返回首页

BrewsterKahle_2007P-_构建免费的数字图书馆_
We really need to put the best we have to offer within reach of our children. 我们的确需要把最好的资讯提供给孩子们,让他们随手可得。
within reach of:在附近;距离不远;
If we don't do that, we're going to get the generation we deserve . 如果我们不那么做,那我们会得到我们应得的一代,
deserve:vi.应受,应得;
They're going to learn from whatever it is they have around them. 他们将会从周围的一切事物中随意地学习知识。
And we, as now the elite , parents, librarians, professionals , whatever it is, a bunch of our activities are, in fact, in trying to get the best we have to offer within reach of those around us, or as broadly as we can. 而我们, 社会精英、家长、图书管理员、专业人士、以及其他各界人士, 事实上已经开展了一系列的活动,从而尽可能地提供最好的资讯 让我们身边的人随手可得,并尽量将范围扩大
elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物; professionals:n.[管理]专业人员(professional的复数); a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地;
I'm going to start and end this talk with a couple things that are carved in stone. 在这个演讲的开始和结尾, 我会讲述一些刻在石碑上的事情
carved:v.雕刻;刻;把(熟肉)切成块;(carve的过去分词和过去式)
One is what's on the Boston Public Library. 一块位于波士顿公共图书馆。
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市);
Carved above their door is, "Free to All." 图书馆的大门上刻着”一切都是免费的“
It's kind of an inspiring statement , and I'll go back at the end of this. 这种说法让人深受启发, 我们会在演讲即将结束时再次回顾这句话。
inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词) statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单;
I'm a librarian, and what I'm trying to do is bring all of the works of knowledge to as many people as want to read it. 我是一个图书管理员,我尽力地把所有的知识以及作品 提供给需要阅读它们的人。
And the idea of using technology is perfect for us. 运用现代科技是十分理想的。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
I think we have the opportunity to one-up the Greeks. 我认为我们有机会超越希腊人。
one-up:adj.占上风的,胜人一筹的;vt.领先于…,胜过;
It's not easy to one-up the Greeks. But with the industriousness of the Egyptians , they were able to build the Library of Alexandria -- the idea of a copy of every book of all the peoples of the world. 想要超越希腊人是不容易的。但依靠埃及人的勤勉, 他们建成了亚历山大图书馆—— 以实现收藏世界上每本书的梦想。
industriousness:n.勤勉,勤奋; Egyptians:n.埃及人;埃及语;(Egyptian的复数) Alexandria:n.亚历山大港(位于埃及);亚历山大大帝;亚历山大市(美国弗吉尼亚一城市);
The problem was, you actually had to go to Alexandria to go to it. 问题是,你需要去亚历山大图书馆才能看到这一切。
On other hand, if you did, then great things happened. 另一个方面,如果你真这么做了,那么大事就要发生了。
I think we can one-up the Greeks and achieve something. 我认为我们可以比希腊人更胜一筹,去实现某些梦想。
And I'm going to try to argue only one point today: that universal access to all knowledge is within our grasp . 今天我打算只探讨一个观点: 把我们可以获得的所有知识提供给所有人。
universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的; grasp:n.抓住;理解;控制;v.抓住;领会;
So if I'm successful, then you'll actually come away thinking, yeah, we could actually achieve the great vision of everything ever published, everything that was ever meant for distribution , available to anybody in the world that's ever wanted to have access to it. 如果我成功了,你一定会这样想, 是的,我们的确可以实现将所有已经出版, 或曾经想要出版的知识, 呈现给世界上所有需要他们的人的伟大梦想。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销;
Yes, there's issues about how money should be distributed and that's still being refigured out. 是的,这时出现了资金该如何分配的问题, 我们还在探索怎样解决这个问题
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式)
But I'd say there's plenty of money, and there's plenty of demand, so we can actually achieve that. 但我要说,这里有足够的资金,也有大量的需求。 所以我们是可以实现它的。
But I'm going to go over the technological , social and sort of where are we as a whole trying to get to that particular vision. 但是我会逐步探讨在技术层面,社会层面 以及目前进行的成果以达到这个目标
to go over:复习; technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; as a whole:总的来说;
And the way I'm going to try to do this is do it like the Amazon .com website -- the books, music, video and just go step, media type by media type, just go and say, all right, how we doing on this? 我将尽力用类似Amazon网站的方式来完成它 书籍、音乐、影像分门别类,按媒介的种类进行归档 然后,我们选择其中一个类别开始
Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
So if we start with books, you know, sort of where are we? 假设我们从书籍开始,就从我们现有的资源着手
Well, first you have to, as an engineer, scope the problem. How big is it? 首先,作为一个工程师,你必须要衡量一下问题的范围,有多少数量的图书？
scope:n.能力; v.仔细看;
