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BrianGoldman_2011X-_医生们会犯错误，我们能否谈论他们所犯过的错误呢_
I think we have to do something about a piece of the culture of medicine that has to change. 我觉得在当今的医学文化中, 有一部份文化必须要开始改变,
And I think it starts with one physician , and that's me. 而这个改变可以从一个医生开始,那就是我。
physician:n.[医]医师;内科医师;
And maybe I've been around long enough that I can afford to give away some of my false prestige to be able to do that. 或许是因为我已经行医多年, 我可以承受放弃一些虚无的名利 来开始这样的改变。
afford:v.给予,提供;买得起; prestige:n.威望,声望;声誉;
Before I actually begin the meat of my talk, let's begin with a bit of baseball. 在进入主题之前, 让我们先谈谈棒球吧。
Hey, why not? 为什么不呢？
We're near the end, we're getting close to the World Series . 常规赛季就快结束,世界职业棒球大赛即将开始。
World Series:n.世界系列赛(美国棒球联盟和全国棒球联盟优胜者之间的年度比赛);
We all love baseball, don't we? 我们都喜爱棒球,不是吗？
(Laughter) （笑声）
Baseball is filled with some amazing statistics . 棒球的世界中充斥着百千个
statistics:n.统计数字;统计资料;统计学;(statistic的复数)
And there's hundreds of them. 让人咋舌的统计数据。
'"Moneyball" is about to come out, and it's all about statistics and using statistics to build a great baseball team. 即将上映的电影 “点球成金”,便是完全关于统计数据, 以及如何在这些数据的基础上建造一个伟大的球队。
is about to:眼看就要;即将;正要;行将;
I'm going to focus on one stat that I hope a lot of you have heard of. 我想讲一个 我希望大家都听说过的数据,
It's called batting average. 叫做击球率。
So we talk about a 300, a batter who bats 300. 当我们说一名挥棒球员的击球率为三成的时候,
batter:n.击球手;面糊(煎料);面糊(用于做糕饼);击球员;v.连续猛击;殴打;
That means that ballplayer batted safely, hit safely three times out of 10 at bats. 我们是指这位球员的打击非常稳定, 每十次种就会有三次安打。
ballplayer:n.棒球手;参加球赛的人(尤指棒球);
That means hit the ball into the outfield , it dropped, it didn't get caught, and whoever tried to throw it to first base didn't get there in time and the runner was safe. 安打意味着球会被击中并被打入外野, 而且并不会被立刻接杀, 球也不会在跑者成功上到一垒之前 被及时的传回。
outfield:n.外场;边境;偏远的田园; whoever:任何人:无论是谁: first base:n.一垒;
Three times out of 10. 十次中有三次安打。
Do you know what they call a 300 hitter in Major League Baseball? 各位知道棒球大联盟如何评论 这些击球率上了三成的球员吗？
hitter:n.击球手;要员;大亨; Major League:adj.第一流的;职业体育总会的;
Good, really good, maybe an all-star . 很棒,非常棒, 明星球员一般的棒。
all-star:adj.全明星的;n.明星运动员;
Do you know what they call a 400 baseball hitter? 各位知道他们又是如何称呼一位 击球率有着四成,
That's somebody who hit, by the way , four times safely out of every 10. 也就是每十次打击 就会打出四个安打的球员吗？
by the way:顺便说一下;
Legendary -- as in Ted Williams legendary -- the last Major League Baseball player to hit over 400 during a regular season. 是传奇 -- 像 泰德. 威廉斯那样的传奇。 他是棒球大联盟里最后一个在常规赛中 拥有超过四成击球率的球员。
Legendary:adj.传说的,传奇的;n.传说集;圣徒传;
Now let's take this back into my world of medicine where I'm a lot more comfortable, or perhaps a bit less comfortable after what I'm going to talk to you about. 现在让我们回到我的世界 - 医疗领域。 这个领域我比较熟悉, 但我接下来要说的 却让我有些困扰。
Suppose you have appendicitis and you're referred to a surgeon who's batting 400 on appendectomies . 假设你得了阑尾炎, 然后你被推荐给了一位 在阑尾移除手术中有着四成“击球率”的外科医生。
Suppose:v.推断:假定:假设:设想: appendicitis:n.[医]阑尾炎;盲肠炎; referred:v.提到;引用;认为;指示;涉及;(refer的过去式和过去分词) surgeon:n.外科医生; appendectomies:n.[外科]阑尾切除术;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Somehow this isn't working out, is it? 这听起来怪怪的,对吧？
Somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地;
Now suppose you live in a certain part of a certain remote place and you have a loved one who has blockages in two coronary arteries and your family doctor refers that loved one to a cardiologist who's batting 200 on angioplasties. 又假设你住在 某一个较为偏远的地区, 而你所爱的人的 两条冠状动脉都被堵塞。 你的家庭医生将她推荐给了一位在血管成形手术上 有着两成“击球率”的心脏科医师。
remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; blockages:n.阻塞物;堵塞;阻塞;(blockage的复数) coronary:adj.冠的;冠状的;花冠的; arteries:n.[解剖]动脉(artery的复数);v.给…提供动脉(artery的单数第三人称); family doctor:na.家庭特约医师; refers:v.谈及;提到;提及;涉及;描述;(refer的第三人称单数) cardiologist:n.心脏病学家;心脏病科医师;
But, but, you know what? 但是,等等,你知道吗？
She's doing a lot better this year. She's on the comeback trail . 她今年的表现有着很大的提高,她的水准也在恢复。
comeback:n.恢复;复原; trail:v.(被)拖,拉;疲惫地走,磨蹭;落后,失败;n.痕迹;踪迹;小路;路线;
