返回首页

BobChang_ChineseExclusionAct_2020E-_美国排华法案的黑暗历史_-
After 12 years living in California, 旅居美国加利福尼亚州十二年后,
Chinese citizen Chae Chan Ping was ready for a visit home. 中国公民柴禅平准备回家看看。
He procured the necessary documents for his departure and return journey , and set sail for China, where he spent the next year reconnecting with friends and family. 他好不容易备齐了 出境和入境的必要文书, 启航前往中国, 而后用了一年时间 与中国的亲朋好友联络感情。
Ping:发出撞击声 procured:v.(设法)获得,取得,得到;诱使(妇女)卖淫;(procure的过去分词和过去式) departure:n.离开;出发;违背; journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; reconnecting:n.重新连线中;正在重新连接;v.再接合(reconnect的现在分词);
But when he returned to San Francisco on October 8th, 1888, 但是当柴禅平于 1888 年 10 月 8 日回到旧金山时,
Ping and his fellow immigrant passengers were forbidden to disembark . 他和其他同船的移民们被禁止上岸。
Just days earlier, President Grover Cleveland had signed the Scott Act, which invalidated the legal documents allowing their re-entry to the United States. 就在几天前,格罗弗·克利夫兰总统 刚刚签署了斯科特法案。 法案规定,允许他们 重新进入美国的法律文件 就此作废。
immigrant:n.(外来)移民;外侨;adj.侨民的; forbidden:adj.禁止的; v.禁止; (forbid的过去分词和过去式) disembark:vi.登陆,下车;上岸;vt.使…登陆;使…上岸; Grover:n.格鲁佛氏;调弦系统;卷弦器; invalidated:v.使无效(invalidate的过去分词); legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; re-entry:n.重新返回;重新获取所有权;夺得一墩并夺得出牌权的牌(等于reentry); United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
This policy threatened to separate families and deprive Chinese immigrants of their homes and livelihoods . 这项政策使华人家庭骨肉分离, 也一并剥夺了他们的家园和生计。
Ping challenged the ruling, beginning a legal battle for the rights of thousands of Chinese immigrants. 柴禅平对这项裁决提出了挑战, 开始了一场维护成千上万 华人移民利益的法律斗争。
But his case inspired an even more controversial policy that continues to impact immigrants around the globe. 然而,这场官司却带来了一项 更具争议性的政策, 继续影响着全世界移民的权益。
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; deprive:vt.使丧失,剥夺; immigrants:n.移民(immigrant的复数); livelihoods:n.赚钱謀生的手段;生计;(livelihood的复数) inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) controversial:adj.有争议的;有争论的; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
Discrimination against Chinese immigrants had begun decades earlier, when the California Gold Rush created a massive demand for labor. 几十年前,当加州的淘金热 创造了大量劳动力需求时, 对中国移民的歧视就开始了。
Initially , Chinese immigrants were welcomed as reliable workers and became essential parts of frontier communities . 最开始,作为可靠的工人, 中国移民是受欢迎的。 他们也成为了边境社区 不可或缺的组成部分。
Many built railroads and worked in the mines, while others operated laundries , restaurants, and general stores. 许多中国人修铁路、挖矿石, 其他经营着洗衣店、饭店和杂货铺。
Discrimination:n.歧视;区别,辨别;识别力; Gold Rush:n.淘金热; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; Initially:adv.最初,首先;开头; reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) laundries:洗衣店;衣物;洗衣间;
The 1868 Burlingame Treaty even granted China favored trading status with the US, and allowed unrestricted migration between the two countries. 1868年的《蒲安臣条约》 （中美天津条约续增条约） 并且允许两国之间自由移民。
But as large numbers of Chinese immigrants found success, 但是,当大量中国移民取得了成功后,
American workers began to see them as a threat. 美国工人开始把他们视作威胁。
Politicians and labor leaders denounced them for driving down wages , and violence against Chinese individuals became increasingly common. 政客和工人领袖 谴责他们降低了工资水平, 针对中国人的暴力行为也越来越普遍。
Treaty:n.条约,协议;谈判; granted:v.不错,的确; conj.因为; v.同意,准予,允许; (grant的过去分词和过去式) status:n.地位;状态;情形;重要身份; unrestricted:adj.自由的;无限制的;不受束缚的; migration:n.迁移;迁徙;转移;移居; Politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数) denounced:adj.公开抨击的;v.谴责;揭发;声明…无效(denounce的过去分词); wages:n.[劳经]工资; v.开展(运动等)(wage的第三人称单数形式); violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地;
