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BillGates_2020-_疫情会如何改变短期的未来_-
Chris Anderson: Welcome, Bill Gates. 克里斯·安德森:欢迎,比尔·盖兹。
Bill Gates: Thank you. 比尔·盖兹:谢谢。
CA: Alright. It's great to have you here, Bill. 克:比尔,很高兴你能来。
You know, we had a TED conversation about three months ago about this pandemic , and back then, I think fewer than -- I think that was the end of March -- 大约三个月前, 我们在 TED 对谈上 谈过这次疫情, 当时,我想只有不到—— 我想应该是三月底——
back then, fewer than 1,000 people in the US had died and fewer than 20,000 worldwide . 那时,美国的死亡人数 还不到一千人, 全世界还不到两万人。
I mean, the numbers now are, like, 128,000 dead in the US and more than half a million worldwide, in three months. 现在美国的死亡人数 是十二万八千人, 全世界则是超过五十万人, 才短短三个月。才短短三个月。
pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病; worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
In three months. 今年下半年,你认为 可能会是怎样的状况？
What is your diagnosis of what is possible for the rest of this year? 今年下半年,你认为 可能会是怎样的状况？
You look at a lot of models. 你研究很多模型。
What do you think best- and worst-case scenarios might be? 依你所见,最好 和最糟的情况会是什么？
BG: Well, the range of scenarios, sadly, is quite large, including that, as we get into the fall, we could have death rates that rival the worst of what we had in the April time period. 比:不幸的是, 可能的情况范围非常大, 包括有可能等到进入秋天时, 我们的死亡率会追上 至今死亡率最高的四月期间。
diagnosis:n.诊断; worst-case:adj.作最坏打算的;最糟情况的; scenarios:n.情节;脚本;情景介绍(scenario的复数); rival:v.与…相匹敌;比得上;adj.竞争的;n.竞争对手;
If you get a lot of young people infected , eventually , they will infect old people again, and so you'll get into the nursing homes, the homeless shelters, the places where we've had a lot of our deaths. 若有许多年轻人受到感染,最终, 他们会再次传染给老人, 会进入到安养中心、游民收容所, 有许多人因疫情而死的地方。
The innovation track , which probably we'll touch on -- diagnostics , therapeutics , vaccines -- there's good progress there, but nothing that would fundamentally alter the fact 我们等下可能会 概略谈到创新轨迹—— 诊断、治疗法、疫苗—— 那里有很好的进展, 但都无法从根本上改变一个事实:
infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式) eventually:adv.最后,终于; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪; diagnostics:n.诊断学(用作单数); therapeutics:n.疗法,治疗学; vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗; fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地 alter:v.更改;修改(衣服使更合身);
that this fall in the United States could be quite bad, and that's worse than I would have expected a month ago, the degree to which we're back at high mobility , not wearing masks, 今年秋天美国的状况可能会很糟, 比我在一个月前预期的更糟, 我们又回到了高移动性, 不戴口罩,
and now the virus actually has gotten into a lot of cities that it hadn't been in before in a significant way, so it's going to be a challenge. 现在病毒已经大举入侵许多 所以这会是个困难的挑战。
There's no case where we get much below the current death rate , which is about 500 deaths a day, but there's a significant risk we'd go back up to the even 2,000 a day that we had before, because we don't have the distancing, the behavior change, to the degree that we had in April and May. 绝对不可能远低于目前的死亡率, 而目前是一天五百人死亡。 但有极大的风险 死亡率会再次升高, 升至以前曾经发生过的 一天两千人死亡, 因为我们没有保持距离, 行为改变的程度 没有像四月、五月那样。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) mobility:n.移动性;机动性;[电子]迁移率; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; death rate:n.死亡率;
And we know this virus is somewhat seasonal , so that the force of infection , both through temperature, humidity , more time indoors , will be worse as we get into the fall. 我们知道这种病毒 某种程度上是季节性的, 所以感染力 受到温度、湿度、 待在室内时间变长的影响, 在进入秋天时会更强。
CA: So there are scenarios where in the US, like, if you extrapolate those numbers forward, we end up with, what, more than a quarter of a million deaths, perchance , even this year if we're not careful, 克:所以美国有种可能情况是, 如果依据这些数字向前推断, 我们最后可能会有 , 超过二十五万人死亡 如果今年我们不小心谨慎,
somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微; seasonal:adj.季节的;周期性的;依照季节的; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病; humidity:n.[气象]湿度;湿气; indoors:adv.在室内,在户内; extrapolate:vt.外推;推断;vi.外推;进行推断; perchance:adv.偶然;可能;
and worldwide, I guess the death toll could, by the end of the year, be well into the millions, with an "s." 到了年底全世界的死亡人数 可能会达「数」百万。
Is there evidence that the hotter temperatures of the summer actually have been helping us? 有没有证据显示 夏天的高温对我们真的有幫助？
BG: They're not absolutely sure, but certainly, the IHME model definitely wanted to use the season, including temperature and humidity, to try and explain why May wasn't worse than it was. 比:没有绝对确定,但,肯定的是 健康指标和评估研究所的模型 肯定会想要使用 季节,包括温度和湿度, 来试图解释为什么 五月的状况没有更糟糕。
death toll:n.(事故、战争、灾难等的)死亡人数; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地;
And so as we came out and the mobility numbers got higher, the models expected more infections and deaths to come out of that, and the model kept wanting to say, "But I need to use this seasonality to match why May wasn't worse, why June wasn't worse than it was." 所以,当我们走出来, 移动力数字又更高, 模型就预期会有更多人 而模型一直要表示: 「但我得要用这种季节性 来配合说明为什么五月没有更糟, 为什么六月没有更糟。」
And we see in the Southern Hemisphere , you know, Brazil , which is the opposite season, now all of South America is having a huge epidemic . 我们发现,在南半球, 比如巴西, 季节和我们相反, 现在整个南美洲的疫情都很严重。
South Africa is having a very fast-growing epidemic. 南非的疫情恶化非常快速。
infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式); seasonality:n.季节性; Hemisphere:n.半球; Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家); South America:n.南美洲; epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的; fast-growing:adj.生长迅速的;发育快的;
Fortunately , Australia and New Zealand , the last countries in the Southern Hemisphere, are at really tiny case counts, and so although they have to keep knocking it down, they're talking about, "Oh, we have 10 cases, that's a big deal , let's go get rid of that." 幸运的是,澳洲和纽西兰, 南半球最后的国家, 死亡案例还很少, 虽然它们必须要持续不断对抗, 他们谈的是:「喔,新增十个案例, 好严重,我们得摆脱这个情况。」
So they're one of these amazing countries that got the numbers so low that test, quarantine and trace is working to get them, keep them at very near zero. 它们是少数几个厉害国家, 能把数据压到很低, 低到檢测、隔离、追踪 对它们是有用的, 能让案例数接近零。
Fortunately:adv.幸运地; Zealand:西兰岛(丹麦最大的岛) a big deal:na.要人;重要的事; quarantine:vt.检疫;隔离;使隔离;n.检疫;隔离;检疫期;封锁;vi.实行隔离; trace:追溯,追踪
CA: Aided perhaps a bit by being easier to isolate and by less density , less population density. 克:也许比较容易隔离 也是有幫助的, 且人口密度比较低。
But nonetheless , smart policies down there. 但无论如何,他们都有睿智的政策。
BG: Yeah, everything is so exponential that a little bit of good work goes a long way. 比:是的,一切都是指数增减, 做得好一点,就有很长远的影响。
It's not a linear game. 这不是线性的赛局。
isolate:v.孤立; n.[微]分离菌; density:n.密度; nonetheless:adv.尽管如此,但是; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) exponential:adj.指数的;n.指数; linear:adj.线的,线型的;直线的,线状的;长度的;
You know, contact tracing , if you have the number of cases we have in the US, it's super important to do, but it won't get you back down to zero. 要知道,若要追踪接触者, 以我们美国的病例数, 是非常重要必须要做的, 但也不可能让回到零确诊。
It'll help you be down, but it's too overwhelming . 可以协助减少案例, 但数字太大了。