And she's hitting a 257. 她的“击球率”达到了两成五。
Somehow this isn't working. 但是这样还是不能被接受。
But I'm going to ask you a question. 而我现在想问各位一个问题。
What do you think a batting average for a cardiac surgeon or a nurse practitioner or an orthopedic surgeon, an OBGYN, a paramedic is supposed to be? 你们认为, 一位心脏外科医生,或一位职业护理师, 一位骨科外科医生 妇产科医生或急救人员的 “击球率” 应该是多少？
cardiac:n.强心剂;强胃剂;adj.心脏的;心脏病的;贲门的; nurse practitioner:n.执业护理师; orthopedic:adj.整形外科的(等于orthopaedic); paramedic:n.护理人员;伞兵军医;伞降医务人员; supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
1,000, very good. 十成？非常好。
Now truth of the matter is, nobody knows in all of medicine what a good surgeon or physician or paramedic is supposed to bat. 事实上, 医学界中没有人知道 一个好的外科医生, 医师或急救人员 应该有多少的 “击球率”。
What we do though is we send each one of them, including myself, out into the world with the admonition , be perfect. 我们将他们每个人,包括我自己, 送上职业岗位后 便告诫他们以完美来要求自己 --
admonition:n.警告;
Never ever, ever make a mistake, but you worry about the details, about how that's going to happen. 绝对,绝对不能作出错误的诊断 -- 但我们让他们自己考虑细节,考虑如何达到这样的标准。
And that was the message that I absorbed when I was in med school. 这就是我在医学院时 得到的信息。
absorbed:adj.被…吸引住; v.吸收(液体、气体等); (absorb的过去分词和过去式)
I was an obsessive compulsive student. 我是一个有着强迫症倾向的学生。
obsessive:adj.强迫性的;着迷的;分神的; compulsive:adj.强制的;强迫的;
In high school, a classmate once said that Brian Goldman would study for a blood test . 在中学时,有个同学曾经说 布莱恩.高德曼会为了血液测验复习。
blood test:n.验血;vi.作血液检查;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And so I did. 而我的确这么做了。
And I studied in my little garret at the nurses' residence at Toronto General Hospital, not far from here. 我在离这不远处的多伦多总医院中, 护士住宅里的一个小阁楼中 完成了我的学业。
garret:n.阁楼;顶楼; residence:n.住宅,住处;居住; Toronto:n.多伦多(加拿大城市);
And I memorized everything. 我背下了所有东西。
memorized:v.记忆;记住(memorize的过去分词和过去式)
I memorized in my anatomy class the origins and exertions of every muscle , every branch of every artery that came off the aorta , differential diagnoses obscure and common. 我背下了解剖课中 提到的每一块肌肉的起端和伸展方式, 每一条从主动脉延伸出来的动脉的分支系统, 以及一切鲜为人知的或者常见的鉴别诊断。
anatomy:n.解剖;解剖学;剖析;解析; origins:n.起源; (origin的复数) exertions:n.努力;费力;行使;运用;施加;(exertion的复数) muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出; artery:n.动脉;干道;主流; aorta:n.[解剖]主动脉; differential:adj.微分的;差别的;特异的;n.微分;差别; diagnoses:n.诊断;调查分析;评价(diagnosis的复数形式); obscure:n.朦胧; adj.无名的; v.使模糊;
I even knew the differential diagnosis in how to classify renal tubular acidosis . 我甚至知道如何鉴别诊断 不同的肾小管性酸中毒症。
diagnosis:n.诊断; classify:vt.分类;分等; renal:adj.[解剖]肾脏的,[解剖]肾的; tubular:adj.管状的; acidosis:n.[内科]酸中毒,酸毒症;酸液过多症;
And all the while, 在这段时间中,
I was amassing more and more knowledge. 我积累了越来越多的知识。
amassing:v.(尤指大量)积累,积聚;(amass的现在分词)
And I did well, I graduated with honors, cum laude . 我的表现很好, 并以优等的成绩毕业。
cum laude:adv.(美国)以优异成绩(三等优异成绩的第三等);
And I came out of medical school with the impression that if I memorized everything and knew everything, or as much as possible, as close to everything as possible, that it would immunize me against making mistakes. 当我从医学院出来时, 我觉得 我只要记下和明白了所有的东西 – 或者稍退一步 – 将近所有的东西, 那我犯医疗错误的几率就会微乎其微。
impression:n.印象;影响;效果;感想; immunize:vt.使免疫;赋予免疫性;
And it worked for a while , until I met Mrs. Drucker. 而我在一段时间之内 的确没有犯错。 直到我遇到了 Drucker 女士。
for a while:adv.片刻;暂时;一会儿;一时;
I was a resident at a teaching hospital here in Toronto when Mrs. Drucker was brought to the emergency department of the hospital where I was working. Drucker 女士被带入多伦多的 一家教学医院的急诊室时, 我正作为一个实习医生在那里工作。
resident:adj.居住的;住院医师;定居的;n.居民; emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的;
At the time I was assigned to the cardiology service on a cardiology rotation . 当时我正因心脏科轮调 而被指派在心血管诊所。
assigned:v.分配(某物);分派;指定;委派;(assign的过去分词和过去式) cardiology:n.[内科]心脏病学; rotation:n.旋转;循环,轮流;
And it was my job, when the emergency staff called for a cardiology consult , to see that patient in emerg. 我的工作是, 当紧急救护人员需要有关于心脏的专业会诊时, 在急症室诊断病人,
consult:v.咨询;请教;商量;查阅;查询;参看; patient:adj.有耐心的,能容忍的;n.病人;患者;
