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BoazAlmog_2012G-_“悬浮”_一个超导体_
The phenomenon you saw here for a brief moment is called quantum levitation and quantum locking. 你们在这里看到的这个短暂的现象是 被称为量子悬浮和量子锁定。
phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); quantum:n.量子论;额;美国昆腾公司(世界领先的硬盘生产商); levitation:n.升空;飘浮;
And the object that was levitating here is called a superconductor . 这个悬浮在这里的物体 被称为超导体。
levitating:v.漂起;升空(levitate的ing形式); superconductor:n.[低温]超导体;
Superconductivity is a quantum state of matter, and it occurs only below a certain critical temperature. 超导是物质的一种量子状态, 只在特定的关键温度下发生。
Superconductivity:n.超导电性; occurs:v.重现(occur的第三人称单数); critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的;
Now, it's quite an old phenomenon; it was discovered 100 years ago. 现在,这是一个比较老的现象了; 100年前被发现。
However, only recently , due to several technological advancements , we are now able to demonstrate to you quantum levitation and quantum locking. 然而,就在最近, 由于若干科技进步, 我们现在能够向你们展示 量子悬浮和量子锁定。
recently:adv.最近;新近; technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; advancements:n.进步;进展(advancement的复数形式);升任; demonstrate:vt.证明;展示;论证;vi.示威;
So, a superconductor is defined by two properties. 那么,超导体具备两种特性。
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确;
The first is zero electrical resistance , and the second is the expulsion of a magnetic field from the interior of the superconductor. 第一种特性是零电阻, 第二种特性是从超导体的内部驱逐磁场。
electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; expulsion:n.驱逐;开除; magnetic field:磁场; interior:n.内部;内陆;内地;里面;adj.内部的;里面的;
That sounds complicated , right? 这听起来有点复杂,是吗？
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
But what is electrical resistance? 但什么是电阻呢？
So, electricity is the flow of electrons inside a material. 那么,电就是物体内部的电子流。
electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; electrons:n.[物]电子(electron的复数形式);
And these electrons, while flowing, they collide with the atoms , and in these collisions they lose a certain amount of energy. 这些电子,当他们流动时, 它们与原子相撞,在碰撞过程中 它们损失一定的能量。
collide:vi.碰撞;抵触,冲突;vt.使碰撞;使相撞; atoms:n.[物]原子(atom的复数); collisions:n.[物]碰撞;冲突;撞击(collision的复数形式);
And they dissipate this energy in the form of heat, and you know that effect. 这种能量以热的形式消耗,你们知道这种效果的。
dissipate:v.消散;驱散;(使)消失;挥霍;浪费;消磨;
However, inside a superconductor there are no collisions, so there is no energy dissipation . 然而,在超导体的内部,不存在这种碰撞, 因此也就没有能量消耗。
dissipation:n.浪费;消散;[物]损耗;
It's quite remarkable . Think about it. 想象一下,这是非常神奇的。
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的;
In classical physics, there is always some friction , some energy loss. 在经典物理学中,摩擦和能量消耗是必然存在的,
classical:adj.古典的;经典的;传统的;第一流的;n.古典音乐; friction:n.摩擦,[力]摩擦力;
But not here, because it is a quantum effect. 但在这里并非如此。因为这是一种量子效应。
But that's not all, because superconductors don't like magnetic fields. 但这不是全部。因为超导体不喜欢磁场。
superconductors:n.[低温]超导体;
So a superconductor will try to expel magnetic field from the inside, and it has the means to do that by circulating currents. 因此超导体会把磁场从内部驱逐出去, 通过循环电流就能做到。
expel:v.把…开除(或除名);驱逐出境;排出;喷出; circulating:adj.运行的; v.(液体或气体)环流,循环; (circulate的现在分词)
Now, the combination of both effects -- the expulsion of magnetic fields and zero electrical resistance -- is exactly a superconductor. 现在,两种效应相结合-- 驱逐磁场和零电阻-- 就是超导体。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合;
But the picture isn't always perfect, as we all know, and sometimes strands of magnetic field remain inside the superconductor. 但我们都知道,情况不总是那么完美的, 有时候,有几束磁场会停留在超导体内部。
strands:n.线; v.搁浅;
Now, under proper conditions, which we have here, these strands of magnetic field can be trapped inside the superconductor. 现在,在特定的条件下,就像我们现在有的, 这些磁场束被困在超导体内。
trapped:adj.受困的;受限制的;v.使落入险境;使陷入困境;(trap的过去分词和过去式)