CA: OK, so in May and June in the US, the numbers were slightly better than some of the models predicted , and it's hypothesized that that might be partly because of the warmer weather. 克:在美国,五月和六月时, 数字比一些模型预测的要好些, 假设可能的原因之一 是天气比较温暖。
contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系; tracing:n.描图;v.查出;找到;追踪;追究;描绘;记述;(trace的现在分词) overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词) slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式) hypothesized:v.假定,假设,猜测(hypothesize的过去式);
Now we're seeing, really, would you describe it as really quite alarming upticks in case rates in the US? 现在我们所见的状况,你是否会说 美国确诊数增加的情况已经告急？
BG: That's right, it's -- 比:是的,是——
In, say, the New York area, the cases continue to go down somewhat, but in other parts of the country, primarily the South right now, you have increases that are offsetting that, 比如,在纽约地区, 确诊数持续某种程度地下降, 但在美国其他地方, 现在主要是南部, 增加的人数足以将之抵消;
describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; upticks:n.报升(股票成交价格比上一个交易的为高); primarily:adv.首先;主要地,根本上; offsetting:v.抵消;弥补;补偿;(offset的现在分词)
and you have testing-positive rates in young people that are actually higher than what we saw even in some of the tougher areas. 且年轻人檢测出阳性反应的比率 比我们在更艰苦的地区
And so, clearly, younger people have come out of mobility more than older people have increased their mobility, so the age structure is right now very young, but because of multigenerational households , people work in nursing care homes, unfortunately , that will work its way back, both the time lag and the transmission , back up into the elderly , will start to push the death rate back up, which, it is down -- 所以,很显然,年轻人的移动力 大于老年人的, 所以目前感染者的年龄结构很年轻。 但因为有多代同堂的家庭, 有人在安养中心工作, 不幸的是,还会走上回头路, 时间延迟以及传播 都会回到老人身上, 这就会让死亡率再次升高。 目前死亡率已经下降——
CA: And is that partly because there's a three-week lag between case numbers and fatality numbers? 克:有部分是因为案例数 和死亡人数之间有三星期的延迟吗？
And also, perhaps, partly because there have been some effective interventions , and we're actually seeing the possibility that the overall fatality rate is actually falling a bit now that we've gained some extra knowledge? 也可能有部分是因为 过去有一些有效的干预手段, 让我们真的能看见整体死亡率 有下降一些的可能性, 因为我们已经有更多额外知识了？
structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; households:n.家庭;拆迁户;家户(household的复数); unfortunately:adv.不幸地; time lag:n.时差;时间延迟;时间差; transmission:n.传输;传染;播送;发射;广播;传动装置; elderly:adj.上了年纪的;过了中年的;稍老的; fatality:n.死亡;宿命;致命性;不幸;灾祸; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; interventions:n.[法]干预,干涉;处置(intervention的复数); overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的;
BG: Yeah, certainly your fatality rate is always lower when you're not overloaded . 比:是的,在没有负载过重时, 死亡率一定会比较低。
And so Italy, when they were overloaded, 以义大利为例,他们在超载时,
Spain, even New York at the start, certainly China, there you weren't even able to provide the basics, the oxygen and things. 还有西班牙,纽约最初的时候, 中国肯定也是, 在那种时候,甚至无法 提供基本的东西, 比如氧气等等。
overloaded:adj.超载的;超负荷的;超重的;v.使超载;使负担过重(overload的过去分词);
A study that our foundation funded in the UK found the only thing other than remdesivir that is a proven therapeutic, which is the dexamethasone , that for serious patients , is about a 20 percent death reduction , and there's still quite a pipeline of those things. 我们在英国成立的基金会 做了一项研究, 发现除了瑞德西韦之外, 只有一种药物被证明有疗效, 就是地塞米松, 对重病的病人, 死亡率可以减少约两成。 离充分供应这两种药物还很远。
You know, hydroxychloroquine never established positive data, so that's pretty much done. 而羥氯奎宁从未有正面数据, 大概就这些了。
There's still a few trials ongoing , but the list of things being tried, including, eventually, the monoclonal antibodies , we will have some additional tools for the fall. 还有一些试验在进行中, 但所有尝试过的药物, 包括最终也拿来测试的单株抗体, 让我们在秋天会有 一些额外的工具可以用。
foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立; funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式); dexamethasone:n.[药]地塞米松;氟美松(抗炎药); patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图; hydroxychloroquine:n.[药]羟化氯喹; established:adj.已确立的;著名的;v.建立;创立;设立;(establish的过去分词和过去式) positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; ongoing:n.发展; adj.持续存在的; antibodies:n.[免疫]抗体(antibody的复数); additional:adj.附加的,额外的;
And so when you talk about death rates, the good news is, some innovation we already have, and we'll have more, even in the fall. 所以,谈到死亡率, 好消息是,我们已经有一些创新, 甚至秋天还会有更多。
We should start to have monoclonal antibodies, which is the single therapeutic that I'm most excited about. 我们应该会开始有单株抗体, 这是最让我感到兴奋的疗法。
CA: I'll actually ask you to tell me a bit more about that in one sec, but just putting the pieces together on death rates: so in a well-functioning health system, so take the US when places aren't overcrowded , what do you think 克:我其实等下就要问你这件事, 但我们先把死亡率的拼图拼起来, 在运作良好的健康体系中, 比如美国医院没有过载的时候, 以你的看法,目前,
the current fatality numbers are, approximately , going forward, like as a percentage of total cases? 概略的死亡人数是否一直维持是 总案例数的一个比例？
Are we below one percent, perhaps? 我们也许在 1% 以下？
BG: If you found every case, yes, you're well below one percent. 比:若所有的案例 都找出来了,是的, 一定低于 1%。
well-functioning:完善的; overcrowded:adj.过度拥挤的;v.拥挤(overcrowd的过去分词); approximately:adv.大约,近似地;近于; percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成;
People argue, you know, 0.4, 0.5. 有人主张是 0.4、0.5。
By the time you bring in the never symptomatics, it probably is below 0.5, and that's good news. 如果你把无症状感染者也纳入, 可能会低于 0.5, 那是好消息。
This disease could have been a five-percent disease. 这种疾病有可能是 死亡率 5% 的疾病。
The transmission dynamics of this disease are more difficult than even the experts predicted. 这种疾病的传播动态 比专家所预测都还要更困难。
The amount of presymptomatic and never symptomatic spread and the fact that it's not coughing, where you would kind of notice, "Hey, I'm coughing" -- most respiratory diseases make you cough. 症状前个案和无症状个案 造成散播的情况, 以及这种疾病并不像咳嗽, 让你注意到「嘿,我在咳嗽」—— 它不像大部分的呼吸道 疾病会让你咳嗽。
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; dynamics:n.动力学,力学; symptomatic:adj.有症状的;症候的; respiratory:adj.呼吸的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
This one, in its early stages, it's not coughing, it's singing, laughing, talking, actually, still, particularly for the super-spreaders, people with very high viral loads, causes that spread, and that's pretty novel , and so even the experts have to say, "Wow, this caught us by surprise." 这种疾病在初期时并不会咳嗽, 是你在唱歌、说笑的时候, 特别是身上有非常大量 病毒的超级传播者, 造成病毒散播, 这点十分新奇, 就连专家也说: 「哇,出乎我们意料之外。」
The amount of asymptomatic spread and the fact that there's not a coughing element is not a major piece like the flu or TB. 无症状散播的量很大, 且又没有咳嗽元素, 让它完全不像流感或结核病。
CA: Yeah, that is devilish cunning by the virus. 克:是的,那正是 这种病毒的狡诈之处。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的; novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; asymptomatic:adj.无症状的; element:n.元素;要素;原理;成分;自然环境; devilish:adj.邪恶的;精力旺盛的;魔鬼似的;adv.非常;极度地; cunning:adj.狡猾的;巧妙的;可爱的;n.狡猾;
I mean, how much is that nonsymptomatic transmission as a percentage of total transmission? 无症状感染者造成的传播 占了总传播的多少百分比？
I've heard numbers it could be as much as half of all transmissions are basically presymptomatic. 我听过的数字是, 总传播数中有多达半数 基本上是症状前造成的。