This anti-Chinese sentiment soon found its way into California’s courts. 这种反华情绪迅速进入了加州的法庭。
In 1854, following a murder trial where a white man was convicted of murdering a Chinese man, the California Supreme Court overturned the conviction , holding that Chinese eyewitness testimony was inadmissible . 1854 年,一个白人男性 因谋杀华人男子而被审判定罪, 加州最高法院推翻了判决, 认为华人目击者的证词 是不能被采纳的。
sentiment:n.感情,情绪;情操;观点;多愁善感; convicted:v.定罪;宣判…有罪;(convict的过去式和过去分词) Supreme Court:最高法院; overturned:v.推翻;倾覆;撤销;(overturn的过去分词和过去式) conviction:n.判罪;定罪;坚定的看法(或信念);坚信;肯定; eyewitness:n.目击者;见证人; testimony:n.[法]证词,证言;证据; inadmissible:adj.不许可的;难承认的;
The court declared that Chinese citizens could not testify against white defendants , citing similar precedents forbidding testimony by Black and Native American individuals. 法院宣布 中国公民不能指证白人被告, 援引禁止黑人和美国原住民 作证的先例。
This decision effectively legalized violence against California’s Chinese population, inspiring mob attacks and campaigns for segregation . 这项决定实际上使针对 加州华人的暴力合法化了, 引发了暴徒袭击和倡导 种族分离的运动。 引发了暴徒袭击和倡导 种族分离的运动。
testify:v.证明,证实;作证; defendants:n.[法]被告(defendant的复数); citing:v.提及(原因);列举;引用;传唤;(cite的现在分词) precedents:n.判例;引用单元; forbidding:adj.令人生畏的;严峻的;险恶的;v.禁止;不准;(forbid的现在分词) Native American:n.美洲土著居民; legalized:合法的; inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词) mob:n.人群;(尤指)暴民;一群;一帮;v.(鸟群或兽群)围攻;围拢; segregation:n.隔离,分离;种族隔离;
Before long , anti-Chinese sentiment reached the federal level. 不久之后,联邦也受到了 反华情绪影响。
In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, the first federal law that restricted immigration based explicitly on nationality. 1882 年,国会通过了《排华法案》, 这是第一部明确基于国籍 限制移民的联邦法律。
In practice , the Act banned entry to all ethnically Chinese immigrants besides diplomats , and prohibited existing immigrants from obtaining citizenship . 在实际实施中,法案禁止 除外交官之外的所有中国移民 进入美国, 并且禁止现有的移民 获得美国公民的身份。
Before long:不久以后; federal:adj.联邦的;同盟的;联邦政府的;联邦制的;adv.联邦政府地; Congress:n.国会;代表大会;会议;社交; Exclusion:n.排除;排斥;驱逐;被排除在外的事物; immigration:n.外来移民;移居; explicitly:adv.明确地;明白地; In practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上; banned:v.明令禁止;取缔;禁止(某人)做某事;(ban的过去分词和过去式) ethnically:adv.人种上;民族上; besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外; diplomats:外交官; prohibited:v.禁止(prohibit的过去分词形式);adj.被禁止的; obtaining:n.得到,获取;v.得到(obtain的现在分词); citizenship:n.[法]公民身份,公民资格;国籍;公民权;
It also meant Chinese individuals couldn’t leave the United States and return without first applying for a certificate of re-entry. 这也意味着华人如果不先申请好 重新进入的证明, 就不能离开再回到美国。
This policy remained in place until October 1st, 1888, when the Scott Act prohibited re-entry altogether, stranding Chae Chan Ping and thousands of other Chinese immigrants. 直到 1888 年 10 月 1 日, 这项政策才被废止。 到这时,斯科特法案全面禁止 重新进入美国的规定, 阻碍包括柴禅平在内的数以万计的 中国移民回到美国的步伐。
applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词) certificate:n.证明;证明书;合格证书;文凭;v.发给结业证书;(尤指)发给职业培训证书; stranding:n.[水运]搁浅;[安全][水运]触礁;v.[水运]搁浅(strand的现在分词);
In court, Ping argued he had followed the proper protocol obtaining his re-entry certificate, and the government had not honored his legally issued document. 在法庭上,柴禅平据理力争道, 他已经根据相应条款 备好了他重回美国的证明, 而政府并没有承认他的合法文件。
This argument was strong enough to send his case all the way to the Supreme Court. 这一有力论据使他的案子 一路被送到最高法庭审判。
But the justices ruled against Ping, invalidating thousands of legal re-entry certificates in one fell swoop . 但是,公正并没有站在柴禅平这一方, 而是一举使成千上万的 合法证明作废了。