If you wanted to put all of the published works online so that anybody could have it available, well, how big a problem is it? 我们现在设想的是把所有出版了的作品放在网上 因此任何人都可以随意取阅,那么,这个问题有多大呢？
Well, we don't really know, but the largest print library in the world is the Library of Congress -- it's 26 million volumes , 26 million volumes. 我们不知道,世界上最大的出版物藏库 就是美国国会图书馆——那里有2600万卷藏书
Library of Congress:n.(美国)国会图书馆; volumes:n.卷;体积;容积;大量;(volumes是volume的复数)
It's by far and away the largest print library in the world. 它是目前世界上最大的出版物图书馆
far and away:无疑地;显然地;
And a book, if you had a book, is about a megabyte , so -- you know, if you had it in Microsoft Word. 假设每一本书,大约是1兆字节的容量 并且,这本书是微软Word格式的
megabyte:n.[计]兆字节;
So a megabyte, 26 million megabytes is 26 terabytes , it goes mega, giga, tera, 26 terabytes. 一兆一本书,2600万兆字节（MB）就是26太字节（TB） 容量大小单位依次是MB,GB,TB,那里有26TB容量的信息
megabytes:n.百万字节(megabyte的复数); terabytes:n.兆兆字节(信息量度单位,terabyte的复数);
26 terabytes fits in a computer system that's about this big, on spinning Linux drives, and it costs about 60,000 dollars. 如果把26TB的数据导入到大约这么大、装有 Linux操作系统的计算机中,需要花费6万美元
spinning:n.纺纱(手艺):纺线v.(使)旋转:纺线:纺纱;(spin的现在分词) Linux:n.Linux操作系统(一种类似于UNIX的计算机操作系统);
So for the cost of a house -- or around here, a garage -- you can put -- you can have spinning all of the words in the Library of Congress. 因此,只需要一所房子,甚至只是这么大的一个车库 你就可以存储美国国会图书馆中所有书籍的内容
garage:n.车库;汽车修理厂;飞机库;v.把…送入车库;把(汽车)开进车库;
That's pretty neat . 而且这样存放是非常简洁的
neat:adj.整洁的;整齐的;有序的;有条理的;
Then the question is: what do you get? 但问题是:你得到了什么？
You know, is it worth trying to get there? 这样做是有价值的吗？
Do you actually want it online? 你确实希望把他们放到网上？
Some of the first things that people do is they make book readers that allow you to search inside the books, and that's kind of fun. 一开始人们做的事情是让读者们 可以在书籍里任意搜寻一些资料,这种做法非常有趣
And you can download these things and look around them in new and different ways. 你可以下载这些读物,然后用新的、不同往常的方式去查阅他们
And you can get at them remotely , if you happen to have a laptop . 如果你有一台笔记本电脑,那么你就可以进行远程下载
remotely:adv.遥远地;偏僻地;(程度)极微地,极轻地; laptop:n.便携式电脑;笔记本电脑;
There's starting to be some of these sort of page turn-ee interfaces that look a whole lot like books in certain ways, and you can search them, make little tabs , and it's kind of cute -- still very book-like -- on your laptop. 程序中会有一个可以翻页的书籍界面 使得程序看起来就像是一本书 你可以搜寻书籍中的某些内容,设置书签,这会非常简洁有趣 并且跟普通的书籍一样,呈现在你的笔记本电脑中
interfaces:n.分界面; v.把界面缝合; (interface的复数) tabs:n.制表符; v.命名;
But I don't know, reading things on a laptop -- whenever I pull up my laptop it always feels like work. 但是,我觉得,在笔记本电脑上阅读电子书 感觉就像是在工作
I think that's one of the reasons why the Kindle is so great. 也许这就是Kindle之所以如此成功的一个原因
Kindle:vt.点燃;激起;照亮;vi.发亮;着火;激动起来;
I don't have to feel like I'm at work to read a Kindle; it's starting to be a little bit more specified . 用Kindle阅读电子书不会让你觉得像是在工作 让人感觉就是在阅读
specified:v.指定;具体说明;逐一登记;列入清单;(specified是specify的过去分词)
But I have to say that there's older technologies that I tend to like. 但是,我还是喜欢那些老技术做出来的东西
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
I like the physical book. 我喜欢阅读实体书籍
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
And I think we can go and use our technology to go and digitize things -- put them on the net and then download, print them and bind them and end up with books again. 我认为可以用技术将书籍内容数字化 然后发布到网络上,提供给人们下载 之后再将这些内容打印、装订,最终又形成一本书的样子
digitize:vt.[计]数字化; bind:v.结合;装订;有约束力;过紧;n.捆绑;困境;讨厌的事情;植物的藤蔓;
And we sort of said, well, how hard is this? 话是这么说的,但是,这将会有多难呢？
And it turns out to not be very hard. 事实上,一点儿也不难
We actually went off to make a bookmobile . 我们曾经做过一个流动图书馆
bookmobile:n.流动的汽车图书馆;
And a bookmobile -- the size of a van with a satellite dish , a printer, binder and cutter , and kids make their own books. 流动图书馆,就是一辆小货车（面包车）,里面有卫星天线 打印机,粘合剂和切割用具,这样年轻人就可以做出他们自己的书
van:n.厢式货车;客货车;v.选矿;用车搬运; satellite dish:n.卫星电视碟形天线; binder:n.[胶粘]粘合剂;活页夹;装订工;捆缚者;用以绑缚之物; cutter:n.刀具,切割机;切割者;裁剪者;
It costs about three dollars to download, print and bind a normal old book. 下载,打印并装订一本普通的书籍需要花费3美元
And they actually come out kind of nice looking. 这样的书看起来非常漂亮
You can actually get really good-looking books for on the order of one penny per page, sort of the parts cost for doing this. 你可以得到这些好看的书 成本也就是一美分一页,当然这只是做这本书所花费成本的一部分