BG: Yeah, if you count presymptomatics, then most of the studies show that's like at 40 percent, and we also have never symptomatics. 比:是的,如果症状前也算的话, 大部分的研究显示,约为四成, 还有些人始终都没有出现症状。
The amount of virus you get in your upper respiratory area is somewhat disconnected . 在上呼吸道区域的病毒量 某种程度是不相关的。
transmissions:n.传输;传染;播送;发射;广播;传动装置(transmission的复数) basically:adv.主要地,基本上; upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂; disconnected:adj.分离的; v.切断(煤气、水或电的供应); (disconnect的过去式和过去分词)
Some people will have a lot here and very little in their lungs, and what you get in your lungs causes the really bad symptoms -- and other organs , but mostly the lungs -- and so that's when you seek treatment . 有些人在上面这里有许多病毒, 但在肺部中却很少, 真正造成严重症状的 是肺部中的病毒—— 还有其他的器官, 不过主要是肺部—— 那时你才会去寻求治疗。
And so the worst case in terms of spreading is somebody who's got a lot in the upper respiratory tract but almost none in their lungs, so they're not care-seeking. 所以,在散播方面最糟糕的情况 就是有人在上呼吸道有很多病毒, 但肺部几乎没有, 所以他们不会去寻求照护。
symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数); seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; tract:n.束;地带;小册子;大片土地;
CA: Right. 克:是的。
And so if you add in the never symptomatic to the presymptomatic, do you get above 50 percent of the transmission is actually from nonsymptomatic people? 所以, 如果把从来没有症状的个案 和症状前个案加在一起, 总传播当中是否会有超过五成 来自没有症状的个案？
BG: Yeah, transmission is harder to measure. 比:传播是很难测量的。
You know, we see certain hotspots and things, but that's a huge question with the vaccine: 要知道,我们看到某些热点, 但疫苗有一个大问题:
Will it, besides avoiding you getting sick, which is what the trial will test, will it also stop you from being a transmitter ? 疫苗测试是要知道 除了让你不生病, 是否还让你不传播？
CA: So that vaccine, it's such an important question, let's come on to that. 克:疫苗是个很重要的问题, 咱们要来谈谈它。
hotspots:n.热点(hotspot的复数);麻烦地点,热点地区; besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外; transmitter:n.[电讯]发射机,[通信]发报机;传达人;
But before we go there, any other surprises in the last couple months that we've learned about this virus that really impact how we should respond to it? 但在此之前,先谈谈 在过去几个月, 是否有惊人新发现, 真会影响我们因应病毒的方式？ 真会影响我们因应病毒的方式？
BG: We're still not able to characterize who the super-spreaders are in terms of what that profile is, and we may never. 比:我们还无法找出超级传播者 有什么样的特征, 且可能永远找不到。
That may just be quite random . 那可能是很随机的。
If you could identify them, they're responsible for the majority of transmission, a few people who have very high viral loads. 如果你能辨识出他们, 大部分的传播都是他们造成的, 那些有非常高病毒量的少数人。
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; characterize:v.描述;是…的特征;以…为典型;使…具有特点(或最引人注目的特征); profile:n.轮廓;简介;形象;外形;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介; random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地; identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
But sadly, we haven't figured that out. 但很可惜,我们还没搞懂这一块。
This mode of transmission, if you're in a room and nobody talks, there's way less transmission. 传播的模式, 若你在一间房间中,没有人说话, 传播就会少很多。
That's partly why, although planes can transmit, it's less than you would expect just in terms of time proximity measures, because unlike, say, a choir or a restaurant, you're not exhaling in loud talking quite as much as in other indoor environments. 这可以部分说明 为什么飞机虽然可以传播, 就时间相邻度测量来说, 实际情况却比预期少很多, 因为在飞机上不像在合唱团或者餐厅, 你呼出的气体不会像在大声说话那样, 比较像是在其他室内环境那样。
CA: Hmm. 克:嗯,
What do you think about the ethics of someone who would go on a plane and refuse to wear a mask? 对于有人 上飞机却拒绝戴口罩, 在伦理面上,你有什么的看法？
BG: If they own the plane, that would be fine. 克:如果那架飞机 是你的,那没关系。
proximity:n.接近,[数]邻近;接近;接近度,距离;亲近; choir:n.唱诗班;合唱团,歌唱队; exhaling:v.呼气;发散;排出(exhale的现在分词形式); ethics:n.伦理学;伦理观;道德标准;
If there's other people on the plane, that would be endangering those other people. 如果机上有其他人, 那就是在危害其他人。
CA: Early on in the pandemic, the WHO did not advise that people wear masks. 克:在疫情初期,世界卫生组织 并不建议大家戴口罩。
They were worried about taking them away from frontline medical providers . 他们担心会抢走前线 医疗服务提供者的口罩。
In retrospect , was that a terrible mistake that they made? 现在回头看,他们是否犯了大错？
endangering:v.使遭危险;危及;危害;(endanger的现在分词) advise:v.建议;通知;劝告;忠告; frontline:n.前线;锋线(包括大前锋,小前锋,中锋); providers:n.供应者;提供者;供养人;(provider的复数) retrospect:n.回顾,追溯;vi.回顾,追溯;回想;vt.回顾;追忆;
BG: Yes. 比:是的。
All the experts feel bad that the value of masks -- which ties back somewhat to the asymptomatics; if people were very symptomatic, like an Ebola , then you know it and you isolate, and so you don't have a need for a masklike thing. 所有专家都感觉很糟, 这和无症状感染者 在某种程度上有关, 如果大家的症状很明显, 像伊波拉那样, 你会知道谁被感染,就能做隔离, 就不会需要像口罩这样的东西。
The value of masks, the fact that the medical masks was a different supply chain than the normal masks, the fact you could scale up the normal masks so well, the fact that it would stop that presymptomatic, never symptomatic transmission, it's a mistake. 口罩的价值, 医疗口罩的供应链 和一般口罩不同, 你可以把一般口罩的规模做大, 就可以阻止症状前感染, 也不会发生有症状的感染。 那是个错误,
Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒; supply chain:n.供应链; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
But it's not a conspiracy . 但那不是阴谋。
It's something that, we now know more. 只是我们现在知道得更多。
And even now, our error bars on the benefit of masks are higher than we'd like to admit, but it's a significant benefit. 就连现在,口罩益处的误差线 都比我们愿意承认的还要高, 但益处很显着。
conspiracy:n.阴谋;共谋;阴谋集团;
CA: Alright, I'm going to come in with some questions from the community . 克:好,我带来一些社群成员的问题。
Let's pull them up there. 把问题放上来。
Jim Pitofsky, "Do you think reopening efforts in the US have been premature , and if so, how far should the US go to responsibly confront this pandemic?" 吉姆·皮托夫斯基: 如果是,你认为美国若要负起责任 对抗疫情,应该做到什么程度？」
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; reopening:v.重新开业;重新处理;恢复;(reopen的现在分词) premature:adj.早产的;不成熟的;比预期早的;n.早产儿;过早发生的事物; responsibly:adv.负责地,可信赖地; confront:v.直面;无法回避;降临于;处理;对抗;
BG: Well, the question of how you make trade-offs between the benefits, say, of going to school versus the risk of people getting sick because they go to school, those are very tough questions that I don't think any single person can say, "I will tell you how to make all these trade-offs." 比:问题在于权衡取舍, 像是去学校上学的好处, 对比去学校就得冒感染的风险。 那些问题很难取舍, 我不认为有任何一个人能说: 「我能教你如何权衡取舍。」
The understanding of where you have transmission, and the fact that young people do get infected and are part of the multigenerational transmission chain, we should get that out. 要了解传播在哪里发生, 且年轻人确实会被感染, 他们也是多代传播链的一部分, 这资讯应该要传出去。
trade-offs:n.权衡(trade-off的复数);交易;物物交换; versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗;
If you just look at the health aspect , we have opened up too liberally . 如果只看健康面向, 我们的开放就太宽鬆了。
Now, opening up in terms of mental health and seeking normal health things like vaccines or other care, there are benefits. 从心理健康方面来看开放, 以及寻求正常的健康相关事物, 是有益处的。
I think some of our opening up has created more risk than benefit. 我认为我们有些开放措施
aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位; liberally:adv.大方地;自由地;公平地;充足地; opening up:n.解禁;开放;供开发;启用; seeking:v.寻找;寻求;谋求;争取;(向人)请求(seek的现在分词)
Opening the bars up as quickly as they did, you know, is that critical for mental health? 那么快就开放酒吧, 那对心理健康有这么必要吗？
Maybe not. 也许没有。
So I don't think we've been as tasteful about opening up as I'm sure, as we study it, that we'll realize some things we shouldn't have opened up as fast. 我不认为我们对于 开放的判断做得很好, 我相信, 会发现
But then you have something like school, where even sitting here today, the exact plan, say, for inner-city schools for the fall, 但,又还有学校要考量, 就连今天坐在这里, 确切的计画,比如,
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; tasteful:adj.雅观的;有鉴赏力的;趣味高雅的;有滋味的; inner-city:n.(居民拥挤,住屋破旧的)市中心平民区;adj.市中心的;
I wouldn't have a black-and-white view on the relative trade-offs involved there. 对涉及到的相关权衡取舍, 我也没有黑白分明的看法。
There are huge benefits to letting those kids go to school, and how do you weigh the risk? 让那些孩子去上学 的确有很大的益处, 而你要如何评估风险？
If you're in a city without many cases, 如果你所处的城市 没有许多确诊个案,
I would say probably the benefit is there. 我会说,可能是有益处的。
black-and-white:adj.印刷的;黑白混合的;用笔写的; relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词)
Now that means that you could get surprised. 你有可能会没意料到。
The cases could show up, and then you'd have to change that, which is not easy. 个案可能会出现, 接着你就得改变, 这并不容易。
But I think around the US, there will be places where that won't be a good trade-off. 但我认为,在美国, 会有某些地方,
So almost any dimension of inequity , this disease has made worse: job type, internet connection, ability of your school to do online learning. 几乎不平等的每一个维度, 都被这种疾病变得更糟糕: 工作类型、网路连线、 学校做线上学习的能力。
White-collar workers, people are embarrassed to admit it, some of them are more productive and enjoying the flexibility that the at-home thing has created, and that feels terrible 白领阶级的工作者, 大家不好意思承认, 当中有些人的生产力比较高, 且能够享受在家工作带来的弹性, 而当你知道很多人在许多层面上
dimension:n.方面;[数]维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸;adj.规格的; inequity:n.不公平,不公正; White-collar:adj.白领阶层的;脑力劳动者; embarrassed:adj.尴尬的;窘迫的;v.使...局促不安;(embarrass的过去分词和过去式) productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的; flexibility:n.灵活性;弹性;适应性; at-home:在家
when you know lots of people are suffering in many ways, including their kids not going to school. 包括他们的孩子无法去上学。
CA: Indeed. Let's have the next question. 克:的确。来看下一个问题。
[Nathalie Munyampenda] "For us in Rwanda, early policy interventions have made the difference. 「对我们卢安达的人, 早期的政策干预造成了不同。
At this point, what policy interventions do you suggest for the US now?" 此时,你会建议美国 做什么样的政策干预？」
Bill, I dream of the day where you are appointed the coronavirus czar with authority to actually speak to the public. 比尔,我梦想有一天你会被指派 担任新型冠状病毒沙皇, 有权真正对大众发言。
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; appointed:adj.(时间)指定的,约定的; v.任命; (appoint的过去分词和过去式) coronavirus:n.冠状病毒;日冕形病毒; czar:n.(帝俄的)沙皇,皇帝;独裁者; authority:n.权威;权力;当局;
What would you do? 你会怎么做？
BG: Well, the innovation tools are where I and the foundation probably has the most expertise . 比:嗯, 可能是我和基金会最擅长的地方。
Clearly, some of the policies on opening up have been too generous , but I think everybody could engage in that. 显然,有一些开放政策太大方了, 但我认为人人 都能参与其中。
We need leadership in terms of admitting that we've still got a huge problem here and not turning that into almost a political thing of, "Oh, isn't it brilliant what we did?" 我们需要领导人承认 我们的问题仍然很大, 且不要把它转变成政治的东西: 「喔,我们做得很棒不是吗？」
expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见; generous:adj.慷慨的,大方的;宽宏大量的;有雅量的; engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定;
No, it's not brilliant, but there's many people, including the experts -- there's a lot they didn't understand, and everybody wishes a week earlier whatever action they took, they'd taken that a week earlier. 不,并不棒,但, 有许多人,包括专家—— 他们还有很多不了解的, 大家都希望,不论采取什么行动, 他们都能早一周行动。
The innovation tools, that's where the foundation's work on antibodies, vaccines, we have deep expertise, and it's outside of the private sector , and so we have kind of a neutral ability to work with all the governments and the companies to pick. 至于创新工具, 基金会在这方面针对抗体、疫苗 做努力, 我们在此有很深的专業, 且是在私部门之外, 所以我们中立,能和所有政府及公司合作。
Particularly when you're doing break-even products, which one should get the resources ? 特别是当你在做不赔不赚的 产品时, 谁能得到资源？
There's no market signal for that. 那可没有市场讯号可以参考。
Experts have to say, "OK, this antibody deserves the manufacturing . 专家会说:「好,这种抗体 应该要生产制造。
private sector:n.(国家经济的)私营部分; neutral:n.中立国; adj.中立的; break-even:adj.收支平衡的; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); antibody:n.[免疫]抗体; deserves:v.值得;应得;应受;(deserve的第三人称单数) manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词);
This vaccine deserves the manufacturing," 这种疫苗应该要生产制造。」
because we have very limited manufacturing for both of those things, and it'll be cross-company, which never happens in the normal case, where one company invents it 因为生产力有限, 我们无法两样都生产, 必须要跨公司合作, 一家公司发明,
and then you're using the manufacturing plants of many companies to get maximum scale of the best choice. 交由多家公司的工厂 以最大的规模生产那选出的最佳产品。
So I would be coordinating those things, but we need a leader who keeps us up to date , is realistic and shows us the right behavior, as well as driving the innovation track. 我会协调这些事, 但我们需要领导人 提供我们最新的资讯。 他得要切实, 以身作则让我们看怎样做是对的, 同时引导创新轨迹。
limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) maximum:n.最大限度;最大量;最高限度;adj.最高的;最多的;最大极限的; coordinating:v.使协调;使相配合;搭配,协调;(coordinate的现在分词) up to date:adj.最新的;最近的;现代的; realistic:adj.现实的;现实主义的;逼真的;实在论的; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
CA: I mean, you have to yourself be a master diplomat in how you talk about this stuff . 克:你自己必须有纯熟的外交技巧 才能谈论这些事情;
So I appreciate , almost, the discomfort here. 因此我很感激你的不惮烦劳。
But I mean, you talk regularly with Anthony Fauci, who is a wise voice on this by most people's opinion. 意思是,你常和安东尼·弗契博士谈, 大部分人认为他在这方面很明智,
But to what extent is he just hamstrung ? 但他被扯后腿的程度有多少？
diplomat:n.外交家,外交官;有外交手腕的人;处事圆滑机敏的人; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: appreciate:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解; discomfort:n.不适,不安;不便之处;vt.使…不舒服;使…不安; regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的 extent:n.程度;范围;长度; hamstrung:v.残废(hamstring的过去分词);
He's not allowed to play the full role that he could play in this circumstance . 他不被允许好好扮演 他在这个情况中可以扮演的角色。
BG: Dr. Fauci has emerged where he was allowed to have some airtime , and even though he was stating things that are realistic, his prestige has stuck. 比:如今的情况是 弗契博士被允许可上电视广播。 虽然他说的内容都很实际, 他的威信却被卡住了。
He can speak out in that way. 他能用那种方式发声。
circumstance:n.环境,情况;事件;境遇; emerged:v.(从隐蔽处或暗处)出现;暴露;露出真相;显现;(emerge的过去分词和过去式) airtime:n.电影或电视节目开始的时间; prestige:n.威望,声望;声誉; speak out:畅所欲言;大胆地说;大声地说;
Typically , the CDC would be the primary voice here. 通常疾病管制与预防中心 (CDC) 是主要的发言中心。
It's not absolutely necessary, but in previous health crises , you let the experts inside the CDC be that voice. 未必非得如此, 但过去的健康危机 会让 CDC 内部的专家出来发声。