and to report back to my attending. 并在之后向负责我的主治医生汇报。
And I saw Mrs. Drucker, and she was breathless . 当我见到Drucker女士的时候,她的气息已经很微弱。
breathless:adj.喘不过气来的;停止呼吸的;
And when I listened to her, she was making a wheezy sound. 在我与她交谈时,我听到她的呼吸有喘息的声音。
wheezy:adj.气喘的;老生常谈的;
And when I listened to her chest with a stethoscope , 当我用听诊器聆听她的胸腔时,
stethoscope:vt.用听诊器诊断;n.[临床]听诊器;
I could hear crackly sounds on both sides that told me that she was in congestive heart failure . 两边都传来的爆裂的声音告诉我, 这是郁血性心脏衰竭。
crackly:adj.容易破裂的; congestive:adj.充血的,充血性的; heart failure:n.心力衰竭;
This is a condition in which the heart fails, and instead of being able to pump all the blood forward, some of the blood backs up into the lung, the lungs fill up with blood, and that's why you have shortness of breath. 这是由于心脏在衰竭后 无法将所有的血液完全的输送出去 而导致部分血液回流入肺脏。肺脏里充满了血液 而造成呼吸短促。
pump:n.抽水机;泵;打气筒;v.用泵输送;涌出;奔流;快速摇动; shortness:n.不足;简略;
And that wasn't a difficult diagnosis to make. 这不是一个困难的诊断。
I made it and I set to work treating her. 作出诊断后我开始着手帮她治疗。
treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词)
I gave her aspirin . I gave her medications to relieve the strain on her heart. 我开给了她阿司匹林,并给了她一些可以减轻她心脏负担的药物。
aspirin:n.阿司匹林(解热镇痛药); medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数) relieve:v.减轻;缓解;缓和;接替; strain:n.压力;品系;应力;张力;v.扭伤;拉紧;滤;损伤;
I gave her medications that we call diuretics , water pills , to get her to pee out the access fluid . 我还给了她一些利尿剂,俗称水丸, 帮助她将体内多余的水分排出。
diuretics:n.[药]利尿剂; pills:n.药丸; v.起球; (pill的第三人称单数和复数) pee:n.小便;撒尿;v.撒尿; fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体;
And over the course of the next hour and a half or two, she started to feel better. 在接下来的一两个小时里, 她开始觉得好转,
And I felt really good. 我也感到高兴。
And that's when I made my first mistake; 而就在此时我犯了第一个错误:
I sent her home. 我让她回了家。
Actually, I made two more mistakes. 正确的来说,我还犯了两个错误。
I sent her home without speaking to my attending. 我在和我的主治汇报之前 便让她回了家。
I didn't pick up the phone and do what I was supposed to do, which was call my attending and run the story by him so he would have a chance to see her for himself. 我没有做我照着我应该做的, 拿起电话打给我的主治并让他看一下这个案例, 给他一个亲自见见这名病患的机会。
And he knew her, he would have been able to furnish additional information about her. 我的主治认识她, 因此可以提供更详细的病历资料。
furnish:vt.提供;供应;装备; additional:adj.附加的,额外的;
Maybe I did it for a good reason. 或许我有这么做的理由。
Maybe I didn't want to be a high-maintenance resident. 或许我并不想做一个需要经常地指导的实习医生。
high-maintenance:高维护;难伺候;
Maybe I wanted to be so successful and so able to take responsibility that I would do so and I would be able to take care of my attending's patients without even having to contact him. 也许我太想 可以独当一面, 可以不需要 和我的主治沟通 便照顾好他的病患。
patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
The second mistake that I made was worse. 而我犯的第二个错误更加严重。
In sending her home, 在让她回家时,
I disregarded a little voice deep down inside that was trying to tell me, "Goldman, not a good idea. Don't do this." 我忽视了我内心一个微小的声音。 这个声音试图告诉我: “高德曼,这样不好,不要这么做。”
disregarded:不顾,不理会,无视(disregard的过去式和过去分词);
In fact, so lacking in confidence was I that I actually asked the nurse who was looking after Mrs. Drucker, "Do you think it's okay if she goes home?" 其实,当时的我是如此的没有自信, 以至于我甚至向照顾Drucker女士 的护士寻求了意见: “你觉得让她回家好么？”
in confidence:秘密地;
And the nurse thought about it and said very matter-of-factly, "Yeah, I think she'll do okay." 那位护士想了想, 然后就事论事的说:“嗯,我觉得没有问题。”
I can remember that like it was yesterday. 这一切对我来说,都还像是发生在了昨天。
So I signed the discharge papers, and an ambulance came, paramedics came to take her home. 我在出院单上签了名, 一辆救护车来后急救人员将她送回了家。
discharge:v.履行;释放;排出;流出;n.出院;执行;退伍;排出(物); ambulance:n.救护车; paramedics:n.护理人员;医务辅助人员;(paramedic的复数)
And I went back to my work on the wards . 之后我回到了我在诊所的工作。
wards:n.[医]病房(ward的复数); v.守卫;
All the rest of that day, that afternoon, 在接下来的一天中, 那天下午,
All the rest:其他所有相关信息;
I had this kind of gnawing feeling inside my stomach. 我的肠胃有着一种翻滚的感觉。
