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BillJoy_2006-_思考未来_
What technology can we really apply to reducing global poverty ? 什么技术可以真正帮助我们减少全球贫困？
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
And what I found was quite surprising. 我找到的答案让我颇为吃惊。
We started looking at things like death rates in the 20th century, and how they'd been improved , and very simple things turned out. 我们在二十世纪开始关注死亡率这样的事情, 以及如何改善这些指标。找到的答案其实很简单。
improved:adj.改良的:v.改进:改善(improve的过去分词和过去式)
You'd think maybe antibiotics made more difference than clean water, but it's actually the opposite. 你也许认为抗生素所做的贡献大于净水, 其实答案恰恰相反。
antibiotics:n.抗菌素;抗生素(如青霉素);(antibiotic的复数)
And so very simple things -- off-the-shelf technologies that we could easily find on the then-early Web -- would clearly make a huge difference to that problem. 所以很简单的事物,那些能很容易在早期的网络上 找到的现成的技术, 就能解决问题。
off-the-shelf:adj.现成的;常备的;成品的;adv.现成地;无需作重大修改地; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
But I also, in looking at more powerful technologies and nanotechnology and genetic engineering and other new emerging kind of digital technologies, became very concerned about the potential for abuse . 与此同时,当我开始关注更加高级的技术, 像纳米技术、基因工程以及其他一些新兴的 数字技术,我开始变得非常担心, 担心这些技术将来会被滥用。
nanotechnology:n.纳米技术; genetic engineering:n.基因工程;遗传工程(学); emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂;
If you think about it, in history, a long, long time ago we dealt with the problem of an individual abusing another individual. 想一想历史上,很久很久以前, 我们要解决人类个体之间相互虐待的问题,
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; abusing:v.滥用(以致危害健康);妄用;虐待;伤害;(abuse的现在分词)
We came up with something -- the Ten Commandments : Thou shalt not kill. 于是摩西十诫应运而生:你不能杀人。
Commandments:n.诫命(commandment的复数);戒律; shalt:v.应该;将要;必须(shall的第二人称单数现在式);
That's a, kind of a one-on-one thing. 那时还是一对一的事情。
one-on-one:adj.一对一的;直接对立的;adv.一对一;面对面;n.一对一的比赛;
We organized into cities. We had many people. 然后人们聚合成很多城邦,从此很多人生活在一起。
organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式)
And to keep the many from tyrannizing the one, we came up with concepts like individual liberty . 为了防止很多人欺负一个人, 人们又发明了“个人自由”这一概念,
tyrannizing:vi.施行暴政;欺压;vt.施行虐政;欺压; liberty:n.自由;许可;冒失;
And then, to have to deal with large groups, say, at the nation-state level, and we had to have mutual non-aggression , or through a series of conflicts , we eventually came to a rough international bargain to largely keep the peace. 再后来,为了对付更大的社会群体, 比如说国家之间, 人们就必须制定互不侵犯协定, 或者在经历了一系列的冲突之后,最终达成 一个简要的国际合约来维护基本的和平。
nation-state:n.单一民族国家; mutual:adj.共同的;相互的,彼此的; non-aggression:不侵略;不侵犯; series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; conflicts:n.冲突; v.抵触; eventually:adv.最后,终于; bargain:n.交易;便宜货;契约;v.讨价还价;议价;(谈价钱后)卖; largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地;
But now we have a new situation, really what people call an asymmetric situation, where technology is so powerful that it extends beyond a nation-state. 今天我们又有了新的挑战,人们认为这是个 不对称的形势。技术已经发展得非常强大, 已经超越了国界。
asymmetric:adj.不对称的;非对称的; extends:v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;延长;使延期;(extend的第三人称单数)
It's not the nation-states that have potential access to mass destruction , but individuals . 大规模杀伤性武器不再只是被控制在 国家的手中,而有可能被个人掌控。
nation-states:n.民族国家;单一民族国家(nation-state的复数形式); mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
And this is a consequence of the fact that these new technologies tend to be digital. 这是新技术数字化的一个直接后果。
consequence:n.结果;重要性;推论;
We saw genome sequences . 我们都见过基因组序列,
genome:n.基因组;染色体组; sequences:n.[数][计]序列,顺序;继起的事(sequence的复数形式);
You can download the gene sequences of pathogens off the Internet if you want to, and clearly someone recently -- I saw in a science magazine -- they said, well, the 1918 flu is too dangerous to FedEx around. 如果你想要知道病原体的基因序列, 你可以从因特网下载到。 而且我从《科学》杂志上看到,最近就有人这么做了。 嗯——,1918年的流感病毒用联邦快递（FedEx）传播也许太危险了些。
pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌; recently:adv.最近;新近; FedEx:n.联邦快递(等于theFederalExpress);