They're trained to do these things, and so it is a bit unusual here how much we've had to rely on Fauci as opposed to the CDC. 他们受的训练就是要做这些,所以, 我们这么仰赖弗契而不是 CDC, 这点是有点不寻常。
Typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; crises:n.危机,紧要关头;危险期(crisis的复数形式); rely:vi.依靠;信赖; opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式)
It should be Fauci, who's a brilliant researcher, so experienced, particularly in vaccines. 应该是因为弗契是个出色的研究者, 经历丰富,特别是在疫苗方面。
In some ways, he has become, taking the broad advice that's the epidemiology advice and explaining it in the right way, where he'll admit, "OK, we may have a rebound here, and this is why we need to behave that way." 在某些层面上,他已经 变成接受广大的建议, 也就是流行病学的建议, 且用正确的方式做解释, 他会承认:「好, 疫情在这里可能会反弹, 因此我们得要那么做。」
But it's fantastic that his voice has been allowed to come through. 到底,允许他的发言 传得出来是很棒的事。
CA: Sometimes. 克:「有时」传得出来。
Let's have the next question. 咱们来看看下一个问题。
Nina Gregory, "How are you and your foundation addressing the ethical questions about which countries get the vaccine first, assuming you find one?" 妮娜·葛雷哥利: 「倘若你和你的基金会 找到可用的疫苗, 要如何处理哪个国家 先拿到疫苗的伦理问题？」[21:12]
epidemiology:n.流行病学;传染病学; rebound:n.回弹;篮板球;v.回升;弹回;使弹回;(rebind的过去式和过去分词); behave:v.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用; fantastic:奇异的,空想的 ethical:adj.伦理的;道德的;凭处方出售的;n.处方药; assuming:conj.假设…为真; adj.傲慢的; v.假定; (assume的现在分词)
And maybe, Bill, use this as a moment to just talk about where the quest for the vaccine is and what are just some of the key things we should all be thinking about as we track the news on this. 比尔,也许可以顺便谈谈 疫苗发展的进度, 以及当我们在追踪这方面的新闻时 应该要思考哪些关键。
BG: There's three vaccines that are, if they work, are the earliest: the Moderna, which unfortunately, won't scale very easily, so if that works, it'll be mostly a US-targeted thing; 比:有三种疫苗, 如果可行,会是最早的疫苗: Moderna 公司的,遗憾的是规模很不容易做大, 若它能用,可能主要会以美国为目标;
quest:n.追求;寻找;vi.追求;寻找;vt.探索;
then you have the AstraZeneca, which comes from Oxford; and the Johnson and Johnson. 还有牛津的阿斯特捷利康药厂; 还有娇生公司。
Those are the three early ones. 这三种是最早的。
And we have animal data that looks potentially good but not definitive , particularly will it work in the elderly, and we'll have human data over the next several months. 我们有动物资料, 看似潜力不错, 特别是无法确定 对老年人是否有用, 在接下来几个月 就会有人体实验资料。
Those three will be gated by the safety and efficacy trial. 这三种疫苗会由安全及功效试验来把关。
That is, we'll be able to manufacture those, although not as much as we want. 也就是说,我们能生产它们, 但并不是想要多少就生产多少。
We'll be able to manufacture those before the end of the year. 在年底之前我们就能生产它们。
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; definitive:n.限定词;adj.决定性的;最后的;限定的; efficacy:n.功效,效力; manufacture:v.(用机器)大量生产; n.大量制造;
Whether the Phase 3 will succeed and whether it'll complete before the end of the year, 至于第三阶段是否会成功, 在年底前是否会完成,
I wouldn't be that optimistic about. 我就没那么乐观了。
Phase 3 is where you need to really look at all the safety profile and efficacy, but those will get started. 第三阶段必须要研究 所有的安全数据图表 以及功效,但那些会开始进行。
And then there's four or five vaccines that use different approaches that are maybe three or four months behind that: 接着还有四、五种疫苗 用的是不同的方法, 时间上落后三、四个月:
Phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做; optimistic:adj.乐观的;乐观主义的; approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度;
Novavax, Sanofi, Merck . 来自 Novavax、赛诺菲、 默克这几间公司。
And so we're funding factory capacity for a lot of these -- some complex negotiations are taking place right now on this -- to get factories that will be dedicated to the poorer countries, what's called low- and middle-income . 我们针对很多这些疫苗, 目前有一些和这方面 要找到愿意投入协助 较贫穷国家的厂商, 所谓的中低收入。
Merck:n.默克公司(财富500强公司之一,部所在地美国,主要经营制药); funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词) capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; negotiations:n.谈判(negotiation的复数);磋商; dedicated:adj.献身的; v.把…奉献给; (dedicate的过去分词和过去式) middle-income:adj.中等收入的;
And the very scalable constructs that include AstraZeneca and Johnson and Johnson, we'll focus on those, the ones that are inexpensive and you can build a single factory to make 600 million doses . 而能够做大的构想, 包括阿斯特捷利康制药及娇生公司, 我们会专注在那些不昂贵的疫苗, 且只要单一工厂 就可以生产出六亿剂。
So a number of the vaccine constructs are potential. 所以有不少疫苗的构想 都有潜力。
I don't see anything before the end of the year. 我不认为在年底前会出来,
That's really the best case, and it's down to a few constructs now, which, typically, you have high failure rates. 那真的会是最佳的情况。 其他只剩下少数几个构想, 这些通常失败率会很高。
scalable:adj.可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的; constructs:n.构念(construct的复数);建筑物;构图;v.设计(construct的三单形式);建造; inexpensive:adj.廉价的;不昂贵的; doses:v.服药(dose的三单形式);n.[药][核]剂量(dose的复数);
CA: Bill, is it the case that if you and your foundation weren't in the picture here that market dynamics would likely lead to a situation where, as soon as a promising vaccine candidate emerged, 克:比尔,是不是如果 你和你的基金会没有参与, 市场动态就很可能会导致 当前景看好的候选疫苗出现时,
the richer countries would basically snap up, gobble up all available initial supply -- it just takes a while to manufacture these, and there would be nothing for the poorer countries -- but that what, effectively, you're doing by giving manufacturing guarantees and capability to some of these candidates, 较富裕的国家基本上就会扫光 所有最初可以取得的疫苗供应—— 生产出那些就要花些时间, 而较贫穷的国家什么都抢不到。 但你实际上在做的事, 是把生产保证以及生产能力 给予一些候选疫苗,
as soon as:一…就; snap:v.断裂;移到某位置;厉声说;n.啪嗒声;(尤指抢拍的)照片;adj.仓促的; gobble:vi.贪食;咯咯叫;vt.狼吞虎咽;n.火鸡叫声; initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; guarantees:v.保证(guarantee的第三人称单数); n.保证,[法]担保; capability:n.才能,能力;性能,容量;
you're making it possible that at least some of the early vaccine units will go to poorer countries? 因此有可能 有一部分可以给较贫穷的国家,
Is that correct? 是这样吗？
BG: Well, it's not just us, but yes, we're in the central role there, along with a group we created called CEPI, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness , and the European leaders agree with this. 比:不只是我们,但没错, 我们在此扮演了核心角色, 还有我们成立的团体 CEPI, 以及欧洲领导人都认同这一点。
Now we have the expertise to look at each of the constructs and say, "OK, where is there a factory in the world that has capacity that can build that? 我们有专门技术, 可以研究每一种构想, 并说:「好,世界上哪里有工厂 有能力可以做到它？
Which one should we put the early money into? 我们应该最先把钱投入到哪间工厂？
Coalition:n.联合;结合,合并; Preparedness:n.有准备;已准备;做好准备(尤指作战准备);
What should the milestones be where we'll shift the money over to a different one?" 到了什么里程碑时 要把钱转到不同的地方？」
Because the kind of private sector people who really understand that stuff, some of them work for us, and we're a trusted party on these things, we get to coordinate a lot of it, particularly that manufacturing piece. 因为真正了解状况的私领域人员, 当中有些为我们工作, 在这些事情上, 我们是受信任的一方, 我们可以做很多协调,特别是在生产制造的部分。
milestones:n.里程碑;时间表; shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; coordinate:n.坐标; v.协调; adj.同等的;
Usually, you'd expect the US to think of this as a global problem and be involved. 通常,你会预期美国会把这个问题视为 全球的问题并介入。 截至目前为止
So far, no activity on that front has taken place. 截至目前为止