gnawing:adj.令人痛苦的;折磨人的;n.咬;不断的苦痛;v.咬;侵蚀;(gnaw的现在分词)
But I carried on with my work. 但我还是照常的继续工作。
And at the end of the day, I packed up to leave the hospital and walked to the parking lot to take my car and drive home when I did something that I don't usually do. 在工作结束后,我整理了下便离开了医院。 在我走向停车场 去取我的车的路程中, 我做了一件我平常不会做的事情。
parking lot:n.停车场;
I walked through the emergency department on my way home. 我从急诊室借了道。
And it was there that another nurse, not the nurse who was looking after Mrs. Drucker before, but another nurse, said three words to me that are the three words that most emergency physicians I know dread . 而就在那里,另外一位护士, 不是之前照顾Drucker女士的那位, 对我说了 绝大部分急诊医生 都害怕听到的三个字。
physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数); dread:n.恐惧;可怕的人(或物);vi.惧怕;担心;vt.惧怕;担心;adj.可怕的;
Others in medicine dread them as well, but there's something particular about emergency medicine because we see patients so fleetingly . 其他科系的医生也害怕这三个字, 但因为急诊医生看的病人都来去匆匆, 这三个字对我们有着特别的意义。
fleetingly:adv.疾驰地;飞快地;短暂地;
The three words are: 这三个字是:
Do you remember? 记得吗？
'"Do you remember that patient you sent home?" “记得吗？你送回家的那个患者？”
the other nurse asked matter-of-factly. 那位护士就事论事的问道。
'"Well she's back," “她又回来了。”
in just that tone of voice. 她就用了这样平常的语调。
tone:n.语气:风格:特色:声音信号:v.使更结实:与…协调:
Well she was back all right. 她的确回来了。
She was back and near death. 回来时已经濒临死亡。
About an hour after she had arrived home, after I'd sent her home, she collapsed and her family called 911 and the paramedics brought her back to the emergency department where she had a blood pressure of 50, which is in severe shock. 在我让她回家后 大约一个小时后, 她昏倒在了地上,她的家人打了911, 急救人员将她重新带回了急诊室。 此时的她已严重休克, 血压只有 50。
collapsed:v.倒塌,坍塌;倒下,昏倒;坐下;(collapse的过去分词和过去式) blood pressure:n.[医]血压; severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的;
And she was barely breathing and she was blue. 她的呼吸极其微弱,面色发青。
barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地;
And the emerg. staff pulled out all the stops. 急救人员们使出了浑身解数。
They gave her medications to raise her blood pressure. 他们给了她提升血压的药物,
They put her on a ventilator . 并将她连接上了人工呼吸器。
ventilator:n.通风设备;换气扇;[医]呼吸机;
And I was shocked and shaken to the core . 我震惊不已, 吓得不得了。
to the core:到心;彻底;彻底地;透顶的;
And I went through this roller coaster , because after they stabilized her, she went to the intensive care unit, and I hoped against hope that she would recover. 之后我的心情便像是做着云霄飞车一般。 因为当他们将她的情况稳定下来后 便将她送进了加护病房。 我在绝望中希望她能够醒过来。
roller coaster:过山车; stabilized:adj.稳定的;减摇的;v.稳定(stabilize的过去分词); intensive care:n.(医院里的)特别护理病房;重症监护;
And over the next two or three days, it was clear that she was never going to wake up. 但在接下来的两三天中, 她再也不会醒来的可能性越来越大。
She had irreversible brain damage . 她的脑部已经受到了无法逆转的损伤。
irreversible:adj.不可逆的;不能取消的;不能翻转的; brain damage:n.(疾病、事故导致的)脑损伤;
And the family gathered. 她的家人聚在了一起。
And over the course of the next eight or nine days, they resigned themselves to what was happening. 在接下来的八到九天里, 他们慢慢的接受了这件事实。
resigned:adj.逆来顺受的;顺从的;v.辞职;辞去(某职务);(resign的过去分词和过去式)
And at about the nine day mark, they let her go -- 在第九天,他们选择让她离开人间 --
Mrs. Drucker, a wife, a mother and a grandmother. Drucker女士, 一个家庭的妻子,母亲, 和祖母。
They say you never forget the names of those who die. 有人说你永远不会忘记那些 (因你的疏忽而过世的）人的名字,
And that was my first time to be acquainted with that. 而那是我第一次意识到这句话的现实。
acquainted:adj.熟悉的;了解;相识;v.使熟悉;使了解;(acquaint的过去式和过去分词)
Over the next few weeks, 在接下来的几个星期内,
I beat myself up and I experienced for the first time the unhealthy shame that exists in our culture of medicine -- where I felt alone, isolated , not feeling the healthy kind of shame that you feel, because you can't talk about it with your colleagues . 我无比的沮丧, 并第一次经历了 那种在医学文化中存在的 危险的羞愧感 -- 我觉得孤单无助。 这不是那种健康的羞愧感, 因为你不能和你的同事提起讨论它。
unhealthy:不健康的 isolated:adj.偏远的; v.隔离,孤立,脱离; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
You know that healthy kind, when you betray a secret that a best friend made you promise never to reveal and then you get busted and then your best friend confronts you and you have terrible discussions, – 就是那种, 当你背叛了对挚友的承诺而说出了答应要保守的秘密, 并被他知道了以后, 你的挚友找你算账时, 虽然你们会争执不休,