If people want to use it in their labs for working on research, just reconstruct it yourself, because, you know, it might break in FedEx. 如果你想用这些基因组在实验室里做研究, 只要自己进行重组就可以了, 因为我们都知道联邦快递可能会毁掉这些基因组。
labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数) reconstruct:vt.重建;改造;修复;重现;
So that this is possible to do this is not deniable . 这也就是说这件事情的可行性已经毋庸置疑了,
deniable:adj.可否认的;可拒绝的;可否定的;
So individuals in small groups super-empowered by access to these kind of self-replicating technologies, whether it be biological or other, are clearly a danger in our world. 那些手中掌握着此类自我复制技术的人们 就有可能对世界构成威胁,无论是生物技术 还是其他技术。
self-replicating:adj.自我复制的;自我复制; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
And the danger is that they can cause roughly what's a pandemic . 危险的是这些技术可能引发大规模的流行疾病,
roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地; pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病;
And we really don't have experience with pandemics , and we're also not very good as a society at acting to things we don't have direct and sort of gut-level experience with. 而我们人类在对付流行疾病方面的确没什么经验, 而且对于这些并没有直接和一目了然答案的问题, 我们也不擅长作为一个整体来行动。
pandemics:大流行;流行病;
So it's not in our nature to pre-act. 也就是说未雨绸缪并不是我们的天性。
And in this case, piling on more technology doesn't solve the problem, because it only super-empowers people more. 这种情况下,发明更多的技术并不能解决问题, 因为这只能让人类能的本领变得越发强大。
piling:n.打桩;桩材;打桩工程;
So the solution has to be, as people like Russell and Einstein and others, imagine in a conversation that existed in a much stronger form, I think, early in the 20th century, that the solution had to be not just the head but the heart. 所以解决方案就在于,正像卢梭和爱因斯坦等人 在20世纪初在一种更强形式的对话中 提到的一样, 解决方案必须不光存在于脑中,而且在心中,
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
You know, public policy and moral progress. 也就是我们通常说的政策和道德的发展进步。
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的;
The bargain that gives us civilization is a bargain to not use power. 人类文明正是在避免使用过多权力的前提下建立起来的。
civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明;
We get our individual rights by society protecting us from others not doing everything they can do but largely doing only what is legal . 个人权利之所以得到保障,就是因为社会通过法律规定了 什么是合法的行为,从而防止人们为所欲为。
legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的;
And so to limit the danger of these new things, we have to limit, ultimately , the ability of individuals to have access, essentially , to pandemic power. 因此要想最终控制这些新事物带来的潜在危险,我们就必须 将有条件接触那些有大规模破坏能力的 群体的能力控制在一定的限度之内。
ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; essentially:adv.本质上;本来;
We also have to have sensible defense, because no limitation is going to prevent a crazy person from doing something. 我们也必须同时具有一定的防卫能力,因为没有什么限制 是能够真正阻止一个失去理智的人做任何疯狂的事情的。
sensible:adj.明智的; n.可感觉到的东西; limitation:n.限制;局限;限度;控制;
And you know, and the troubling thing is that it's much easier to do something bad than to defend against all possible bad things, so the offensive uses really have an asymmetric advantage. 而且大家也知道,最头疼的事情是 干坏事情要比对所有坏事进行防御 要容易得多。 因此进行攻击（相对防御而言）的确是有一些“非对称”优势的。
offensive:n.进攻;攻势;攻击;侵犯;adj.冒犯的;得罪人的;无礼的;
So these are the kind of thoughts I was thinking in 1999 and 2000, and my friends told me I was getting really depressed , and they were really worried about me. 以上这些就是我在1999和2000年所想到的。 我的朋友告诉我说我那时候变得十分忧郁, 他们都很替我担心。
depressed:adj.沮丧的; v.使抑郁; (depress的过去式和过去分词)
And then I signed a book contract to write more gloomy thoughts about this and moved into a hotel room in New York with one room full of books on the Plague , and you know, nuclear bombs exploding in New York where I would be within the circle, and so on. 在那之后我又签了一份约稿,要把这些让人忧郁的想法结集出版, 为此我住进了纽约的一家酒店, 酒店的房间里堆满了关于那些想法的书籍, 还有大家都知道的在纽约发生的核炸弹爆炸, 就发生在离我不远的地方,诸如此类。
contract:v.收缩;感染;订约;n.合同;婚约; gloomy:adj.黑暗的;沮丧的;阴郁的; Plague:n.瘟疫;灾祸;麻烦;讨厌的人;vt.折磨;使苦恼;使得灾祸; nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的; exploding:v.爆炸;爆裂;勃然(大怒);突然发生(危险);(explode的现在分词)
And then I was there on September 11th, and I stood in the streets with everyone. 然后就是9.11,当时我就在那里。 我跟所有人一样站在街头。
And it was quite an experience to be there. 那可是个相当难忘的经历。