good-looking:adj.好看的;美貌的;
So the idea of this technology actually may end up putting books back in people's hands again. 使用这种技术的创意,最终也会把书 传递给读者
There are some other bookmobiles running around. 现在也存在一些其他人做的流动图书馆
This is Eric Eldred making books at Walden Pond , Thoreau's works. 这位是EricEldred,他主要做WaldenPond和Thoreau的作品
Walden:n.瓦尔登湖(书名); Pond:n.池塘;水池(尤指人工的);v.把…挖成池塘;堵(溪流)水成池;
This is just before he got kicked out by the Parks Services for competing with the bookstore there. 他刚刚被从公园服务中剔除 原因就是他和当地的书店竞争
competing:adj.相互冲突的;相互矛盾的;v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛;(compete的现在分词)
In India, they've got another couple bookmobiles running around. 在印度,那里有一对夫妻经营的流动图书馆
And this is the opening day at the Library of Alexandria, the new Library of Alexandria, in Egypt. 这是亚历山大图书馆开业时的照片 新亚历山大图书馆,位于埃及
It was quite popularly attended. 它的出现受到了人们的欢迎
popularly:adv.流行地;通俗地;普及地;大众地;
And kids starting to make their own books, and a happy kid with the first book that he's ever owned. 孩子们开始制作他们自己的图书 这个孩子第一次拥有了属于他自己的图书,他非常开心
So the idea of being able to use this technology to end up with paper where I can handle sort of sounds a little retro , but I think it still has its place. 这种使用技术来制作那些我能处理的图书的创意 听起来有一些复古 但它依然很有前途
handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸; retro:n.制动火箭,减速火箭; adj.复古的,(服装式样等)重新流行的;
And being sort of from the Silicon Valley , sort of Utopia , and -- sort of, you know, sort of world, we thought if we can make this technology work in rural Uganda , we might have something. 联想到硅谷、乌托邦 甚至是全世界 我认为如果这项技术能在乌干达的乡村中得以实现 就会取得一些超乎想像的收获
Silicon Valley:n.硅谷(美国加利福尼亚州一处计算机和电子公司聚集地,有时用以指任何计算机公司聚集地); Utopia:n.乌托邦(理想中最美好的社会);理想国; rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的; Uganda:n.乌干达(非洲国家);
So we actually got some funding from the World Bank to try it out. 我们获得了世界银行的资助,并尽最大力量去将其开发出来
funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词) World Bank:n.世界银行(向处于困境需要资助的成员国贷款的国际机构);
And we found in about 30 days we could go and take a couple folks from Silicon Valley, fly them to Uganda, buy a car, set up the first internet connection 在30天里,我们从硅谷出发 飞往乌干达,并在那里购买了一辆车,
at the National Library of Uganda, figure out what they wanted, and get a program going making books in rural Uganda. 在乌干达的国家图书馆里搭建了第一个互联网链接,找出他们想要的的东西 并准备了一个在乌干达乡村用于制作图书的程序
And it actually -- so technologically , it works. 从技术角度来讲,这一切都实现了
technologically:adv.科技地;技术上地;
What we found out of this is, we didn't have the right books. 最终,令我们遗憾的是,我们无法得到最合适的书
So the books were in the library. We could get it to people if they're digitized , but we didn't know how to quite get them digitized. 书都在图书馆里。如果书籍是数字化的,我们就可以把它做出来送给读者 但我们不知道如何将他们数字化
digitized:adj.数字化的;v.使数字化(digitize的过去分词);
Everybody thought the answer is, send things to India and China. 所有人会想到一个主意,把这件事交给印度和中国
And so we've tried that, and I'll go over that in a moment . 我们也正在尝试着,一会儿我将会在这件事情上稍作阐述
in a moment:立刻;
There are some newer technologies for delivering that have happened that are actually quite exciting as well. 现如今,人们发明了一些新的传送技术 这些技术听起来也让人非常兴奋
One is a print-on-demand machine that looks like a Rube Goldberg Machine. 其中一个就是像鲁布·戈德堡机器的按需打印机
Rube Goldberg:adj.结构过于复杂的;不实用的;
We have one of these things now. It's completely cool. 我们现在已经拥有其中的一些设备,这是很酷的
It's all conveyor belt and it makes a book. 传输带到处都是,而且它可以用来制作图书
conveyor:n.输送机,[机]传送机;传送带;运送者,传播者; belt:n.皮带;腰带;传动带;传送带;v.猛击;狠打;飞奔;飞驰;
And it's called the " Espresso Book Machine," 这个机器被称作 Espresso Book Machine (Espresso图书制作机）
Espresso:n.(用汽加压煮出的)浓咖啡;
and in about 10 minutes you can press a button and make a book. 你只需要轻轻按下一个按钮,10分钟后,它就会制作出一本书来
Something else I'm quite excited about in this particular domain, beyond these sort of kiosky things where you can get books on demand , is some of these new little screens that are coming out. 我之所以钟情于这个特殊的领域 不仅仅是这些类似便利店的流动图书馆可以制作任何你想要的书籍 而是这背后即将实现的一个伟大场景
on demand:请求即;按需;随选;随需应变;
And one of my favorites in this is the 100 dollar laptop. 有一种100美元的便携式电脑是我的最爱之一
And I don't mean to steal any thunder here, but we've gone and used one of these things to be an e-book reader. 我并不想在这里博取任何轰动 但我们正在把这种便携式电脑做成电子书阅读器