betray:v.出卖;泄露(机密);辜负; reveal:v.显示;透露;揭露;泄露;n.揭露;暴露;门侧,窗侧; busted:adj.被当场逮住;v.打破;突击搜查;(使)降级;(bust的过去分词和过去式) confronts:v.使…无法回避;降临于;处理;面对;对抗;(confront的第三人称单数)
but at the end of it all that sick feeling guides you and you say, I'll never make that mistake again. 但最后那层罪恶感仍然会主导你说, 我绝对不会再犯同样的错误。
And you make amends and you never make that mistake again. 如是,你做了修正的承诺,然后你永不会再犯那样的错。
amends:v.修正;修订(法律文件、声明等);(amend的第三人称单数)
That's the kind of shame that is a teacher. 这种羞愧有着教导的作用。
The unhealthy shame I'm talking about is the one that makes you so sick inside. 而我所说的那种非良性的羞愧 会让你愧对于心。
It's the one that says, not that what you did was bad, but that you are bad. 它会对你说, 并非你做的是错的, 而是你根本就是坏人。
And it was what I was feeling. 这便是我当时的感觉。
And it wasn't because of my attending; he was a doll. 而这也不是因为我的主治;他人非常好。
He talked to the family, and I'm quite sure that he smoothed things over and made sure that I didn't get sued . 他和那家人好好的谈过。我确定他为了确保 我没有被控告而替我打了圆场。
sued:v.控告;提起诉讼;提出请求;(sue的过去分词和过去式)
And I kept asking myself these questions. 但我仍然不断问我自己这些问题:
Why didn't I ask my attending? Why did I send her home? 为什么当时我没有联系我的主治？为什么我当时会让她回家？
And then at my worst moments: 更加沮丧时,我会问:
Why did I make such a stupid mistake? 我为什么会犯下如此愚蠢的错误？
Why did I go into medicine? 为什么我会选择进入医学界？
Slowly but surely, it lifted. 慢慢的但稳定地, 那糟糕的感觉开始淡化了。
I began to feel a bit better. 我开始觉得缓和了些。
And on a cloudy day, there was a crack in the clouds and the sun started to come out and I wondered, maybe I could feel better again. 然后在一个阴云密布的日子里, 当我看到一束阳光从云隙中探出, 我觉得, 或许我能再次感觉好起来。
in the clouds:心不在焉;在云层中;
And I made myself a bargain that if only I redouble my efforts to be perfect and never make another mistake again, please make the voices stop. 然后我和自己做了一个约定: 如果我加倍努力做到完美, 不再犯错, 请就此让那自责的声音消去。
bargain:n.交易;便宜货;契约;v.讨价还价;议价;(谈价钱后)卖; redouble:vt.再加倍;把…再折叠;循著…折回;vi.加倍;回响;急速折回;n.再加倍;
And they did. 那个声音的确停止了。
And I went back to work. 我回到了工作岗位。
And then it happened again. 但错误又发生了。
Two years later I was an attending in the emergency department at a community hospital just north of Toronto, and I saw a 25 year-old man with a sore throat. 两年后,当我在一家多伦多北部一间社区医院的 急症室做主治医生时, 我看了一位喉咙酸痛的25岁的男人。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; sore:n.疮;痛处;伤处;adj.(发炎)疼痛的;酸痛的;气恼;愤慨;
It was busy, I was in a bit of a hurry. 当时诊所很忙,所以我也有些急。
He kept pointing here. 他不停的指着这里。
I looked at his throat, it was a little bit pink. 我看了看,他的喉咙有些红肿。
And I gave him a prescription for penicillin and sent him on his way. 我给他开了盘尼西林的处方后 便让他离开了。
prescription:n.处方;药方;医生开的药;开处方; penicillin:n.盘尼西林(青霉素);
And even as he was walking out the door, he was still sort of pointing to his throat. 即便当他走出诊所的大门的时候, 他似乎还在指着他的喉咙。
And two days later I came to do my next emergency shift , and that's when my chief asked to speak to me quietly in her office. 两天后,又轮到我在急诊室值班。 那时我的主任要我去她的办公室里私下谈谈。
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换;
And she said the three words: 她说了那三个字:
Do you remember? 记得吗？
'"Do you remember that patient you saw with the sore throat?" “记得吗？那位你看过的喉咙酸痛的患者？”
Well it turns out, he didn't have a strep throat . 原来,他并没有得链球菌性咽喉炎。
strep throat:n.脓毒性咽喉炎;
He had a potentially life-threatening condition called epiglottitis. 得的是一种有可能威胁到生命的病症, 叫会厌炎。
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; life-threatening:adj.威胁生命的;
You can Google it, but it's an infection , not of the throat, but of the upper airway , and it can actually cause the airway to close. 各位可以在谷歌上查询, 但它不是喉咙,而是上呼吸道的感染, 并有可能造成呼吸道阻塞。
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病; upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂; airway:n.导气管;空中航线;通风孔;
And fortunately he didn't die. 幸好,他并没有过世。
fortunately:adv.幸运地;
He was placed on intravenous antibiotics and he recovered after a few days. 在被安排做抗生素静脉注射的几天之后, 他便痊愈了。