I got up the next morning and walked out of the city, and all the sanitation trucks were parked on Houston Street and ready to go down and start taking the rubble away. 我第二天早晨起来后走在城市当中, 所有的环卫车辆集结在休斯顿大街, 准备前往出事地点清理那些爆炸垃圾,
sanitation:n.[医]环境卫生;卫生设备;下水道设施; Houston:n.休斯顿(美国得克萨斯州港市); rubble:n.碎石,碎砖;粗石堆;
And I walked down the middle, up to the train station, and everything below 14th Street was closed. 我一路走到地铁车站, 14街以下所有的街头店铺都关闭了。
It was quite a compelling experience, but not really, I suppose , a surprise to someone who'd had his room full of the books. 这确实是一次不小的经历,但我想对于我这个 拥有一屋子这类书籍的人来说也许并不应该感到那么意外。
compelling:adj.引人入胜的; v.强迫; (compel的现在分词) suppose:v.推断:假定:假设:设想:
It was always a surprise that it happened then and there, but it wasn't a surprise that it happened at all. 大家会对偶发事件会感到惊讶 但这件事情迟早会发生,这本身并不是个意外。
And everyone then started writing about this. 在那之后所有人都开始谈论这件事情,
Thousands of people started writing about this. 成千上万的人开始动笔写这件事情。
And I eventually abandoned the book, and then Chris called me to talk at the conference . I really don't talk about this any more because, you know, there's enough frustrating and depressing things going on. 我最终放弃了那本书的写作,接着克里斯给我打电话 让我在这个大会上发言。我实在是不想再讨论这件事情, 因为我们都知道,周围已经有足够多让我们沮丧和忧郁的事情了。
abandoned:adj.被抛弃的放纵的;v.抛弃;丢弃,离开;放弃;(abandon的过去分词和过去式) conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会) frustrating:adj.令人沮丧的;v.使沮丧;(frustrate的现在分词) depressing:adj.令人抑郁的; v.使沮丧; (depress的现在分词)
But I agreed to come and say a few things about this. 但我还是答应来这里讲几件与此相关的事情。
And I would say that we can't give up the rule of law to fight an asymmetric threat, which is what we seem to be doing because of the present, the people that are in power, because that's to give up the thing that makes civilization. 我要说:我们不能放弃 对抗这种不对称威胁的原则, 我们也正在做着, 因为当前的状况, 目前的当权者 因为他们在放弃人类文明的保障。
And we can't fight the threat in the kind of stupid way we're doing, because a million-dollar act causes a billion dollars of damage, causes a trillion dollar response 我们也不能使用愚蠢的方法来赢得这场战争, 因为一个百万美元的提案 可能引发一亿美元的损失,继而引发一万亿美元的响应救援,
trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿; response:n.响应;反应;回答;
which is largely ineffective and arguably , probably almost certainly, has made the problem worse. 而这些救援大部分是低效而有争议的,基本上可以肯定地说, 会让原有的问题雪上加霜。
ineffective:adj.无效的,失效的;不起作用的; arguably:v.可论证地;
So we can't fight the thing with a million-to-one cost, one-to-a-million benefit ratio . 也就是说,我们不能用1百万比1的付出和 1比1百万的收益来解决问题。
ratio:n.比率;比例;v.用比例方式表达;求出…的比值;使…成比例;
So after giving up on the book -- and I had the great honor to be able to join Kleiner Perkins about a year ago, and to work through venture capital on the innovative side, 在我放弃了写那本书的计划之后,我很荣幸 在大约一年前开始跟Kleiner Perkins一起 致力于一些创新发明的风险投资,
venture capital:风险投资; innovative:adj.革新的,创新的;
and to try to find some innovations that could address what I saw as some of these big problems. 希望能找到一些创新项目来帮助解决 一些在我看来是大问题的问题。
innovations:n.创新(innovation的复数);改革;
Things where, you know, a factor of ten difference can make a factor of a thousand difference in the outcome . 对于这些问题,我们都知道的,方法上哪怕只有十分的差异 都可能导致在结果上千分的差异。
factor:n.因素;要素;[物]因数;代理人;v.做代理商;v.把…作为因素计入; outcome:n.结果,结局;成果;
I've been amazed in the last year at the incredible quality and excitement of the innovations that have come across my desk. 过去一年里我不断地被送到我桌面上来的 创新成果的质量和让人兴奋的程度感到惊讶,
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; excitement:n.兴奋;刺激;令人兴奋的事物; come across:偶然遇见;给人以…的印象;
It's overwhelming at times. I'm very thankful for Google and Wikipedia so I can understand at least a little of what people are talking about who come through the doors. 有时候甚至让我彻底折服。感谢Google和Wikipedia, 至少能帮助我理解那些来找我的 人们所说的是什么。
overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词) Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; Wikipedia:维基百科;
But I wanted to share with you three areas that I'm particularly excited about and that relate to the problems that I was talking about in the Wired article. 但我今天想要分享让我最为兴奋的 三个领域,这三个领域跟我给Wired写的文章里 提到的事情是相关的。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
The first is this whole area of education, and it really relates to what Nicholas was talking about with a hundred dollar computer. 第一个领域是教育。 这个领域跟Nicholas所提到的”百元电脑“密切相关。