I am talking to people in the Congress and the Administration about when the next relief bill comes along that maybe one percent of that could go for the tools to help the entire world. 我和国会以及政府的人交涉, 也许可以在下一个抒困法案 将其中的 1% 拨给 这些协助全世界的工具。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; Congress:n.国会;代表大会;会议;社交; relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕;
And so it's possible, but it's unfortunate, and the vacuum here, the world is not that used to, and a lot of people are stepping in, including our foundation, to try and have a strategy , including for the poorer countries, 所以是有可能的, 但很遗憾, 在这种真空状态下, 世界并不熟悉, 有很多人介入, 包括我们的基金会, 试图想出策略, 将贫穷的国家纳入,
who will suffer a high percentage of the deaths and negative effects, including their health systems being overwhelmed . 这些国家的死亡率会很高, 它们的健康系统可能无法招架。
Most of the deaths will be in developing countries, despite the huge deaths we've seen in Europe and the US. 尽管我们已经看到欧美 有大量的死亡案例, 但大部分的死亡案例 仍会发生在开发中国家。
vacuum:n.真空; adj.真空的; v.用真空吸尘器清扫; strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; overwhelmed:v.受打击,压倒;淹没;(overwhelm的过去分词和过去式) despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱;
CA: I mean, I wish I could be a fly on the wall and hearing you and Melinda talk about this, because of all of the ethical ... "crimes," let's say, executed by leaders who should know better, 克:我真希望能暗中偷听 听你和梅琳达谈这些。 因为那些应该要做得更好的领导人, 所犯的这些,姑且说是道德「犯罪」,
I mean, it's one thing to not model mask-wearing, but to not play a role in helping the world when faced with a common enemy, respond as one humanity , and instead ... 我的意思是,不以身作则 戴口罩是一回事, 但在面临共同敌人时 却不扮演协助世界的角色, 不像是个「人」来回应, 反而……
executed:v.(尤指依法)处决,处死;实行;执行;实施;(execute的过去分词和过去式) humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
you know, catalyze a really unseemly scramble between nations to fight for vaccines, for example. 催化国家间发生不该发生的争夺, 比如,抢疫苗。
That just seems -- surely, history is going to judge that harshly . 那似乎——历史肯定会严厉地评断这件事。
That is just sickening . 那实在让人作恶。
Isn't it? Am I missing something? 不是吗？我有漏掉什么吗？
BG: Well, it's not quite as black-and-white as that. 比:嗯,并没有那么黑白分明。[27:08]
catalyze:vt.催化;刺激,促进; unseemly:adj.不适宜的;不得体的;adv.不得体地;不适宜地; scramble:vt.攀登; n.抢夺,争夺; vi.爬行,攀登; harshly:adv.严厉地;刺耳地;粗糙地; sickening:adj.让人厌恶的; v.使大为震惊; (sicken的现在分词)
The US has put more money out to fund the basic research on these vaccines than any country by far, and that research is not restricted . 美国拿出很多钱 来资助这些疫苗的基础研究, 目前拿出的钱比任何国家都更多, 且没限制那些研究。
There's not, like, some royalty that says, "Hey, if you take our money, you have to pay the US a royalty." 并不是,比如要某种权利金: 「嘿,如果你拿了我们的钱, 你就得支付美国权利金。」
They do, to the degree they fund research, it's for everybody. 在资助研究方面, 他们确实是为所有人而做; 在资助工厂方面, 则是为了美国而做。
restricted:adj.受限制的;保密的;v.限制(restrict的过去式和过去分词); royalty:n.皇室;版税;王权;专利税;
To the degree they fund factories, it's just for the US. 在资助工厂方面, 则是为了美国而做。
The thing that makes this tough is that in every other global health problem, the US totally leads smallpox eradication , the US is totally the leader on polio eradication , with key partners -- CDC, WHO, Rotary , UNICEF, our foundation. 这件事之所以很难搞,是因为 在所有其他全球健康问题上, 像是美国完全主导灭绝天花, 美国领导消灭小儿麻痹症, 携手重要的合作伙伴——
So the world -- and on HIV , under President Bush's leadership, but it was very bipartisan , this thing called PEPFAR was unbelievable . 所以世界——还有爱滋病, 在布希总统的领导和两党的支持下, 爱滋病紧急救援计划 简直是不可思议,
That has saved tens of millions of lives. 拯救了数千万条生命。
smallpox:n.[内科]天花; eradication:n.消灭,扑灭;根除; polio:n.小儿麻痹症(等于poliomyelitis);脊髓灰质炎; Rotary:adj.旋转的,转动的;轮流的;n.旋转式机器;[动力]转缸式发动机; HIV:n.艾滋病病毒; bipartisan:adj.两党连立的;代表两党的; unbelievable:adj.(非正式)难以置信的;不可信的
And so it's that the world always expected the US to at least be at the head of the table, financially , strategy, OK, how do you get these factories for the world, 所以,世界一直都会期望美国 至少要在会议桌上引领, 财务上、策略上,好,你要如何让这些 工厂为全世界生产,
even if it's just to avoid the infection coming back to the US or to have the global economy working, which is good for US jobs to have demand outside the US. 就算只是为了避免感染再回到美国, 或者让全球经济能运作, 在美国以外有需求, 对美国的就業也有利。
financially:adv.财政上;金融上; economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
And so the world is kind of -- you know, there's all this uncertainty about which thing will work, and there's this, "OK, who's in charge here?" 所以全世界有点—— 究竟什么能行得通, 都充满了不确定性, 有这种「好,这里是谁主导？」
And so the worst thing, the withdrawal from WHO, that is a difficulty that hopefully will get remedied at some point, because we need that coordination through WHO. 所以,最糟糕的事, 离开世界卫生组织, 希望这个难题还能在将来某个时点补救回来, 因为我们需要透过世界卫生组织协调。
uncertainty:n.不确定,不可靠; withdrawal:n.撤退,收回;提款;取消;退股; remedied:补救;治疗;纠正(remedy的过去式和过去分词); coordination:n.协调,调和;对等,同等;
CA: Let's take another question. 克:咱们再来看另一个问题。
Ali Kashani, "Are there any particularly successful models of handling the pandemic that you have seen around the world?" 阿里·卡沙尼:「在处理疫情上, 你看到世界上有什么 特别成功的模型吗？」
BG: Well, it's fascinating that, besides early action, there are definitely things where you take people who have tested positive and you monitor their pulse ox, 比:很棒的是, 除了超前部署之外, 还有其他的,比如针对 檢测结果为阳性的人 做脉搏血氧监控,
which is the oxygen saturation level in their blood, which is a very cheap detector , and then you know to get them to the hospitals fairly early. 也就是他们血液中的氧气饱和度, 这种侦测器非常便宜, 你很早就会知道要送他们就医。
Weirdly , patients don't know things are about to get severe . 奇怪的是,病人并不知道 状况会开始变严重。
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词) pulse:n.脉冲;脉搏;脉率;强劲的音乐节拍;v.搏动;跳动;震动;洋溢着; saturation:n.饱和;色饱和度;浸透;磁化饱和; detector:n.探测器;检测器;发现者;侦察器; fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; Weirdly:adv.古怪地; are about to:眼看就要;即将;正要;行将; severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的;
It's an interesting physiological reason that I won't get into. 我不在这里深入讨论 这背后有趣的生理原因。
And so Germany has quite a low case fatality rate that they've done through that type of monitoring. 德国的死亡率很低, 他们就是靠那种监控办到的。
And then, of course, once you get into facilities , we've learned that the ventilator , actually, although extremely well-meaning , was actually overused and used in the wrong mode in those early days . 接着,当然,一旦你进入医疗场所, 我们发现,呼吸器其实 但其实在早期被过度使用, 所以健康——
physiological:adj.生理学的,生理的; facilities:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;(facility的复数) ventilator:n.通风设备;换气扇;[医]呼吸机; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; well-meaning:adj.善意的;好心的; overused:adj.过度使用的;v.过度使用(overuse的过去分词); early days:初期;为时尚早;前期;
So the health -- the doctors are way smarter about treatment today. 所以健康——现今的医生在治疗上聪明很多。
Most of that, I would say, is global. 我会说,这大部分都是全球性的。
Using this pulse ox as an early indicator , that'll probably catch on broadly , but Germany was a pioneer there. 用脉搏血氧来当作初期的指标, 可能会广为流行起来, 但德国是这方面的先锋。
And now, of course, dexamethasone -- fortunately, it's cheap, it's oral , we can ramp up manufacture. 现在,当然,地塞米松——幸运的是它很便宜且是口服的, 我们可以增加生产。
That'll go global as well. 那也会是全球性的。
CA: Bill, I want to ask you something about what it's been like for you personally through this whole process . 克:比尔,我想要请问 你个人在这整个过程中的感受。