intravenous:adj.静脉内的; antibiotics:n.抗菌素;抗生素(如青霉素);(antibiotic的复数)
And I went through the same period of shame and recriminations and felt cleansed and went back to work, until it happened again and again and again. 而我又回到了那个愧疚和自责的时光中, 然后等情绪平复后,又回到了工作岗位, 直到这些错误再度重复的发生。
recriminations:n.反责,反控;揭丑; cleansed:adj.清洗过的;v.清洗;使纯净(cleanse的过去式); again and again:adv.再三地,反复地;
Twice in one emergency shift, I missed appendicitis. 在同一个急诊的值班中,我两次没有发现病患得了盲肠炎。
Now that takes some doing, especially when you work in a hospital that at the time saw but 14 people a night. 这是很难想象会发生的事情, 尤其是当你在一间一个晚上 只见十四名病患的医院工作。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
Now in both cases, I didn't send them home and I don't think there was any gap in their care. 虽然对这两个病例,我都没有让他们回家, 而我也不觉得在治疗照顾过程中有任何空隙和差错。
gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开;
One I thought had a kidney stone. 其中一位我诊断他有肾结石,
kidney:n.[解剖]肾脏;腰子;个性;
I ordered a kidney X-ray. When it turned out to be normal, my colleague who was doing a reassessment of the patient noticed some tenderness in the right lower quadrant and called the surgeons . 并安排了肾脏X光,但结果正常。 我的同事当时正在对病人的病情做重新的诊断。 在他留意到病人右下腹的地方有些柔软时,便联系了外科医生。
reassessment:n.重新评估;[经]重新估价;重新考虑; tenderness:n.亲切;柔软;柔和;敏感;棘手; quadrant:n.象限;[海洋][天]象限仪;四分之一圆; surgeons:n.外科医生;(surgeon的复数)
The other one had a lot of diarrhea . 另一位病患有严重的腹泻。
diarrhea:n.腹泻,痢疾;
I ordered some fluids to rehydrate him and asked my colleague to reassess him. 我给了他一些液体帮助他补充水分, 并让我的同事重新看了看。
fluids:n.液体;流体;液;(fluid的复数) rehydrate:vt.再水化;
And he did and when he noticed some tenderness in the right lower quadrant, called the surgeons. 他照做了。 当他注意到病人右下腹有些柔软时,也联系了外科医生。
In both cases, they had their operations and they did okay. 这两名病患 都做了手术并康复了。
But each time, they were gnawing at me, eating at me. 但每当我想到这两起病例, 那种感觉都会折磨啃噬我。
And I'd like to be able to say to you that my worst mistakes only happened in the first five years of practice as many of my colleagues say, which is total B.S. 而我也希望我可以告诉你 我造成的最严重的错误只发生在了我开始行医的前五年, 像我众多的同事所称一般。但这完全是扯淡。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Some of my doozies have been in the last five years. 在最近的五年中,我也犯了一些错误。
doozies:非常好的;非常显眼的;
Alone, ashamed and unsupported . 我依然觉得孤独,羞愧,无助。
ashamed:adj.惭愧;尴尬;因惭愧而不情愿; unsupported:adj.无支持的,无赞助的;未经证实的;没有支撑的;
Here's the problem: 但问题的症结是:
If I can't come clean and talk about my mistakes, if I can't find the still-small voice that tells me what really happened, how can I share it with my colleagues? 如果我不能理清 和谈论我所犯过的错误, 如果我无法找到那可以告诉我错误的源头的 那仍然微小的声音, 我又如何能和我的同事分享我的经验？
come clean:v.全盘招供;坦白交待;
How can I teach them about what I did so that they don't do the same thing? 我又如何教导他们, 让他们不再重蹈我的覆辙？
If I were to walk into a room -- like right now, I have no idea what you think of me. 当我走入一个场合时 -- 就像现在,我完全不知道各位如何看待我。
I have no idea:我没有头绪…;
When was the last time you heard somebody talk about failure after failure after failure? 你们上一次听到别人谈论自己 一次又一次的失败是什么时候的事情？
Oh yeah, you go to a cocktail party and you might hear about some other doctor, but you're not going to hear somebody talking about their own mistakes. 是的,如果你们去参加一场聚会, 你或许会听到某些关于其他医生的错误的闲聊, 但你不会听到有人 谈论自己所犯的错误。
cocktail party:n.鸡尾酒会;
If I were to walk into a room filled with my colleages and ask for their support right now and start to tell what I've just told you right now, 如果我现在走入一件坐满我的同事的房间, 向他们寻求帮助 并开始和他们说我刚才告诉各位的事情,
I probably wouldn't get through two of those stories before they would start to get really uncomfortable, somebody would crack a joke, they'd change the subject and we would move on. 或许在我还没讲超过两个故事之前, 他们就会开始感到非常的不自在。 有人就会讲个笑话, 然后他们会改变话题。
And in fact, if I knew and my colleagues knew that one of my orthopedic colleagues took off the wrong leg in my hospital, believe me, I'd have trouble making eye contact with that person. 事实上,如果我,或者我的同事, 知道医院中一位骨科的同事帮病人截错了腿, 相信我,当我遇到他时, 我也无法与他有正常眼神的交汇。
That's the system that we have. 这就是我们所拥有的体系 --
It's a complete denial of mistakes. 一个完完全全的否定错误的体系。