thunder:n.雷;雷声;轰隆声;v.打雷;发出雷鸣般响声; e-book:电子书
So here's one of the beta units and you can -- it actually turns out to be a really good-looking e-book reader. 这是其中一款测试机型 它看起来是一个不错的电子书阅读器
beta:n.贝它(希腊字母表的第二个字母);
And we have a quick hack that we did to try to put one of our books on it, and it turns out that 200 dots per inch means that you can put scanned books on them that look really good. 我们正在上面写入第一本图书 它的分辨率达到了每英寸200点 这就意味着你可以把扫描过的图书放在上面,并且看起来非常舒服
hack:n.砍; v.砍; adj.出租的;
At 200 dots per inch, it's kind of the equivalent of a 300-dot-print laser printer . 每英寸200点的分辨率（200dpi）等价于一台300点激光打印机的打印效果
equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; laser printer:n.激光打印机;
We're in good enough shape. 并且它的造型也不错
You actually can go and read scanned books quite easily. 大家可以通过它非常方便的去阅读那些被扫描过的图书
So the idea of electronic books is starting to come about. 电子书的想法就要产生了
electronic:adj.电子的;电子器件的;电子设备的;
But how do you do all this scanning? 但,你怎么去做那些扫描工作？
So we thought, okay, well, let's try out this send books to India thing. 我们经过思考,好吧,我们把书送到印度去进行扫描
And there was a project with -- funded by the National Science Foundation , sent a bunch of scanners , and the American libraries were supposed to send books. 这里有一个项目,它是由美国国家科学基金会出资支持的,购买了 一些扫描仪用于扫描,美国的图书馆理所当然的要将书送出去扫描
funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式); Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立; scanners:n.[电子]扫描器(scanner的复数); supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
Well, they didn't -- they didn't want to send their books. 但是,他们没有,他们根本就不想把他们自己的书送出去
So we bought 100,000 books and sent them to India. 于是,我们购买了100000本书,将他们送到了印度
And then we learned why you don't want to send books to India. 接下来,我们就发现了为什么人家图书馆不把书送到印度的原因
The lesson we learned out of this is, scan your own books. 我们得到的教训就是,扫描你自己的图书
If you really care about books, you're going to scan them better, especially if they're valuable books. 如果你非常喜欢图书,你就会更加仔细认真的扫描 特别是那些书非常有价值的时候
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
If they're new books and you can just, you know, butcher them because you could just buy another one, that's not such a big deal in terms of doing high-quality scanning. 如果是新书,那就不同了,你可以“残害”他们 因为你可以再买一本新的 对于高质量的扫描来说这不算什么大事
butcher:n.屠夫;肉贩;肉店;肉铺;v.屠杀;杀戮;屠宰;宰杀;adj."butch"的比较级; a big deal:na.要人;重要的事; high-quality:adj.高质量的;
But do things that you love. 但,一定要去做那些你喜欢做的事
But the Indians have been scanning a lot of their own books -- about 300,000 now -- doing very well. 印度人已经高质量的完成了他们自己书籍的扫描 大约有300000本左右
The Chinese did over a million and the Egyptians are about 30,000. 中国人大约完成了有一百万多,埃及人仅仅是30000本的样子
But we sent -- thought, OK, if we're going to need to do this, let's do it in-library. 我们已经送去了这么多,如果我们还需要继续做下去,还是选择在图书馆里吧
How do we go and do this, and how do we get it down so that it's a cost point that we could afford ? 我们该如何去做,如何开展工作 我们是否负担得起经费？
afford:v.给予,提供;买得起;
And we sort of picked the price point of 10 cents a page. 我们给出的参考价格是每页10美分
If it's basically the cost of Xeroxing to digitize, OCR, package it up, make it so that you could download, print and bind it, the whole shebang , we would have achieved something. 这是静电复印,光字符识别,打包 提供下载,打印及装订等所有事情的总成本 我们可以有所成就
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; Xeroxing:n.复印的;v.静电复印;(xerox的现在分词) shebang:n.工作;事情;住所;
So we started out trying to figure out, how do we get to 10 cents? 我们试图给出是如何计算出每页10美分这个数据的
And we tried these robot things, and they worked pretty well -- sort of these auto page-turning things. 我们使用了机器人之类的设备,而且他们工作的相当不错 即类似于自动翻页的东西
auto:n.汽车;v.坐汽车;
If we can have Mars Rovers , you'd think you could turn pages. 如果我们能制造火星漫游号,也就能制造这样的翻页机
Mars:n.火星 Rovers:n.巡游者;海上掠夺;
But it actually turns out to be pretty hard to turn pages, and the volume isn't there. 但是要想做到翻页还是很困难的,所以完成的数量还是不够大
So anyway -- so we ended up making our own book scanner. 不论如何,我们制作了属于自己的图书扫描器
And with two digital high grade professional digital cameras, controlled museum lighting -- so even if it's a black and white book, you can go and get the proper intonation . 用两个优质、专业的数码摄像头 结合着可控的博物馆照明——即便那是一本没有色彩的书 你可以制作出一本不错的书来
digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; black and white:adj.印刷的;黑白混合的;用笔写的; intonation:声调,语调
So you basically do a beautiful, respectful job. 你做的将是一件美妙,而且是令人敬仰的工作
respectful:adj.恭敬的;有礼貌的;
This is not a fax, this is -- the idea is to do a beautiful job as you're going through these libraries. 这不是传真,这是一个美妙工作的创意 只需要你穿过那些图书馆就可以实现
And we've been able to achieve 10 cents a page if we run things in volumes. 如果我们能大量进行,我们就可以实现每页10美分的成本
This is what it looks like at the University of Toronto . 多伦多大学正在做的就是这样的事情
Toronto:n.多伦多(加拿大城市);
And actually it turns out to, you know, pay a living wage . 事实上,这个成本可以让很多人承受得了
living wage:n.基本生活工资;仅能维持生活的工资;
People seem to love it. 人们非常喜欢这么去做
Yes, it's a little boring , but some people kind of get into the Zen of it. 是的,有些无趣,但是有些人已进入禅定
boring:adj.无聊的;令人厌烦的;n.钻孔;v.使厌烦;钻孔;(bore的现在分词)
(Laughter) （笑声）
And especially if it's kind of interesting books that you care about in languages that you can read, 特别是当这本趣书是你喜欢的 并且书中的语言也是你能看懂的
We actually have been able to do a pretty good job of this at getting 10 cents a page. 我们已经有办法做到控制在每页10分美金
So 10 cents a page, 300 pages in your average book, 30 dollars a book. 每页10美分,平均每本书300页,也就是一本书30美元
The Library of Congress, if you did the whole darn thing -- 26 million books -- is about 750 million dollars, right? 美国国会图书馆,如果你做过调查 有2600万本书——花费在7亿5千万美元,对吧？
darn:v.织补,缝补;n.织补;
But a million books -- I think actually would be a pretty good start, and that would cost 30 million dollars. That's not that big a bill. 但是一百万册图书 - 是个相当不错的开始 这需要花费3千万美元。这样花费就没有那么多了
And what we've been able to do is get into libraries. 现在,我们需要做的就是进入到图书馆中
We've now got eight of these scanning centers in three countries, and libraries are up for having their books scanned. 我们已经在三个国家建立了8个这样的扫描中心 有些图书馆期望扫描他们的馆藏
The Getty here is moving their books to the UCLA, which is where we have one these scanning centers, and scanning their out-of-copyright books, which is fabulous . 这里的Getty正准备把他们的书籍送到加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校 那里有我们的一个扫描中心 去扫描他们出版的书籍,这是难以置信的
fabulous:adj.难以置信的;传说的,寓言中的;极好的;
So we're starting to get the institutional responsibility. 我们已经开始得到机构的信任了
institutional:adj.制度的;
The thing we're missing is the 10 cents. 我们缺少的东西是10美分
If we can get the 10 cents, all the rest of it flows. 如果我们能实现每页10美分,所有事情就变得很简单了
all the rest:其他所有相关信息;
We've scanned about 200,000 books. 我们已经扫描了20万本书
Now we're scanning about 15,000 books a month, and it's starting to gear up another factor of two from there. 现在,我们可以每月扫描1万5千本书 这就组成二要素中的另一个要素
gear:n.齿轮; v.适合; factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入;
So all in all , that's going very well. 总起来说,所有事情进展得很顺利
all in all:总而言之;头等重要的东西;
And we're starting to move out of the just out-of-copyright into the out-of-print world. 我们正计划着将这个范围从出版物 扩大到所有的印刷品
out-of-print:绝版的;已绝版;已售完;
So I think of -- we're kind of going from the out-of-copyright library stuff , and Amazon.com is coming from the in-print world, and I think we'll meet in the middle some place and have the classic thing that you have, which is a publishing system and a library system working in parallel . 我设想的是——现在我们做的只是图书馆中的出版物 亚马逊的来源是有版权的图书 我们会在某个中间点会合 以传统的方法运作 就像是出版系统和图书馆系统平行运作
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等);
And so we're starting up a program to do out-of-print works, but loaning them. 我们发展一套计划来扫描绝版书,不过是借来的
Exactly what loaning means, I'm not quite sure. 具体借阅的方式,我也不是很清楚
But anyway, loaning out-of-print works from the Boston Public Library, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and a few other libraries that are starting to participate in this program, to try out this model of where does a library stop and where does the bookstore take over . 但是无论如何,我们从波士顿公共图书馆、 伍兹霍尔海洋学研究所以及几个别的图书馆中借得了那些绝版 这些图书馆均都加入到了这个计划当中 目的就是试验这个模式:让图书馆关门,同时 让书店取得主导地位
Oceanographic:adj.海洋学的;有关海洋学的(等于oceanographical); Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; participate:v.参加;参与; take over:接管;继承;接收;接任;接替;
So all in all it's possible to do this in large scale . 各方面来说,大型的合作是可行的
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
We're also going back over microfilm and getting that online. 我们也正在准备微缩胶卷,并把它们放在网上
microfilm:vt.缩微拍摄;vi.缩微拍摄;n.缩微胶卷;