indicator:n.指示器;[试剂]指示剂;[计]指示符;压力计; broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地; oral:adj.口头的; n.(尤指外语考试中的)口试; (大学里的)口试; ramp:n.斜坡,坡道;敲诈;vi.蔓延;狂跳乱撞;敲诈;vt.敲诈;使有斜面; personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
Because, weirdly, even though your passion and good intent on this topic seems completely bloody obvious to anyone who has spent a moment with you, there are these crazy conspiracy theories out there about you. 因为奇怪的是,虽然你对这个主题的热情及好意, 只要是和你相处过的人 但外头还是有些 和你有关的疯狂阴谋论。
I just checked in with a company called Zignal that monitors social media spaces. 我才和 Zignal 公司联系, 他们做的是监控社群媒体空间。
They say that, to date, I think on Facebook alone, more than four million posts have taken place that associate you with some kind of conspiracy theory around the virus. 他们说,至今,我想光是脸书, 就有超过四百万篇贴文 和你在这次病毒事件中的阴谋论有关。
passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒; intent on:专心致志于;抱定决心要实行; bloody:adj.血腥的;血淋淋的;v.血染; obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; associate:v.联合:联想:交往:adj.非正式的:副的:联合的:n.伙伴:同事:
I read that there was a poll that more than 40 percent of Republicans believe that the vaccine that you would roll out would somehow plant a microchip in people to track their location . 我读到有一则民意调查, 相信你要推出的疫苗 会以某种方式将微晶片植入人体 以追踪他们的所在。
I mean, I can't even believe that poll number. 我实在无法相信那调查的数字。
And then some people are taking this seriously enough, and some of them have even been recirculated on "Fox News" and so forth, some people are taking this seriously enough to make really quite horrible threats and so forth. 有些人还非常严肃看待此事, 在福斯新闻等地方还不断重覆播放, 有些人很认真看待此事, 认真到会做出很可怕的威胁等等。
poll:n.投票; v.获得(票数); adj.当事人一方作成的; Republicans:n.共和党,共和党员;(republican的复数形式) somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; microchip:n.微型集成电路片,微芯片; location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位 recirculated:adj.再循环的;v.再循环(recirculate的过去分词); horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的,
You seem to do a good job sort of shrugging this off, but really, like, who else has ever been in this position? 你似乎能完全不在意这些事, 但,谁遇过这种事情？
How are you managing this? 你怎么处理这种状况？
What on earth world are we in that this kind of misinformation can be out there? 这是个怎样的世界, 让这么错误的资讯能到处传？
What can we do to help correct it? 我们要如何协助改正它？
BG: I'm not sure. 比:我不确定。[32:11]
shrugging:v.耸肩(表示不知道或不在乎);(shrug的现在分词) misinformation:n.误报;错误的消息;
And it's a new thing that there's conspiracy theories. 以前没有过这种情况, 出现这些阴谋论。
I mean, Microsoft had its share of controversy , but at least that related to the real world, you know? 微软有它的争议性, 但至少是和真实世界有关。
Did Windows crash more than it should? Windows 当机的次数是否过高？
We definitely had antitrust problems. 我们绝对有反垄断的问题。
But at least I knew what that was. 但至少我知道那是什么。
When this emerged, I have to say, my instinct was to joke about it. 阴谋论出现时, 我的直觉就是笑笑过去即可。[32:37]
controversy:n.争论;论战;辩论; antitrust:adj.[经]反垄断的;[经]反托拉斯的; instinct:n.本能;天性;直觉;adj.充满的;
People have said that's really inappropriate , because this is a very serious thing. 大家说那样并不妥当, 因为这是非常严肃的事。
It is going to make people less willing to take a vaccine. 会让人比较不愿意去接种疫苗。
And, of course, once we have that vaccine, it'll be like masks, where getting lots of people, particularly when it's a transmission-blocking vaccine, there's this huge community benefit to widespread adoption of that vaccine. 当然,一旦我们有了疫苗, 就会像口罩一样, 让许多人, 特别是对能阻挡传播的疫苗, 若能让疫苗被广为使用, 对社会有很大的益处。
inappropriate:adj.不适当的;不相称的; widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的; adoption:n.采用;收养;接受;
So I am caught a little bit, unsure of what to say or do, because the conspiracy piece is a new thing for me, and what do you say that doesn't give credence to the thing? 所以我有点陷入两难, 不确定该说、该做什么, 因为对我来说,阴谋论是种新东西。 你要说什么 才不会让它变得可信？
The fact that a "Fox News" commentator , Laura Ingraham, was saying this stuff about me microchipping people, that survey isn't that surprising because that's what they heard on the TV. 福斯新闻的时事评论者 劳拉·英格拉汉姆说 我要在人体植入微晶片; 如果人们在电视上听到这些, 那民调结果并不意外。
unsure:adj.不确定的;不肯定的;没有自信的; what do you say:你说…怎么样？; credence:n.信任;凭证;祭器台(等于credencetable,credenza); commentator:n.评论员,解说员;实况播音员;时事评论者; microchipping:v.植微芯片于(动物皮下,作识别用途);(microchip的现在分词) survey:n.调查;测量;审视;纵览;vt.调查;勘测;俯瞰;vi.测量土地;
It's wild. 很荒唐。
And people are clearly seeking simpler explanations than going and studying virology . 很显然大家宁可寻求比较简单的解释, 而不愿去研究病毒学。
CA: I mean, 克:我的意思是,
TED is nonpolitical , but we believe in the truth. TED 无关政治, 但我们相信真相。
I would say this: 我会说:
Laura Ingraham, you owe Bill Gates an apology and a retraction . 劳拉·英格拉汉姆,你欠比尔·盖兹 一个道歉且应该把话收回。[34:03]
virology:n.[病毒]病毒学,滤过性微生物学; nonpolitical:adj.非政治性的; owe:v.归功于;欠(债);欠(账);欠(情) retraction:n.撤回,撤销;收回;
You do. 真的。
And anyone who's watching this who thinks for a minute that this man is involved in some kind of conspiracy, you want your head examined. 现在在看的观众, 如果你有一丝丝认为 这个人会涉及阴谋, 最好去檢查你的大脑。
You are crazy. 你疯了。
Enough of us know Bill over many years and have seen the passion and engagement in this to know that you are crazy. 我们有很多人都认识比尔许多年, 也见识到他在此的热情和投入, 我们知道的足以确定你疯了。
So get over it, and let's look at the actual problem of solving this pandemic. 所以快想开吧, 咱们来研究真正的问题: 如何解决这次疫情。
for a minute:一会儿; engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度;
Honestly. 这是说真的。
If anyone in the chat here has a suggestion, a positive suggestion for how you can, how do you get rid of conspiracies , because they feed on each other. 聊天室里有没有人可以建议一下, 关于怎么做的正面建议, 要怎么摆脱阴谋论？ 因为他们彼此互相助长。
Now, "Oh, well I would say that, because I'm part of the conspiracy," 「喔,我会那样说是因为 我也是阴谋的一部分」之类的。
or whatever. 我们要如何回到
Like, how do we get back to a world where information can be trusted? 我们要如何回到 资讯可信的世界？
We have to do better on it. 我们在这方面得做得更好。[34:52]
conspiracies:密谋(conspiracy的名词复数);
Are there any other questions out there from the community? 还有其他来自社群的问题吗？
Aria Bendix from New York City: "What are your personal recommendations for those who want to reduce their risk of infection amid an uptick in cases?" 纽约市的艾莉亚·班迪克斯: 「对于在这个确诊数渐增的环境中 想要减低感染风险的人, 你个人有什么建议？」
BG: Well, it's great if you have a job that you can stay at your house and do it through digital meetings, and even some of your social activities, you know, I do video calls with lots of friends. 比:很好的情况是,如果你的工作 可以在家做,透过数位会议来进行, 甚至做些社交活动, 我和很多朋友用视讯通话。
Aria:n.咏叹调,独唱曲; recommendations:n.推荐;推荐信;推荐规范(recommendation的复数形式); amid:prep.在…过程中;在…中;四周是; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键;
I have friends in Europe that, who knows when I'll see them, but we schedule regular calls to talk. 我有些朋友在欧洲,天知道 我何时才会再见到他们, 但我们会安排定期视讯会议来交谈。
If you stay fairly isolated , you don't run much risk, and it's when you're getting together with lots of other people, either through work or socialization , that drives that risk, 如果你能处在很隔离的状态, 你就不会有什么风险, 是当你和很多人在一起时, 不论是工作或社交, 那才会造成风险;
schedule:工作计划,日程安排 isolated:adj.偏远的; v.隔离,孤立,脱离; socialization:n.社会化,社会主义化;