And that is to say that there's a lot of legs left in Moore's Law. 也就是说摩尔定律其实还有很大的发展空间
that is to say:就是;即;换言之;
The most advanced transistors today are at 65 nanometers , and we've seen, and I've had the pleasure to invest in, companies that give me great confidence that we'll extend Moore's Law all the way down to roughly the ten nanometer scale . 如今最先进的晶体管只有65纳米, 我们也看到,事实上我甚至有幸投资这样的一些公司, 这些公司让我确信我们可以将摩尔定律加以扩展, 一直扩展到大约10纳米左右的范围。
advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) transistors:n.[电子]晶体管;晶体三极管(transistor的复数); nanometers:n.[计量]毫微米(即十亿分之一米); invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予; confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
Another factor of, say, six in dimensional reduction , which should give us about another factor of 100 in raw improvement in what the chips can do. And so, to put that in practical terms, if something costs about 1,000 dollars today, 尺寸每缩小6倍, 就能使芯片的效率提高大约100倍。 说的实际一些: 今天成本是一千元的东西,
dimensional:adj.空间的;尺寸的; reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图; improvement:n.改进,改善; chips:炸土豆条(chip的复数) practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课;
say, the best personal computer you can buy, that might be its cost, 比如说现在能买到的最好的个人电脑大约就是这个价钱,
personal computer:n.个人电脑;个人计算机;
I think we can have that in 2020 for 10 dollars. Okay? 那么到了2020年它的成本就变成了10块钱,对吧？
Now, just imagine what that hundred dollar computer will be in 2020 as a tool for education. 那么设想一下到那个时候用一百元的电脑 作为教育工具将会是什么样的情形。
I think the challenge for us is -- 我想对我们来说真正的挑战,
I'm very certain that that will happen, the challenge is, will we develop the kind of educational tools and things with the net to let us take advantage of that device ? 我相当肯定这是会发生的,真正的挑战就是, 我们能否开发出合适的教育工具,在互联网的帮助下, 能让我们充分发挥硬件的效率？
educational:adj.教育的;有关教育的;有教育意义的 take advantage of:利用; device:n.装置;策略;图案;
I'd argue today that we have incredibly powerful computers, but we don't have very good software for them. 我个人认为:我们有强大得让人难以置信的计算机硬件, 但我们还没有很好的软件来充分利用这些计算机。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
And it's only in retrospect , after the better software comes along, and you take it and you run it on a ten-year-old machine, you say, 每次都是当新的软件出来以后, 我们把它装在十年前的机器上,然后你惊讶的发现
retrospect:n.回顾,追溯;vi.回顾,追溯;回想;vt.回顾;追忆;
God, the machine was that fast? 天啊,那台机器原来有那么快啊？
I remember when they took the Apple Mac interface and they put it back on the Apple II. 我记得当他们把Apple Mac的界面 重新装到Apple II上去,
interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接;
The Apple II was perfectly capable of running that kind of interface, we just didn't know how to do it at the time. Apple II 能够完全正常的运行那样的界面, 我们当时只是不知道该怎么去做。
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的;
So given that we know and should believe -- because Moore's Law's been, like, a constant, 所以我们知道,并且应该相信, 由于摩尔定律就像是个常数,
I mean, it's just been very predictable progress over the last 40 years or whatever. 也就是说受它影响,技术的进步在过去的40年左右的时间里 是相当有预知性的。
predictable:adj.可预言的;
We can know what the computers are going to be like in 2020. 我们可以预测出2020年的计算机会是什么样子。
It's great that we have initiatives to say, let's go create the education and educate people in the world, because that's a great force for peace. 如果我们能够争取主动, 致力于教育发展,努力去教育周围的人们, 这将会是一件大好事,因为教育是制造和平的强有力工具。
initiatives:n.积极性;主动权(initiative的复数);创始;
And we can give everyone in the world a hundred-dollar computer or a 10 dollar computer in the next 15 years. 而且我们能够在15年后给每个人一台 一百块钱或者10块钱的电脑。
The second area that I'm focusing on is the environmental problem, because that's clearly going to put a lot of pressure on this world. 第二个领域是对环境问题的关注, 因为很明显这个问题将给这个世界施加很多压力。
We'll hear a lot more about that from Al Gore very shortly. 我们马上将会听到Al Gore来谈论这个问题。
The thing that we see as the kind of Moore's Law trend that's driving improvement in our ability to address the environmental problem is new materials. 在这个领域能遵循摩尔定律来 提高我们解决环境问题的能力 的技术则是新兴材料的应用。
trend:n.趋势;动向;趋向;动态;v.走向;趋向;