So we can do 10 cents a page, we're going 15,000 books a month and we've got about 250,000 books online, counting all the other projects that are starting to add in. 现在的情况是每页成本10美分,每月扫描有1万5千本书 已经有25万本书放到了网上 这是综合了所有其他后来加进来的项目得出的数据
So what I wanted to argue is, books are within our grasp. 我想说的是,我们已经把书籍这个栏目紧紧抓在了手中
The idea of taking on the whole ball of wax is not that big a deal. 把这整个计划进行到底也没什么大不了的（一定能实现）
on the whole:基本上,大体上;就全体而论; wax:n.蜡; v.给…打蜡; adj.蜡制的;
Yes, it costs tens of millions, low hundreds of millions, but one-time shot and we've got basically the history of printed literature online. 需要千万美金的资金,一,二亿美金的资金 经过一次努力,我们基本上就可以把所有历史上的印刷品放到网上
one-time:adj.以前的;古时的;adv.一度(等于onetime);从前; literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作;
And then there's business model issues about how to try to effectively market it and get it to people. 这里有一些商业模式问题 主要是关于如何进行有效的市场定位,并把这些作品传递给客户
But it is within our grasp technologically and law-wise, at least for the out-of-print and out-of-copyright, we suggest, to be able to get the whole darn thing online. 不过,从技术角度和法律角度来看这一切尽在掌握之中 至少绝版书以及超过版权保护期限的 我们建议要全面的数位化
Now let's go for audio , and I'm going to go through these. 接下来,我们来看音频文件,我将要讲的是这个方面的内容
audio:adj.声音的;录音的;
So how much is there? 有多少音频文件呢？
Well, as best we can tell, there are about two to three million disks having been published -- so 78s, long-playing records and CDs -- or at least that's the largest archives of published materials we've been able to sort of point at. 据我们了解,意发行的唱片大约有二,三百万张 重刻盘,黑胶唱片,光碟 是已发行资料的最大资料库 我们可以从这个方向着手
long-playing:adj.长时间的; archives:n.档案;档案馆;v.把…存档;(archive的第三人称单数和复数)
It costs about 10 dollars a piece to go and take a disk and put it online if you're doing things in volume. 一张唱片数位化需要10元美金 这是大量数位化的费用
But we've found that the rights issues are really quite thorny . 我们发现关于版权的问题是很棘手的
thorny:adj.多刺的;痛苦的;令人苦恼的;
This is a fairly heavily litigated area, so we've found that there are niches in the music world that aren't served terribly well by the classic commercial publishing system. 这个领域充斥着大量的诉讼问题 我们在音乐领域发现了一些利基 它们还没有被传统的商业出版系统掌控
fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; litigated:v.在法庭相争;提出诉讼; niches:n.[生态]生态位; v.把…放置在壁龛中; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告;
And we've been starting to make these available by going and offering shelf space on the net. 我们通过向他们提供网上的货架空间 将这一切变得可行
In the United States it doesn't cost you to give something away. Right? 在美国,给出某些东西是不需要花费任何成本的,对吧？
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
If you give something to a charity or to the public, you get a pat on the back and a tax donation -- except on the net, where you can go broke. 如果你捐赠一些东西给慈善机构或者是将之公之于众 你会得到别人的称赞或是可以得到退税 网路世界例外,你会因而破产
charity:n.慈善;施舍;慈善团体;宽容;施舍物; pat on the back:鼓励;表扬; donation:n.捐赠;捐赠物;赠送;
If you put up a video of your garage band and it starts getting heavily accessed, you can lose your guitars or your house. 如果将你的的影片配上音乐放到网路,让影片广泛流传 你甚至会因此失去你的吉他,或者是你的房子
band:n.带;波段;频带;箍;v.加彩条(或嵌条等);(将价格、收入等)划分档次;
This doesn't make any sense. 这是没有任何道理的
So we've offered unlimited storage, unlimited bandwidth forever, for free, to anybody that has something to share that belongs in a library. 因此,我们面向所有人免费提供了无限制的存储空间,无限制的宽带 让所有人分享属于图书馆的资源
unlimited:adj.无限制的;无限量的;无条件的; bandwidth:n.[电子][物]带宽;[通信]频带宽度;
And we've been getting a lot of takers . One is the rock 'n rollers . 我们有很多的接受者。其中一个就是摇滚乐队的成员们
takers:n.接受者;购买者(taker的复数); rollers:n.[公路]压路机,长涌群;[机]滚筒;[机]滚轴(roller的复数形式);辊轴支架;
The rock 'n rollers had a tradition of sharing, as long as nobody made any money. You could -- 他们有着分享的传统 只要你不因此获利。你可以
as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然;
Concert recordings, it's not the commercial recordings, but concert recordings, started by the Grateful Dead. 音乐会的录音,不是商业用途 只是演唱会的现场录音,这是由“Grateful Deal”乐队率先开始的
And we get about two or three bands a day signing up. 现在平均每天有2到3个乐队注册加入
bands:n.乐队;法官;
They give permission, and we get about 40 or 50 concerts a day. 他们开放授权,这样平均每天我们就有40到50场音乐会
We have about 40,000 concerts, everything the Grateful Dead ever did, up on the net so that people can see it and listen to this material. 我们现在有大约4万场音乐会,包括GratefulDeal乐队曾经演出过的 发布到了网上,这样人们就可以看到并可以去听这些演唱会