And these strands of magnetic field inside the superconductor, they come in discrete quantities . 这些超导体内部的磁场束, 它们以分散的数量进入。
discrete:adj.离散的,不连续的;n.分立元件;独立部件; quantities:n.数量;数目;大量;大宗;(quantity的复数)
Why? Because it is a quantum phenomenon. It's quantum physics. 为什么？因为这是量子现象。是量子物理学。
And it turns out that they behave like quantum particles . 结果它们的运动就像是量子粒子的运动。
behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用; particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式);
In this movie here, you can see how they flow one by one discretely . 在这部短片里,你们能够看到它们一个个分散流动。
one by one:一个接一个; discretely:adv.离散地,分离地;
This is strands of magnetic field. These are not particles, but they behave like particles. 这是磁场束。不是粒子, 但它们的运动看起来像粒子。
So, this is why we call this effect quantum levitation and quantum locking. 这就是为什么我们把这种效应称为量子悬浮和量子锁定。
But what happens to the superconductor when we put it inside a magnetic field? 那么,当我们把超导体放入磁场内时,它发生了什么变化呢？
Well, first there are strands of magnetic field left inside, but now the superconductor doesn't like them moving around, because their movements dissipate energy, which breaks the superconductivity state. 首先呢,有几束磁场束会留在超导体里面, 但现在超导体不喜欢让它们在周围移动, 因为它们的运动会消耗能量, 这样会破坏超导体状态。
So what it actually does, it locks these strands, which are called fluxons, and it locks these fluxons in place. 那么,它到底做什么了呢,它锁定了这些磁场束, 这些磁场束被称为磁通量子,它把这些磁通量子锁定在原地。
And by doing that, what it actually does is locking itself in place. 如此一来,它就把自己给锁定在原位。
Why? Because any movement of the superconductor will change their place, will change their configuration . 为什么？因为任何超导体的移动都会改变它们的位置, 改变它们的状态。
configuration:n.配置;结构;外形;
So we get quantum locking. And let me show you how this works. 这样我们就得到了量子锁定。让我向你们展示它是如何运作的。
I have here a superconductor, which I wrapped up so it'd stay cold long enough. 这里,我有一个超导体,我把它裹起来了,这样它就能保持足够长时间冰冷。
wrapped:adj.极高兴的;十分满意的;v.用…包裹;用…缠绕;(wrap的过去分词和过去式)
And when I place it on top of a regular magnet, it just stays locked in midair . 当我把它放在一个普通磁铁的顶端, 它就被锁定在半空中。
midair:n.半空中;
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Now, this is not just levitation. It's not just repulsion . 现在,这不仅仅是悬浮。不仅仅是相斥。
repulsion:n.排斥;反驳;反感;厌恶;
I can rearrange the fluxons, and it will be locked in this new configuration. 我能重置这些磁通量子,它就能够被锁定在这个新的装置内。
rearrange:v.重新排列;重新整理;
Like this, or move it slightly to the right or to the left. 就像这样,或者把它往左或往右稍微移动一下。
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地;
So, this is quantum locking -- actually locking -- three-dimensional locking of the superconductor. 那么,这就是量子锁定--货真价实的锁定--超导体的三维锁定。
three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的;
Of course, I can turn it upside down , and it will remain locked. 当然,我也可以把它倒过来, 它还是会保持锁定。
upside down:adj.颠倒的;乱七八糟的;
Now, now that we understand that this so-called levitation is actually locking, 现在,既然我们了解了这种所谓的悬浮其实是锁定,
so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的;
Yeah, we understand that. 是的,我们了解了这一点。
You won't be surprised to hear that if I take this circular magnet, in which the magnetic field is the same all around, the superconductor will be able to freely rotate around the axis of the magnet. 如果我拿出这样一个环形磁铁,你们就不会感到惊讶, 在这个环形磁铁里,各处的磁场是相同的, 超导体能够绕着磁铁的轴线自由旋转。
circular:adj.圆形的; n.(同时送达很多人的)印刷信函(或通知、广告); rotate:v.旋转;转动;轮换;使…轮流; axis:n.轴;轴线;轴心国;
Why? Because as long as it rotates , the locking is maintained . 为什么？因为只要它在旋转,锁定就能够被保持下去。
as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然; rotates:旋转;轮流; maintained:v.维持;维修;保养;固执己见;(maintain的过去式和过去分词)
You see? I can adjust and I can rotate the superconductor. 看到了吗？我能调整我能旋转这个超导体。
adjust:v.调整;调节;适应;习惯;
We have frictionless motion . It is still levitating, but can move freely all around. 我们有了无摩擦运动。它仍然在悬浮,但能够自由移动。
frictionless:adj.无摩擦的;光滑的; motion:n.动作;移动;手势;请求;意向;议案;v.运动;打手势;