protocol:n.协议;草案;礼仪;vt.拟定;vi.拟定; issued:v.宣布;公布;发出;将…诉诸法律;(issue的过去分词和过去式) justices:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判;(justice的复数) invalidating:v.证明…错误;使站不住脚;使无效;使作废;(invalidate的现在分词) certificates:n.[管理]证书(certificate的复数); v.用证书证明(certificate的单数第三人称); swoop:v.俯冲;突然袭击;突然行动;n.突然袭击;俯冲;突击搜查;
The decision led to Ping’s deportation and left up to 20,000 Chinese immigrants unable to return to the US. 这一决定致使柴禅平被驱逐出境, 多达两万中国移民无法重新回到美国。
But arguably even more important than the court’s racist ruling was the logic they used to support it. 然而按理说,比法庭 具有种族歧视色彩的裁决更讽刺的, 是他们用以支撑裁决的逻辑。
Traditionally , the Supreme Court is considered a check on the other two branches of American government, offering judgment on policies passed by Congress and the president. 传统上,最高法院被认为是 对美国政府其他两个分支的制约, 对国会和总统通过的政策 合宪与否作出判决。
deportation:n.驱逐出境;放逐; arguably:v.可论证地; racist:n.种族主义者;种族主义的; logic:n.逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性;adj.逻辑的; Traditionally:adv.传统上;习惯上;传说上; judgment:n.判断;裁判;判决书;辨别力; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数)
In this case however, the court stated they had no power to pass judgment on the Scott Act, since Congress had declared the immigration policy 然而,在这一案件中, 法院认为他们无权对 斯科特法案作出判断, 因为国会已经宣布移民政策是一项
This decision set a unique precedent. 这一裁决成为了一个独特的先例。
Unless Ping's case was overturned, congressional and executive branches could claim national security concerns to pass whatever immigration laws they wanted. 除非柴禅平的案件翻案, 国会和行政机构就可以 以关乎国家安全为由通过任何移民法。
Throughout the 20th century, xenophobic government officials used this power to freely discriminate against immigrant groups. 整个 20 世纪, 仇外的政府官员 都用这项权力肆无忌惮地 迫害移民群体。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; congressional:adj.国会的;会议的;议会的; executive:n.管理人员; adj.经营管理的; claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得; concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式); Throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; xenophobic:adj.恐惧外国人的; discriminate against:歧视;排斥;
The 1917 Asiatic Barred Zone Act prohibited the entry of all South Asians . 1917 年的《亚洲禁止区域法案》 禁止了所有南亚人进入美国。
And a series of immigration acts in the 1920s expanded restrictions throughout Asia, Eastern Europe and southern Europe. 20 世纪 20 年代的一系列移民法案, 把禁令扩张到了 整个亚洲、东欧和南欧。
Many of these restrictions were lifted after World War II, and the Chinese Exclusion Act itself was finally repealed in 1943— over 60 years after it was enacted . 许多禁令在二战后撤销了。 排华法案也终于在 1943 年被废止, 此时已在实施 60 年后了。
Asiatic:n.亚洲人;adj.亚洲的;亚洲人的; Asians:adj.亚洲的;亚洲人的;n.亚洲人; series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式); restrictions:n.限制规定;限制;约束;制约因素;(restriction的复数) Eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; repealed:v.废止(repeal的过去分词);撤消; enacted:n.制定,颁布;
But the US government continues to use this precedent to deploy sudden and sweeping immigration policies, targeting journalists and dissidents as well as ethnic groups. 但美国政府继续利用这一先例 来部署针对记者、 政见不合者和有色人种的 紧急、大规模移民政策。
Little is known about what became of Chae Chan Ping following his deportation. 柴禅平被驱逐出境后的情况 人们知之甚少。
But the injustices visited upon him and thousands of other Chinese Americans continue to impact immigrant rights and liberties . 但当年降临在他和其他数千名 华裔美国人身上的不公正待遇, 继续影响着移民的权利与自由。
deploy:v.部署;利用;[军事]展开;(使)张开; sweeping:n.扫除; adj.影响广泛的; v.打扫; (sweep的现在分词) journalists:n.新闻记者(journalist的复数); dissidents:公开大唱反调者;持异议者;持不同政见者; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; injustices:n.不公正;不讲道义; liberties:n.自由(liberty的复数);