So audio is possible to put up, but the rights issues are really pretty thorny. 因此,音频文件是可行的,但是就是版权问题太棘手
We've got a lot of collections now -- a couple hundred thousand items -- and it's growing over time. 我们现在已经收集了很多资料 有上万个条目,并且它还在一直增长
items:n.项目;一件商品(或物品);一则,一条(新闻)(item的复数)
Moving images : if you think of theatrical releases , there are not that many of them. 影片:如果你想到的商业电影 商业电影并不多
images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) theatrical:adj.戏剧性的;剧场的,戏剧的;夸张的;做作的; releases:n.释放; vt.释放;
As best we can tell, there are about 150,000 to 200,000 movies ever that are really meant for a large-scale theatrical distribution. It's just not that many. 据我们所知最多也大约只有15万到20万部电影 他们是商业发行电影。只是数量并不多
large-scale:adj.大规模的,大范围的;大比例尺的;
But half of those were Indian. 其中的一半来自印度
But anyway, it's doable , but we've only found about a thousand of these things that -- to be out-of-copyright. 无论如何,这是可行的 我们仅仅发现了其中的一千部左右 是不受版权保护的
doable:adj.可做的;
So we've digitized those and made those available. 我们将其数字化处理,并发布到网上
But we've found that there's lots of other types of movies that haven't really seen the light of day -- archival films. 同时,我们发现了很多其他类型的电影 还有一些尚未发行的档案电影（纪录片）
archival:adj.档案的;
We've found, also, a lot of political films, a lot of amateur films, all sorts of things that are basically needing of a home, a permanent home. 我们找到了很多政治电影,业余电影 各类电影基本上需要一个家,一个永久的家
amateur:n.爱好者;业余爱好者;外行;adj.业余的;外行的; permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发;
So we've been starting to make these available and it's grown to be very popular. 因此我们已开始让他们流通,受到了欢迎
We're not quite a YouTube; we tended towards longer-term things and also things that people can reuse and make into new movies, which has just been great fun. 我们不是在模仿YouTube 我们更偏向于有一定长度的影像资料 人们可以重新编辑,并可以添加到新电影中 这样做会非常有趣
Television comes quite a bit larger. 电视资讯的内容很多
We started recording 20 channels of television 24 hours a day. 我们已经开始了对20个频道一天24小时的记录
It's sort of the biggest TiVo box you've ever seen. 这可能是你见到的最大的TiVo盒（TiVo是一种数字录象设备,它能帮助人们非常方便地录下和筛选电视上播放过的节目）
It's about a petabyte, so far, of worldwide television -- 这一切都将是PB级的（1PB=1024TB）,因为有来自世界各个地区和国家的电视节目
worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Iraqi, Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, ABC, CBS, NBC -- 24 hours a day. 里面有俄语,汉语,日语,伊拉克语,包括半岛电视台,BBC,CNN,ABC,CBS,NBC等等 全天24小时不停的记录
We put -- we only put one week up, which is mostly for cost reasons, which is the 9/11, sort of from 9/11/2001: for one week, what did the world see? 我们只是记录了一周的内容 主要还是成本的原因,当然也有911事件的因素 从2001/9/11开始:一周内,全世界如何看这件事？
CNN were saying that Palestinians were dancing in the streets. CNN电视台说,巴勒斯坦人在大街上跳舞
Were they? Let's look at the Palestinian television and find out. 是这样吗？让我们查看巴勒斯坦播出的电视节目,从中寻找答案
Palestinian:adj.巴勒斯坦的;巴勒斯坦人的;n.巴勒斯坦人;
How can we have critical thinking without being able to quote and being able to compare what happened in the past? 不去引用和对比之前发生过的事情 我们如何才能有判断性的思考呢？
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用; compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
And television is dreadfully unrecorded and unquotable, except by Jon Stewart, who does fabulous job. 之前电视节目是很少被记录和引用的 直至JonStewart的出现,他的工作让我们受益匪浅
dreadfully:adv.可怕地;极其; unrecorded:adj.未记录下来的;未登记的;
So anyway, television is, I would suggest, within our grasp. 我认为电视内容我们掌控的很好
So 15 dollars per video hour and also about 100 dollars to 150 dollars per celluloid hour, we're able to go and get materials online very inexpensively and have them up on the net. 每小时的影片需要15美元,每小时的电影约需要100到150美元 我们可以低价收集到这些材料 并把它们发布到网上
celluloid:n.赛璐珞;(美俚)电影(胶片); inexpensively:adv.廉价地,不践地;花费不多地;
And we've got, now, a lot of these materials. 我们现在已经收集了很多这样的资料
So we've got about 100,000 pieces up there. 大约有近10万份左右
So books, music, video, software -- there's only 50,000 titles of it. 图书,音乐,影片,软体 - 只有五万个标题
Mostly the issues there are legal issues and breaking copy protections. 存在的问题主要是法律问题,打破版权（防拷贝）保护
legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的;
But we've worked through some of those, but we've still got real problems in Washington. 尽管,我们已经克服了一些问题 但我们在华盛顿仍然存在一些实际问题