So, we have quantum locking and we can levitate it on top of this magnet. 因此,我们有了量子锁定并且我们能把它悬浮在磁铁上方。
levitate:vt.使轻轻浮起;使飘浮空中;vi.轻轻浮起;飘浮空中;
But how many fluxons, how many magnetic strands are there in a single disk like this? 但在这样一个简单的磁片中,有多少磁通量子,有多少磁力束呢？
Well, we can calculate it, and it turns out, quite a lot. 好吧,我们可以计算出来,结果显示,数量还是很多的。
One hundred billion strands of magnetic field inside this three-inch disk. 在这个三英寸厚的磁片中有一千亿的磁场束。
But that's not the amazing part yet, because there is something I haven't told you yet. 但这还不是最惊人的部分,因为还有一些东西我没告诉你们。
And, yeah, the amazing part is that this superconductor that you see here is only half a micron thick. It's extremely thin. 是的,最惊人的部分在于这个你们所见到超导体 仅仅是半微米厚。非常薄。
micron:n.微米(等于百万分之一米); extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
And this extremely thin layer is able to levitate more than 70,000 times its own weight. 这片极薄的磁片能够悬浮它自重70000倍的物体。
layer:n.层,层次; vt.把…分层堆放; vi.形成或分成层次;
It's a remarkable effect. It's very strong. 这是十分惊人的反应。非常强大。
Now, I can extend this circular magnet, and make whatever track I want. 现在,我可以延伸这个环形磁铁, 做出任何我想要的轨迹。
extend:vt.延伸; vi.延伸; track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;
For example, I can make a large circular rail here. 比如,我可以做出一个巨大的环形轨道。
And when I place the superconducting disk on top of this rail, it moves freely. 当我把超导磁片放在轨道上方时, 它做自由运动。
superconducting:adj.[低温]超导的;v.起超导体作用;(superconduct的现在分词)
(Applause) （掌声）
And again, that's not all. I can adjust its position like this, and rotate, and it freely moves in this new position. 这还不是全部哦。我可以像这样调整它的位置,翻转, 它在新的位置上做自由运动。
And I can even try a new thing; let's try it for the first time. 我甚至可以尝试一件新的事情;我们来首次尝试一下。
I can take this disk and put it here, and while it stays here -- don't move -- 我能把这个磁片放在这里, 当它停留在这里--不要移动--
I will try to rotate the track, and hopefully, if I did it correctly, it stays suspended . 我会尝试将轨道翻转, 希望,如果我做对了, 它会保持悬挂在半空。
suspended:v.悬;挂;吊;暂停;中止;(suspend的过去式和过去分词)
(Applause) （掌声）
You see, it's quantum locking, not levitation. 你们看,这是量子锁定,而非悬浮。
Now, while I'll let it circulate for a little more, let me tell you a little bit about superconductors. 现在,我会让它循环更多一些, 让我告诉大家一些关于超导体的知识。
circulate:v.循环;传播;流传;传阅;
Now -- (Laughter) -- 现在--（笑声）--
So we now know that we are able to transfer enormous amount of currents inside superconductors, so we can use them to produce strong magnetic fields, such as needed in MRI machines, particle accelerators and so on. 好的,现在我们都了解了我们能够传输超导体内部的大量电流, 那么我们能够利用它们制造强大的磁场, 诸如在核磁共振成像仪,粒子加速器等机器中所需要的。
transfer:n.转移;调任;调离;[体]转会球员;v.调任;调走;转学;转移; enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; accelerators:n.[核]加速器(accelerator的复数形式);
But we can also store energy using superconductors, because we have no dissipation. 但我们也能够用超导体存储能量, 因为超导体没有能量损耗。
And we could also produce power cables , to transfer enormous amounts of current between power stations. 我们还能制造电缆,在电站之间传输大量电流。
cables:n.缆绳;钢索;电缆;电报;v.发电报;(cable的第三人称单数和复数)
Imagine you could back up a single power station with a single superconducting cable. 想象一下,你们能够只用一根超导电缆支撑一个发电站。
power station:n.发电厂;发电站;
But what is the future of quantum levitation and quantum locking? 但量子悬浮和锁定的未来将何去何从呢？
Well, let me answer this simple question by giving you an example. 好吧,我就给你们举个例子来回答这个简单的问题。
Imagine you would have a disk similar to the one I have here in my hand, three-inch diameter , with a single difference. 想象一下你有一个和我手中差不多的磁片, 3英尺直径,唯一的区别是
diameter:n.直径;对径;放大率;放大倍数;
The superconducting layer, instead of being half a micron thin, being two millimeters thin, quite thin. 超导层,不是半微米厚, 而是2毫米薄,相当薄。
millimeters:n.毫米;(millimeter的复数)
This two-millimeter-thin superconducting layer could hold 1,000 kilograms, a small car, in my hand. 我手中这2毫米厚的超导层能够控制住一辆小轿车。
Amazing. Thank you. 太神奇了。谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）