denial:n.否认;否定;剥夺(应有的权利);拒不承认(令人不快、痛苦的事);
It's a system in which there are two kinds of positions -- those who make mistakes and those who don't, those who can't handle sleep deprivation and those who can, those who have lousy outcomes and those who have great outcomes. 在这个制度当中 只有两种人 -- 犯错的 不犯错的, 可以调适睡眠不足的和不可以忍受的, 以及那些有着糟糕的结果 和有着优秀的结果的。
handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸; deprivation:n.剥夺;损失;免职;匮乏;贫困; lousy:adj.非常糟的;极坏的;恶劣的; outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数)
And it's almost like an ideological reaction , like the antibodies begin to attack that person. 这几乎就像免疫系统的自我反应, 像抗体一般开始攻击那个不一样的人。
ideological:adj.思想的;意识形态的; reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用; antibodies:n.[免疫]抗体(antibody的复数);
And we have this idea that if we drive the people who make mistakes out of medicine, what will we be left with, but a safe system. 我们有着一种想法: 当我们将所有的会犯错的人 赶出医学界后, 我们便会得到一个安全的系统。
But there are two problems with that. 但这种想法会衍生出两个问题。
In my 20 years or so of medical broadcasting and journalism , 在我二十余年的 医疗广播和新闻工作中,
journalism:n.新闻业,新闻工作;报章杂志;
I've made a personal study of medical malpractice and medical errors to learn everything I can, from one of the first articles I wrote for the Toronto Star to my show "White Coat, Black Art." 从我为多伦多星报所写的第一篇文章 到我的节目《白袍魔艺》, 我自行研究了我可以接触到的 一切医疗疏失和医疗错误。
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; malpractice:n.玩忽职守;不法行为;治疗不当;
And what I've learned is that errors are absolutely ubiquitous . 而我所学到的, 便是错误绝对是无处不在。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; ubiquitous:adj.普遍存在的;无所不在的;
We work in a system where errors happen every day, where one in 10 medications are either the wrong medication given in hospital or at the wrong dosage , 我们工作在一个 每天都会发生错误的制度中。 医院有十分之一的几率 会给错药 或者给了错误的剂量,
dosage:n.剂量,用量;
where hospital-acquired infections are getting more and more numerous , causing havoc and death. 而在医院内被传染的病例正在日渐增多, 造成不必要的伤害和死亡。
hospital-acquired:医院获得性; infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式); numerous:adj.许多的,很多的; havoc:n.大破坏;浩劫;蹂躏;v.严重破坏;损毁;
In this country, as many as 24,000 Canadians die of preventable medical errors. 在这个国家中, 有将近2万4千多加拿大人死于 可以避免的医疗错误。
preventable:adj.可预防的;可阻止的;可防止的;
In the United States, the Institute of Medicine pegged it at 100,000. 在美国,据医学学院统计,这个人数达到了10万之多。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; pegged:v.用夹子夹住;使固定于某水平;看做;(peg的过去分词和过去式)
In both cases, these are gross underestimates , because we really aren't ferreting out the problem as we should. 即使如此,这两项数据也还是过于低估了现实, 因为我们从未像我们该做的那般 深入地探究这个问题。
gross:adj.总共的;粗野的;恶劣的;显而易见的;v.总共收入;n.总额,总数; underestimates:v.低估(underestimate的第三人称单数形式); n.轻视(underestimate的复数形式); ferreting:vt.搜出,查获;驱出;用雪貂猎取;vi.搜索,侦破;n.雪貂;白鼬;侦探;
And here's the thing. 重点是,
In a hospital system where medical knowledge is doubling every two or three years, we can't keep up with it. 在一个医疗知识 以两到三年为单位成倍增长的 医院体系中,我们无法紧跟着这些知识的增长。
keep up with:赶得上;和…保持联系;
Sleep deprivation is absolutely pervasive . 睡眠不足的情形绝对是非常普遍的,
pervasive:adj.普遍的;到处渗透的;流行的;
We can't get rid of it. 而我们也无法摆脱这个问题。
We have our cognitive biases , so that I can take a perfect history on a patient with chest pain. 我们自己的直觉偏差也会直接影响到我们的结论。 比如说,我可以为一位胸痛的病人记录下完美的病历。
cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式);
Now take the same patient with chest pain, make them moist and garrulous and put a little bit of alcohol on their breath, and suddenly my history is laced with contempt . 但如果这位同样的胸痛的病人 当时胡言乱语 再加上呼吸带着些许的酒精味的话, 我写下的病历便会挟带着些许的轻蔑。
moist:adj.潮湿的;多雨的;含泪的;n.潮湿; garrulous:adj.唠叨的;喋喋不休的;多嘴的; alcohol:n.酒精;乙醇;含酒精饮料; laced:adj.有带子的;(花)有彩色条纹的:v.由带子系紧:(lace的过去分词和过去式) contempt:n.轻视,蔑视;耻辱;
I don't take the same history. 而这份病历便会截然不同。
I'm not a robot; 我不是机器人,
I don't do things the same way each time. 不会每次都做同样的事情。
And my patients aren't cars; they don't tell me their symptoms in the same way each time. 我的病患也不是车子, 他们不会每次都用相同的方式去描述他们的症状。
symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数)
Given all of that, mistakes are inevitable . 因此错误是无可避免的。
inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的;
So if you take the system, as I was taught, and weed out all the error-prone health professionals , well there won't be anybody left. 如果真像我被教导的体系那般 赶出所有易出错的医护专业人员, 那么这个领域便不会有人留下。
weed:v.除草;铲除;n.杂草,野草;菸草; error-prone:adj.易于出错的; professionals:n.[管理]专业人员(professional的复数);
And you know that business about people not wanting to talk about their worst cases? 还有就是关于 人们不愿 谈论他们所犯的最糟糕的错误一事。
On my show, on "White Coat, Black Art," 在我的节目《白袍魔艺》中,
I made it a habit of saying, "Here's my worst mistake," 我已经会习惯性地说:“这是我最糟糕的错误”。
I would say to everybody from paramedics to the chief of cardiac surgery , "Here's my worst mistake," blah , blah , blah , blah , blah , "What about yours?" and I would point the microphone towards them. 我会对从急救医士 到心脏外科首席医师的每个人这么说: “这是我最糟糕的错误,如是,如是。” 然后我会把麦克风递给他们,问:“你呢？”
surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室; blah:n.废话;空话;瞎说;int.废话; microphone:n.麦克风;传声器;话筒;
And their pupils would dilate , they would recoil , then they would look down and swallow hard and start to tell me their stories. 此时他们的瞳孔会放大, 他们会退却。 然后他们会看着地上,猛吞着口水 并开始向我倾诉他们的故事。
dilate:vi.扩大;膨胀;详述;vt.使扩大;使膨胀; recoil:vi.畏缩;弹回;报应;n.畏缩;弹回;反作用; swallow:v.吞下;咽下;吞没;相信;n.吞;咽;燕;一次吞咽的量;
They want to tell their stories. They want to share their stories. 他们想说他们的故事,他们也想分享他们的故事。
They want to be able to say, "Look, don't make the same mistake I did." 他们想能够说: “听着,别犯和我一样的错。”
What they need is an environment to be able to do that. 他们只是需要一个场合来吐露心声。
What they need is a redefined medical culture. 他们需要的是一个重新定义的医学文化,
redefined:adj.重新定义的;vt.对…再加以解说;再给…下定义(redefine的过去分词);
And it starts with one physician at a time. 从一位又一位个别的医生开始。
The redefined physician is human, knows she's human, accepts it, isn't proud of making mistakes, but strives to learn one thing from what happened that she can teach to somebody else. 重新定义过的医生也是人类, 明白她自己是人, 并接受这个事实。她并不觉得犯错误是光荣的, 却可以 从其中学习 并教于他人。
strives:奋斗;
She shares her experience with others. 她会与他人分享她的经验,
She's supportive when other people talk about their mistakes. 并在别人谈论自己过错的时候给于支持。
supportive:adj.支持的;支援的;赞助的;
And she points out other people's mistakes, not in a gotcha way, but in a loving, supportive way so that everybody can benefit. 她不会有一种落井下石的心态, 而会以一种 可以让每个人都从中受惠的关怀,了解得方式 来指出他人的错误。
gotcha:int.明白了(等于gotyou);
And she works in a culture of medicine that acknowledges that human beings run the system, and when human beings run the system, they will make mistakes from time to time . 而她所工作的医学文化 承认 整个体系是由人在运作, 而当人在运作一个体系的时候,时不时地错误在所难免。
from time to time:不时,有时;
So the system is evolving to create backups that make it easier to detect those mistakes that humans inevitably make and also fosters in a loving, supportive way places where everybody who is observing in the health care system 这样系统才可以不断地进化改革, 产生可以让人更加容易察觉 这些无法避免的错误的 补救方案。 与此同时,我们可以培养一个热心关怀的工作环境, 鼓励每一位 在观察我们的
evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词) backups:n.[计]备份; detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地; fosters:v.培养;促进(foster的第三人称单数); observing:adj.观察的;注意的;观察力敏锐的;v.观察;遵守(observe的现在分词); health care:n.卫生保健;
can actually point out things that could be potential mistakes and is rewarded for doing so, and especially people like me, when we do make mistakes, we're rewarded for coming clean. 医疗系统的人 随时指出一些潜在的错误。 尤其是鼓励像我一样的人,当我们犯错后, 我们可以去正面面对并加以改正。
rewarded:v.奖励;奖赏;给以报酬;(reward的过去分词和过去式)
My name is Brian Goldman. 我是布莱恩.高德曼,
I am a redefined physician. 我是一位重新定义后的医生。
I'm human. I make mistakes. 我是一个人类,我也会犯错。
I'm sorry about that, but I strive to learn one thing that I can pass on to other people. 我为此感到抱歉, 但我会尽力从中学习 并教于他人。
I still don't know what you think of me, but I can live with that. 我仍然不知各位如何看待我, 但我想我对此可以接受。
And let me close with three words of my own: 最后让我以我自己的三个字做为结语:
I do remember. 我记得。
(Applause) （掌声）