We have a challenge, because the urban population is growing in this century from two billion to six billion in a very short amount of time. People are moving to the cities. 然而我们有个严峻的挑战,因为在本世纪 短短的一段时间内,城市人口已经从 20亿增加到了60亿。人们在往城市迁徙。
urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的;
They all need clean water, they need energy, they need transportation , and we want them to develop in a green way. 城市需要干净的水源,需要能量,需要便利的交通, 而我们希望这些都能在”绿色“的基础上发展起来。
transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放;
We're reasonably efficient in the industrial sectors . 我们在工业界的环保做的还是相对有效的,
reasonably:adv.合理地;相当地;适度地; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; sectors:n.部门; v.把…划成扇形;
We've made improvements in energy and resource efficiency , but the consumer sector, especially in America, is very inefficient . 在能源和资源的有效利用方面取得了不少进步, 然而在消费领域,尤其是在美国,能源利用效率很低。
improvements:n.改善;改进;改善的事物;(improvement的复数) resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备); efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效; consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; inefficient:adj.无效率的,效率低的;无能的;
But these new materials bring such incredible innovations that there's a strong basis for hope that these things will be so profitable that they can be brought to the market. 但这些新材料的出现带来了令人难以置信的革新, 从而让我们很有理由相信这些新生事物将会 带来很大的收益,从而很快被市场化。
profitable:adj.有利可图的;赚钱的;有益的;
And I want to give you a specific example of a new material that was discovered 15 years ago. 我想跟各位分享一个十五年前发现的 新物质的具体例子。
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药;
If we take carbon nanotubes , you know, Iijima discovered them in 1991, they just have incredible properties. 大家都知道碳纳米管是lijima在1991年发现的。 这种材料有着优秀的特性,
carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; nanotubes:n.纳米管;米碳管;
And these are the kinds of things we're going to discover as we start to engineer at the nano scale. 这些特性是技术发展到 纳米级的时候才能发现的。
Their strength: they're almost the strongest material, tensile strength material known. 这些材料的优势是:它们几乎是最强壮的, 在已知的伸张力材料中最强的。
tensile:adj.[力]拉力的;可伸长的;可拉长的;
They're very, very stiff . They stretch very, very little. 它们非常僵硬,拉伸程度非常非常小。
stiff:adj.呆板的; v.僵硬地; n.死尸; v.诈骗; stretch:v.伸展;延伸;伸出;舒展;n.伸展;弹性;舒展;一片;adj.有弹力的;
In two dimensions , if you make, like, a fabric out of them, they're 30 times stronger than Kevlar . 在二维情况下,比如说用它们来做布料, 它们要比纤维B坚固30倍。
dimensions:n.规模,大小; fabric:n.织物;布料;(社会,机构等的)结构; Kevlar:n.用在芳族聚酰胺纤维商品上的商标;
And if you make a three-dimensional structure , like a buckyball , they have all sorts of incredible properties. 如果你要用它们来做三维物体,比如说巴基球, 它们则拥有各种令人难以置信的优秀特性。
three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; buckyball:n.巴基球;
If you shoot a particle at them and knock a hole in them, they repair themselves; they go zip and they repair the hole in femtoseconds, which is not -- is really quick. 如果你用一个颗粒物质在它们表面上射一个洞, 它们会进行自我修复。它们会在几个飞秒之内 完成修复,即便不是飞秒,那速度也够快的
particle:n.颗粒;[物]质点;极小量;小品词; repair:v.修理;修补;修缮;补救;n.修理;修补;修缮;
(Laughter) （笑声）
If you shine a light on them, they produce electricity . 如果你用光照射它们,它们则会产生电流。
electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
In fact, if you flash them with a camera they catch on fire. 事实上,如果你用照相机的闪光灯照,它们会起火。
flash:n.闪光; v.闪光; adj.庞大的;
If you put electricity on them, they emit light. 如果你给它们通电,它们会发光。
emit:v.发出,射出,散发(光、热、声音、气等);
If you run current through them, you can run 1,000 times more current through one of these than through a piece of metal. 如果你让它们导电,它们可以携带的电流 是一块金属所携带电流的1000倍。
You can make both p- and n-type semiconductors , which means you can make transistors out of them. 你可以用它们来做p型或n型半导体, 也就是说你可以用它们来制造晶体管。
semiconductors:n.[电子][物]半导体;半导体组件(semiconductor的复数);
They conduct heat along their length but not across -- well, there is no width , but not in the other direction if you stack them up; that's a property of carbon fiber also. 它们在长度方向上导热,而不是纵向 事实上它们并没有宽度,如果你把它们堆起来 它们不会朝另一个方向导热。这也是碳纤维的一个特性。
width:n.宽度;广度;某一宽度的材料;(游泳池两长边之间的)池宽; stack:n.堆栈;一摞;大量;许多;v.(使)放成整齐的一叠(或一摞,一堆); fiber:n.纤维;光纤(等于fibre);
If you put particles in them, and they go shooting out the tip -- they're like miniature linear accelerators or electron guns. 如果你把颗粒物质放到它们里面,颗粒们就会从一端射出, 就像一个小型的线性加速器或者电子枪。
particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式); tip:n.小窍门,小费;v.给…小费;使倾斜; miniature:adj.微型的,小规模的;n.缩图;微型画;微型图画绘画术;vt.是…的缩影; linear:adj.线的,线型的;直线的,线状的;长度的; accelerators:n.[核]加速器(accelerator的复数形式); electron:n.电子;
The inside of the nanotubes is so small -- the smallest ones are 0.7 nanometers -- that it's basically a quantum world. 纳米管的内部是非常小的, 最小的也就0.7纳米, 这基本上就是个量子世界。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; quantum:n.量子论;额;美国昆腾公司(世界领先的硬盘生产商);
It's a strange place inside a nanotube. 纳米管内部的确是个奇怪的地方。
And so we begin to see, and we've seen business plans already, where the kind of things Lisa Randall's talking about are in there. 于是我们开始看到一些商业计划已经开始形成, 就像是Lisa Randall的演讲中所提到的那些。
I had one business plan where I was trying to learn more about 在我的一个商业计划中,我试图了解更多关于
Witten's cosmic dimension strings to try to understand what the phenomenon was going on in this proposed nanomaterial. Witten的宇宙弦维理论,从而更好的理解 这些纳米材料内部究竟发生的是什么现象。
cosmic:adj.宇宙的; strings:一串,悬挂(string的第三人称单数和复数) phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式)
So inside of a nanotube, we're really at the limit here. 对纳米管内部的情况我们了解的很有限。
So what we see is with these and other new materials that we can do things with different properties -- lighter, stronger -- and apply these new materials to the environmental problems. 对于这些以及其他一些新材料我们所能看到的是 我们能利用它们的一些特殊性质,比如更轻、更坚固,来做一些事情, 然后把这些新材料应用到解决环境问题上来。
New materials that can make water, new materials that can make fuel cells work better, new materials that catalyze chemical reactions , that cut pollution and so on. 比如可以合成水的材料, 可以提高燃料电池性能的材料, 可以催化化学反应,从而 减少污染的材料,等等。
catalyze:vt.催化;刺激,促进; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; reactions:n.反应;回应;抗拒;生理反应;副作用(reaction的复数)
Ethanol -- new ways of making ethanol. 还有乙醇,制造乙醇的新方法,
Ethanol:n.[有化]乙醇,[有化]酒精;
New ways of making electric transportation. 实现电子交通工具的新方法,
The whole green dream -- because it can be profitable. 整个的这个”绿色梦想“,因为它是有利可图的。
And we've dedicated -- we've just raised a new fund , we dedicated 100 million dollars to these kinds of investments . 而且我们已经开始这方面的努力了:我们刚刚建起一项新的基金, 投入了1亿美元对这类项目进行投资。
dedicated:adj.献身的; v.把…奉献给; (dedicate的过去分词和过去式) fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助; investments:n.[经]投资,投资的财产;投资学;(investment的复数)
We believe that Genentech, the Compaq, the Lotus , the Sun, the Netscape, the Amazon , the Google in these fields are yet to be found, because this materials revolution will drive these things forward. 我们相信这些领域中类似Genetech,Compaq,Lotus,Sun, Netscape, Amazon以及Google 这样的(具有带头羊作用)公司尚待建立,因为这些新材料的革新? 会推动这些领域的各项事业向前发展
Lotus:n.莲花(汽车品牌); Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
The third area that we're working on, and we just announced last week -- we were all in New York. 第三个让我们感兴趣的领域, 我们上周刚刚在纽约宣布的,
We raised 200 million dollars in a specialty fund to work on a pandemic in biodefense. 我们募集了2亿美元建立了一个 用来对付生物防御系统流行疾病的特殊基金。
specialty:n.专业,专长;特产;特性;招牌菜;adj.特色的;专门的;独立的;
And to give you an idea of the last fund that Kleiner raised was a 400 million dollar fund, so this for us is a very substantial fund. Kleiliner最近募集的一笔基金是4亿美元, 这对我们来说是一笔很重要的资金。
substantial:adj.大量的;实质的;内容充实的;n.本质;重要材料;
And what we did, over the last few months -- well, a few months ago, 我们近几个月来,实际上是几个月之前,所做的事情,
Ray Kurzweil and I wrote an op-ed in the New York Times about how publishing the 1918 genome was very dangerous. Ray Kurzweil 和我为纽约时报写了一篇特稿, 是关于1918年公布基因组序列这件事是多么的危险。
op-ed:n.评论版;
And John Doerr and Brook and others got concerned, [unclear], and we started looking around at what the world was doing about being prepared for a pandemic. And we saw a lot of gaps . John Doerr,Brook和其他一些人变得担忧起来, 然后我们开始检视当时的人们是如何 为流行病做准备的。我们发现了很多纰漏。
Brook:v.忍受;容忍;n.小溪;小河; gaps:n.差异,缺口;缝隙(gap的复数形式);v.裂开;使豁裂(gap的第三人称单数形式);
And so we asked ourselves, you know, can we find innovative things that will go fill these gaps? And Brooks told me in a break here, he said he's found so much stuff he can't sleep, 然后我们开始问自己,我们能否找到新的方法 来填补这些漏洞呢？Brooks有一次在Ted大会的间歇告诉我说, 他发现了很多让他睡不着觉的东西,