Well, we're best known as the World Wide Web . 我们国家最为有名的是万维网
World Wide Web:n.万维网;
We've been archiving the World Wide Web since 1996. 自从1996年以来,我们就着手于万维网的归档
archiving:n.归档;v.把…收集归档(archive的现在分词);
We take a snapshot of every website and all of the pages on it, every two months. 平均每两个月,我们就会采集每个网站的所有网页的快照
snapshot:n.快照,快相;急射,速射;简单印象;vt.给…拍快照;vi.拍快照;
And actually, it's really been pioneered by Alexa Internet, which donates this collection to the internet archive. 事实上,做这件事情的先驱是AlexaInternet公司 AlexaInternet公司把他们收集的资料捐赠给了互联网档案馆
donates:vt.捐赠;捐献;vi.捐赠;捐献;n.捐赠;捐献;
And it's been growing along for the last 11 years and it's a fantastic resource . 这些档案在之前的11年里一直在增加,已经是个了不起的资源
fantastic:奇异的,空想的 resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备);
And we've made a "Way Back Machine" 我们做了一个“历史回顾机”
that you can then go and see old websites kind of the way they were. 你可以看到网站以往的页面
If you go and search on something, this is Google .com, the different versions of it that we have, this is what it looks like when it was an Alpha release and this is what it looked like at Stanford. 如果你想查询一些资料,比如到Google上 它看起来不同于我们现在使用的版本 这是Google发布的测试版 这是在斯坦福大学中被使用的Google版本
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; Alpha:n.希腊字母表的第1个字母;
So anyway, you've got basically an idea of where things came from. 所以无论如何,你就会知道这些东西是来自哪里的
Mostly people want to see their old stuff out of this. 大部分人是希望看到他们以往的页面
If there's one thing that we want to learn from the Library of Alexandria version one, which is probably best known for burning, is: don't just have one copy. 如果我们能从最早的那个亚历山大图书馆得出些教训的话 就是曾经被大火焚烧的图书馆 不可只有一个备份
So we've started to -- We've made another copy of all of this and we actually put it back in the Library of Alexandria. 我们已经制作了另一个副本 然后我们把这些资料再放回亚历山大图书馆
So this is a picture of the internet archive at the Library of Alexandria. 这是亚历山大图书馆中互联网档案馆的一张照片
And we now have also another copy building up in Amsterdam . 并且我们在阿姆斯特丹也建立了一个相同的档案中心
Amsterdam:n.阿姆斯特丹(荷兰首都);阿姆斯特丹(美国纽约东部城市);
So we should put it in the San Andreas Fault Line in San Francisco, flood zone in Amsterdam and in the Middle East . Right, so anyway ... 在旧金山的圣安地列斯断层线我们也应该建立一个 阿姆斯特丹的洪水区,包括中东地区。不管怎么说
Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部);
so we're hedging our bets here. 我们在押赌注
hedging:v.避免正面回答;拐弯抹角;包围;限制;(hedge的现在分词) bets:v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿(bet的第三人称单数)
If we go and put it in a couple more places, I think we'll be in good shape. 如果能将之存放在更多的地方,它将会越安全
There's a political and social question out of this. 此时就会出现一个政治和社会问题
Is all of this, as we go digital, is it going to be public or private? 那就是:当我们把这一切数字化后,这些资料是为公众还是私人服务？
There's some large companies that have seen this vision, that are doing large-scale digitization , but they're locking up the public domain . 一些大的公司已经预见到了这个场景 他们在做大规模的数字化 但是他们已经开始锁定公共领域了
digitization:n.[计]数字化,数位化,数码化; public domain:n.(用于不受版权保护的财产)公有领域;
The question is: is that the world that we really want to live in? 问题是:这是我们所期望生存的未来世界吗？
What's the role of the public versus the private as things go forward? 随着时代的发展,如何限定公共与私人的角色？
versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
How do we go and have a world where we both have libraries and publishing in the future, just as we basically benefited as we were growing up? 在未来如何使图书馆和出版社 协调发展,使得双方都能成长起来,并从中受益？
So universal access to all knowledge -- 全部知识的普世近用
I think it can be one of the greatest achievements of humankind , like the man on the moon or the Gutenberg Bible or the Library of Alexandria. 我认为这将成为人类最伟大的成就之一 就像人类登月,古腾堡圣经,亚历山大图书馆
humankind:n.人类(总称); Bible:n.有权威的书;
It could be something that we're remembered for for millennia for having achieved. 这是值得我们怀念的 人类千年发展史中的一些事情
millennia:n.千年期(millennium的复数);一千年;千年庆典;太平盛世;
And as I said before, I'll end with something that's carved above the door of the Carnegie Library -- 我之前说过,我会以刻在卡内基图书馆 门上的一句话来结束我的演讲
as I said:正如我所说的
Carnegie -- one of the great capitalists of this country -- carved above his legacy : "Free to the People." 卡内基——这个国家的一个伟大的资本家—— 在他的遗产上刻着:“对所有人免费。”
capitalists:n.资本家(capitalist的复数); legacy:n.遗赠,遗产;
Thank you very much. 谢谢。