 这也鼓励读者思考 做坏事带来的痛苦。
By the Renaissance , the devil started to assume a more human form. 在文艺复兴期间, 恶魔的形象开始变得更像人类。
Artists painted him as a man with cloven hooves and curling horns inspired by Pan, the Greek god of the wild. 艺术家将恶魔画成人型, 但加上偶蹄与卷曲的角, 其灵感来自于希腊的牧神——潘。
protagonist:n.主角,主演;主要人物,领导者; clambering:vi.攀登,爬上;vt.爬,攀登;n.攀登,爬上; disgust:n.厌恶;反感;憎恶;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感; sympathy:n.同情;慰问;赞同; trapped:adj.受困的;受限制的;v.使落入险境;使陷入困境;(trap的过去分词和过去式) prompting:n.劝说;催促;督促;v.促使;导致;鼓励,提醒;(prompt的现在分词) Renaissance:n.文艺复兴(欧洲14至17世纪); assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现; cloven:adj.劈开的,分裂的;偶蹄的;v.劈开(cleave的过去分词); hooves:n.蹄(hoof的复数);蹄脚;v.用蹄踢;步行(hoof的三单形式); curling:n.冰壶,冰上溜石游戏;v.卷;(使)拳曲,鬈曲;(使)成拳曲状;(curl的现在分词) horns:n.喇叭; v.截锯…的角;
In his 1667 masterpiece “Paradise Lost,” 英国诗人约翰?弥尔顿
English poet John Milton depicted the devil as Lucifer, an angel who started a rebellion on the grounds that God is too powerful. 在他 1667 年的 长诗名作《失乐园》中, 路西法本来是个天使, 却因为上帝的绝对力量而号召反抗。
Kicked out of heaven, this charismatic rebel becomes Satan, and declares that he’d rather rule in hell than serve in heaven. 被逐出天堂后,这充满魅力的 叛逆者成了撒旦, 并表明自己宁愿统治地狱, 也不愿留在天堂服侍上帝。
masterpiece:n.杰作;名著;代表作 rebellion:n.谋反;叛乱;反叛;反抗;叛逆; charismatic:adj.超凡魅力的;神赐能力的;
Milton’s take inspired numerous depictions of Lucifer as an ambiguous figure, rather than a purely evil one. 弥尔顿的版本影响了 后世对路西法的描绘: 他并非纯然邪恶,而是有多面的性格。
Milton’s Lucifer later became an iconic character for the Romantics of the 1800s, who saw him as a hero who defied higher power in pursuit of essential truths, with tragic consequences . 之后,弥尔顿的路西法成为十九世纪 浪漫主义者眼中的代表性人物—— 为了追求真相的本质, 不惜反抗更高权威, 却走上悲剧末路的英雄。
numerous:adj.许多的,很多的; depictions:n.描绘;描画;描写;(depiction的复数) ambiguous:adj.模糊不清的;引起歧义的; purely:adv.完全;仅仅; iconic:adj.图标的,形象的; Romantics:浪漫; defied:adj.受蔑视的;遭违抗的;v.违抗(defy的过去式); in pursuit of:寻求,追求; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
Meanwhile , in the German legend of Doctor Faust , which dates to the 16th century, we get a look at what happens when the devil comes to Earth. 同时,从可追溯到十六世纪的 德国浮士德博士传说中, 我们可以一窥恶魔 降临人世时会发生甚么事。
Faust, a dissatisfied scholar , pledges his soul to the devil in exchange for bottomless pleasure. 浮士德是个对生活不满意的学者, 发誓将灵魂卖给恶魔, 为的是换来无尽的欢愉。
With the help of the devil’s messenger Mephistopheles, 在恶魔信使梅菲斯特的幫助下,
Meanwhile:adv.同时,其间;n.其间,其时; legend:n.传奇;说明;图例;刻印文字; Faust:n.浮士德(歌德同名悲剧著作的主人公); dissatisfied:adj.不满意的; v.使不满(dissatisfy的过去式和过去分词); scholar:n.学者;奖学金获得者;聪颖勤奋的学生; pledges:n.保证,誓言;抵押;抵押品,典当物;vt.保证,许诺;用…抵押;举杯祝…健康; in exchange for:作为…的交换; bottomless:adj.无底的;深不可测的;难解的;取之不尽的; messenger:n.报信者,送信者;先驱;
Faust quickly seizes women, power, and money— only to fall into the eternal fires of hell. 浮士德很快地得到 女人、权力与财富, 却堕入地狱,被永世火焰焚烧。
Later versions of the story show Mephistopheles in different lights. 其后的不同版本也以不一样的方式 刻画梅菲斯托费勒斯。
In Christopher Marlowe's account, a cynical Doctor Faustus is happy to strike a deal with Mephistopheles. 在克里斯托弗·马罗的剧作中, 愤世嫉俗的浮士德博士, 和梅菲斯托费勒斯交易时相当高兴。
eternal:adj.永恒的;不朽的; cynical:adj.愤世嫉俗的;冷嘲的;
In Johann Wolfgang van Goethe’s version, 在约翰·沃夫冈·冯·歌德的版本里,
Mephistopheles tricks Faust into a grisly deal. 梅菲斯托费勒斯诓骗浮士德, 让他签署可怕的交易。
Today, a Faustian bargain refers to a trade that sacrifices integrity for short-term gains. 今天,我们将为获得短期利益 而出卖道德正直的行为, 称为「浮士德式交易」。
van:n.厢式货车;客货车;v.选矿;用车搬运; grisly:adj.可怕的;厉害的;严重的; bargain:n.交易;便宜货;契约;v.讨价还价;议价;(谈价钱后)卖; refers:v.谈及;提到;提及;涉及;描述;(refer的第三人称单数) sacrifices:n.牺牲,损失; v.牺牲,损失(sacrifice的单三形式); integrity:n.完整;正直;诚实;廉正; short-term:adj.短期的;
In stagings of Goethe’s play, 哥德的剧作搬上舞台时,
Mephistopheles appeared in red tights and cape . 梅菲斯托费勒斯 穿着红紧身裤与红斗篷登场。
This version of the devil was often played as a charming trickster— one that eventually paraded through comic books, advertising , and film in his red suit. 在这个版本里的恶魔, 通常都以充满魅力的狡诈者之姿登场, 后来在漫画世界、广告 和电影中最常见的 也是这个身穿红袍的恶魔。
stagings:n.上演; v.表演; tights:n.紧身衣;贴身衬衣; cape:n.披肩;披风;短斗篷;地角; charming:adj.令人着迷的;吸引人的;v.吸引;迷住;控制,保护;(charm的现在分词) eventually:adv.最后,终于; paraded:v.游行;游行庆祝;游行示威;展览;展示;(parade的过去分词和过去式) advertising:n.做广告;广告业;广告活动;v.做广告;(advertise的现在分词)
These three takes on the devil are just the tip of the iceberg : the devil continues to stalk the public imagination to this day , tempting artists of all kinds to render him according to new and fantastical visions . 这三种不同的描写 不过是恶魔多种面貌中的冰山一角, 直到今天,恶魔仍不断激发 大众的无尽想像, 诱惑着所有类型的艺术家 根据新潮或奇幻的版本重新塑造他。
tip of the iceberg:冰山一角;事物的表面部分; stalk:n.(植物的)茎,秆;梗,柄;追踪;高视阔步;v.追踪,潜近; imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物; to this day:至今; render:v.提供;给予;提交;翻译;n.粉刷;[建](墙壁的)初涂;抹灰;精制油; according to:根据,据说; fantastical:adj.空想的;捕风捉影的; visions:n.愿景; v.想像;