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
because there's so many great technologies out there, we're essentially buried. And we need them, you know. 有很多很好的技术已经出现, 我们实际上已经被它们淹没了。而我们的确需要它们。
We have one antiviral that people are talking about stockpiling that still works, roughly. That's Tamiflu. 有一种抗病毒药是人们一直以来考虑囤积, 也是至今依然发挥效用的,它就是Tamiflu。
antiviral:adj.抗病毒的;抗滤过性病原体的;n.抗病毒物质(等于antidote); stockpiling:n.积存;v.大量储备;(stockpile的现在分词)
But Tamiflu -- the virus is resistant . It is resistant to Tamiflu. 但是病毒对Tamiflu是有抗药性的。
resistant:adj.抵抗的,反抗的;顽固的;n.抵抗者;
We've discovered with AIDS we need cocktails to work well so that the viral resistance -- we need several antivirals . 在爱滋病的研究中我们已经发现鸡尾酒疗法的效果不错, 就是说我们需要若干种抗病毒物质共同发挥作用。
cocktails:n.鸡尾酒;凉菜;混合物;(cocktail的复数) resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; antivirals:n.[药]抗病毒药;抗病毒物质(antiviral的复数);
We need better surveillance . 我们需要更好的监控系统,
surveillance:n.监督;监视;
We need networks that can find out what's going on. 我们需要能发现事情征兆的网络。
We need rapid diagnostics so that we can tell if somebody has a strain of flu which we have only identified very recently. 我们需要快速的诊断,这样我们就可以判断患者 是否感染了最近才被发现的新的流感病毒。
diagnostics:n.诊断学(用作单数); strain:n.压力;品系;应力;张力;v.扭伤;拉紧;滤;损伤; identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词)
We've got to be able to make the rapid diagnostics quickly. 我们必须能够进行快速的诊断。
We need new antivirals and cocktails. We need new kinds of vaccines . 我们需要新的抗病毒药和鸡尾酒配方。我们需要新的疫苗类型。
vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗;
Vaccines that are broad spectrum . 更加通用的疫苗,
spectrum:n.光谱;频谱;范围;余象;
Vaccines that we can manufacture quickly. 生产得更快的疫苗,
manufacture:v.(用机器)大量生产; n.大量制造;
Cocktails, more polyvalent vaccines. 多价态的鸡尾酒疫苗。
polyvalent:adj.[化学]多价的;n.[遗]多价染色体;
You normally get a trivalent vaccine against three possible strains . 你通常能见到三价的疫苗,用来抵抗三种疾病感染。
normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地; trivalent:adj.[遗]三价的; strains:n.[微]菌株(strain复数); v.[力]拉紧;
We need -- we don't know where this thing is going. 我们还不知道以后将会如何,
We believe that if we could fill these 10 gaps, we have a chance to help really reduce the risk of a pandemic. 但我们相信如果我们能够填补10个这样的空白, 我们就有机会真正降低流行病的风险,
And the difference between a normal flu season and a pandemic is about a factor of 1,000 in deaths and certainly enormous economic impact . 正常的季节性流感和一场流行病带来的死亡率 的差别大约在1000这个数量级上, 这当然伴随着经济上的巨大影响。
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
So we're very excited because we think we can fund 10, or speed up 10 projects and see them come to market in the next couple years that will address this. 因此在接下来的几年努力中,如果我们能为10个项目进行投资, 或者帮助10个项目尽快投入市场, 这将会让我们非常兴奋。
So if we can address, use technology, help address education, help address the environment, help address the pandemic, does that solve the larger problem that I was talking about 如果我们能利用技术来解决教育问题, 环境问题和流行病问题, 那么我们能否解决我在Wired文章中
in the Wired article? And I'm afraid the answer is really no, because you can't solve a problem with the management of technology with more technology. 提到的更大的问题呢？答案恐怕是”不能“。 因为你不能用技术来解决 由于技术管理而产生的问题。
management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段;
If we let an unlimited amount of power loose , then we will -- a very small number of people will be able to abuse it. 如果我们放松对权力的控制,赋予个人无限制的权力, 那么一小部分人将会滥用这些权力。
unlimited:adj.无限制的;无限量的;无条件的; loose:adj.宽松的; v.释放; v.松散地; n.放纵;
We can't fight at a million-to-one disadvantage . 我们无法打赢一场1百万比1这样的劣势的战争,
disadvantage:n.不利因素;障碍;不便之处;
So what we need to do is, we need better policy. 所以我们需要的就是更好的政策。
And for example, some things we could do that would be policy solutions which are not really in the political air right now but perhaps with the change of administration would be -- use markets. 例如,我们能做的一件事情就是利用市场规律 来建立起一些政策法规。这样的法规现在并不存在, 但也许下一届政府能够加以实施。
Markets are a very strong force . 市场是一个很强大的力量,
strong force:n.强力(宇宙四种基本力之一,将原子核各部分结合在一起);
For example, rather than try to regulate away problems, which probably won't work, if we could price into the cost of doing business, the cost of catastrophe , 举个例子,与其禁止一些行为的发生, 这样做往往没有好的效果,如果我们能够 把灾难后果引发的成本附加到做生意的成本中,
regulate:v.调节;控制; catastrophe:n.大灾难;大祸;惨败;
so that people who are doing things that had a higher cost of catastrophe would have to take insurance against that risk. 这样人们在做事情的时候就要承担更高的风险成本, 那么他们就会为那些风险进行投保。
insurance:n.保险;保险业;保险费;保费;adj.胜券在握的;
So if you wanted to put a drug on the market you could put it on. 如果你想让一种新药上市,你可以这么做,
on the market:上市;出售的;
But it wouldn't have to be approved by regulators; you'd have to convince an actuary that it would be safe. 你不需要通过监察机构的鉴定, 但你需要说服你的保险师它是安全的。
approved:adj.被正式接受的,被正式认可的; v.赞成; (approve的过去分词和过去式) convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说; actuary:n.[保险]保险计算员;保险精算师;
And if you apply the notion of insurance more broadly , you can use a more powerful force, a market force, to provide feedback . 如果你把保险的概念推而广之, 你可以利用一个更加强有力的力量,市场的力量 来取得反馈。
notion:n.观念;信念;理解; broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地; feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈;
How could you keep the law? 我们如何才能让法律作用常在？
I think the law would be a really good thing to keep. 我认为法律确实是我们应该保持并遵守的。
Well, you have to hold people accountable . 你必须保证人们是可以信赖的。
accountable:adj.有责任的;有解释义务的;可解释的;
The law requires accountability . 法律规定了每个人的责任和义务。
accountability:n.有义务;有责任;可说明性;
Today scientists, technologists , businessmen, engineers don't have any personal responsibility for the consequences of their actions. 如今科学家、科技人员、商人、工程师 对他们的行为产生的后果 不需要负什么个人责任。
technologists:n.技术人员(technologist的复数);[劳经]技术专家; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
So if you tie that -- you have to tie that back with the law. 你必须把这些责任重新定义在法律中。
And finally , I think we have to do something that's not really -- it's almost unacceptable to say this -- which, we have to begin to design the future. 最后,我认为我们必须, 说起来几乎让人难以接受, 我们必须开始设计我们的未来。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; unacceptable:adj.不能接受(或允许、同意)的;
We can't pick the future, but we can steer the future. 我们不能选择未来,但我们可以掌握和操纵未来。
steer:v.引导;控制;操纵;驾驶(船、汽车等);n.建议;劝告;忠告;阉公牛;
Our investment in trying to prevent pandemic flu is affecting the distribution of possible outcomes . 我们在预防流行性疾病上所进行的投入 将会影响将来可能产生的结果的分布。
distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销; outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数)
We may not be able to stop it, but the likelihood that it will get past us is lower if we focus on that problem. 我们也许无法完全消除它们,但如果我们付出努力, 这些疾病从我们眼皮底下溜走的几率将会降低。
likelihood:n.可能性,可能;
So we can design the future if we choose what kind of things we want to have happen and not have happen, and steer us to a lower-risk place. 因此如果我们能够选择什么是我们希望发生的, 什么不是,然后引导未来向低风险的方向去发展, 那么我们就可以设计未来了。
Vice President Gore will talk about how we could steer the climate trajectory into a lower probability of catastrophic risk. 副总统戈尔将会谈到我们如何去影响气候的变化, 从而降低灾难发生的几率。
trajectory:n.[物]轨道,轨线;[航][军]弹道; probability:n.可能性;机率;[数]或然率; catastrophic:adj.灾难的;悲惨的;灾难性的,毁灭性的;
But above all, what we have to do is we have to help the good guys, the people on the defensive side, have an advantage over the people who want to abuse things. 但最重要的是,我们必须帮助那些好人, 那些处在防御位置的人们, 去赢得优势从而战胜那些滥用技术的人们。
defensive:n.辩护;守势;adj.防御的;保护的;保卫的;戒备的; have an advantage over:胜过,优于;
And what we have to do to do that is we have to limit access to certain information. 要做到这一点, 我们就必须控制对特定信息的访问权限。
And growing up as we have, and holding very high the value of free speech, this is a hard thing for us to accept -- for all of us to accept. 在我们这个环境下长大,言论的自由被赋予着极高的价值, 想做到这一点并不容易, 想让所有人接受并不容易。
It's especially hard for the scientists to accept who still remember, you know, Galileo essentially locked up, and who are still fighting this battle against the church. 尤其是对于科学家来说,他们还记得 伽利略是如何被关起来,以及那些 今天还在与教会进行斗争的科学工作者。
But that's the price of having a civilization. 但这些都是人类文明进程中做付出的代价。
The price of retaining the rule of law is to limit the access to the great and kind of unbridled power. 维护基本法则的代价就是 对一些影响过大的权力进行权限控制。
retaining:adj.留住的;定位的;使固定的;v.保留(retain的现在分词); unbridled:adj.放肆的;激烈的;v.放纵;卸下马辔头;(unbridle的过去式和过去分词)
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）