and particularly in these communities where you have increased cases, even though it's not going to be mandated , hopefully, the mobility numbers will show people responding and minimizing those kind of out-of-the-house contacts . 特别是在确诊个案数 增加的社区中, 虽然这不是强制命令, 希望流动率数字会显示 大家有做出因应, 并将那些屋外的接触
CA: Bill, I wonder if I could just ask you just a little bit about philanthropy . 克:比尔,不知道我能否问你 一点关于慈善事業的问题。
Obviously, your foundation has played a huge role in this, but philanthropy more generally . 很显然,你的基金会 在此扮演重要角色, 不过整体来说是慈善事業。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) mandated:adj.托管的; v.强制执行; (mandate的过去分词和过去式) responding:v.响应;作出反应;反应灵敏;(respond的现在分词) minimizing:v.使减少到最低限度;降低;贬低;使显得不重要;(minimize的现在分词) contacts:v.联系,联络;(contact的第三人称单数) I wonder if:我不知道是否…？; philanthropy:n.博爱,慈善;慈善事业; generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地;
You know, you've started this Giving Pledge movement, recruited all these billionaires who have pledged to give away half their net worth before or after their death. 你发起了「捐赠誓言」运动, 招募了许多亿万富翁 誓言在死前或死后要捐出 他们的一半净值。
But it's really hard to do. 但那真的很难。
It's really hard to give away that much money. 很难捐出这么多钱。
You yourself, I think, since The Giving Pledge was started -- what? 10 years ago or something, I'm not sure when -- but your own net worth, I think, has doubled since that period despite being the world's leading philanthropist . 我认为,你自己, 从「捐赠誓言」开始之后—— 多久了？十年左右？ 我不太确定时间—— 但你自己的净值,我想, 已经比那时增加了一倍, 尽管你是世界上带头的慈善家。
recruited:v.招聘,雇佣;招募;(recruit的过去分词和过去式) billionaires:亿万富翁(billionaire的复数); pledged:v.保证给予(或做);正式承诺;抵押(pledge的过去分词和过去式) philanthropist:n.慈善家,博爱主义者;乐善好施的人;
Is it just fundamentally hard to give away money effectively to make the world better? 基本上要把钱有效地捐出去 让世界变更好是很困难的？
Or should the world's donors , and especially the world's really rich donors , start to almost commit to a schedule, like, "Here's a percentage of my net worth each year that, as I get older, maybe that goes up. 或者,世界上的捐赠者, 特别是真的很有钱的捐赠者, 应该要开始承诺一个时间表, 比如「这是我每年净值的一个百分比, 比如「这是我每年净值的一个百分比, 随着我年龄渐增, 可能还会提升。
If I'm to take this seriously, 如果我认真看待此事,
I have to give away -- somehow, I've got to find a way of doing that effectively." 我必须要找到某种方式 有效益地做捐赠。」
Is that an unfair and crazy question? 这个问题会很不公平且疯狂吗？
BG: Well, it'd be great to up the rate, and our goal, both as the Gates Foundation or through The Giving Pledge, is to help people find causes they connect to. 比:如果能把比率提高是很好, 我们的目标,透过盖兹基金会 或捐赠誓言想达到的目标, 是协助大家找到 他们能有所连结的理念。[37:31]
donors:n.捐赠人(donor的复数);[电子]施主; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; commit:v.犯(罪等);干(坏事等);[法]提(审);判处;
People give through passion. 大家是透过热情来付出的。
Yes, numbers are important, but there's so many causes out there. 是的,数字很重要, 但,外头有好多理念。
The way you're going to pick is you see somebody who's sick, you see somebody who's not getting social services . 你挑选目标的方式是, 你看到某人生病, 你看到某人无法得到社会服务,
You see something that helps reduce racism . 你看到某种能协助 减少种族主义的方式。
And you're very passionate , and so you give to that. 你非常有热情, 所以会为那些事去捐赠。
And, of course, some philanthropic gifts won't work out. 当然,有些慈善捐赠最后没有用。
social services:n.社会福利制度(由当地政府组织,向困难者提供帮助的制度); racism:n.种族主义,种族歧视;人种偏见; passionate:adj.热情的;热烈的,激昂的;易怒的; philanthropic:adj.博爱的;仁慈的;
We do need to up the ambition level of philanthropists . 我们确实需要提高慈善家的企图心。
Now, collaborative philanthropy that you're helping to facilitate through Audacious , there's four or five other groups that are getting philanthropists together, that is fantastic, because then they learn from each other, they get confidence from each other, 合作性质的慈善事業, 透过「大胆计画」来贡献心力, 有另外四、五个团体在将 慈善家集结起来,那很棒, 因为他们能彼此学习, 他们能从彼此身上得到信心,
ambition:n.追求的目标;野心;志向;抱负; philanthropists:n.慈善家,博爱主义者;乐善好施的人; collaborative:adj.合作的,协作的; facilitate:vt.促进;帮助;使容易; Audacious:adj.无畏的;鲁莽的; confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的;
they feel like, "Hey, I put in x, and the four other people put money in, so I'm getting more impact," 他们觉得:「嘿,我投入 x, 所以影响会比较大。」
and hopefully, it can be made fun for them even when they find out, 希望,就算当他们发现某些捐赠
OK, that particular gift didn't work out that well, but let's keep going. 并没有预期的效果, 他们仍然能乐在其中, 继续投入。
So philanthropy, yes, 所以,慈善事業,是的,
I would like to see the rate go up, and people who do get going, it is fun, it's fulfilling , you pick which of the family members are partnered in doing it. 我希望能看到比率上升, 对于开始动身的人, 这很有趣, 很让人满足, 你可以选要和哪个家人 携手一起做这件事。
In my case, Melinda and I love doing this stuff together, learning together. 就我来说,我和梅琳达 很喜欢一起做这些事, 一起学习。
Some families, it will even involve the kids in the activities. 在某些家庭中, 甚至孩子也参与活动。
Sometimes the kids are pushing. 有时是孩子在推动。
fulfilling:adj.让人感觉有意义的; v.实现; (fulfill的现在分词)
When you have lots of money, you still think of a million dollars as a lot of money, but if you have billions, you should be giving hundreds of millions. 若你有很多钱, 仍然会认为一百万美金是一大笔钱; 但如果你有几十亿美金, 你应该要捐赠出几亿美金。
So it's kind of charming that, in terms of your personal expenditure , you stay at the level you were at before. 蛮迷人的一点在于, 就你的个人花费来说, 你和以前没有什么不同。
That's societally quite appropriate. 在社会层面上是妥当的。
But on your giving, you need to scale up or else it will be your will, and you won't get to shape it and enjoy it quite that same way. 但就你的捐赠来说, 你得要增加规模, 要不然它就会变成你的遗嘱, 你就无法控制它, 无法用同样的方式来享受它。
charming:adj.令人着迷的;吸引人的;v.吸引;迷住;控制,保护;(charm的现在分词) expenditure:n.支出,花费;经费,消费额; societally:用法,发音,音标,搭配,同义词,反义词和例句等在线英语服务。;
And so without -- we don't want to mandate it, but yes, both you and I want to inspire philanthropists to see that passion, to see those opportunities significantly faster than in the past, 所以若没有—— 我们不想强制规定它, 但,是的, 看见那些热忱、看见那些机会, 且要比过去更快。
because whether it's race or disease, or all the other social ills, the innovation of what philanthropy can go to and do quickly that, if it works, government can come in behind it and scale it up, 因为不论种族、疾病 或其他社会弊端, 慈善事業能快速地创新, 如果行得通,政府能支持并把规模做大。
inspire:v.激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感; significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地;
God knows we need solutions, we need that kind of hope and progress that expectations are high that will solve very tough problems. 天知道我们很需要解决方案, 我们需要希望和进展, 期望很高, 希望能解决非常困难的问题。
CA: I mean, most philanthropists, even the best of them, find it hard to give away more than about a percent of their net worth every year, and yet the world's richest often have access to great investment opportunities. 克:大部分的慈善家, 就连最好的慈善家, 都很难每年捐出他们净值的 1%, 但,世界上最有钱的人 通常能取得很好的投资机会。
expectations:n.预料;预期;期待;希望;指望;(expectation的复数) investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
Many of them are gaining wealth at seven to 10 percent plus per year. 当中有许多人的财富 每年能增加 7 到 10%。
Isn't it the case that to have a real chance of giving away half your fortune , at some point you have to plan to give away five, six, seven, eight, 10 percent of your net worth annually ? 不就是这种情况,真的有机会 能把一半财富捐出来？ 在某些时点,你得要计画每年捐出 你净值的 5%、6%、 7%、8%、10%？
wealth:n.财富;大量;富有; fortune:n.财富;命运;运气;v.给予财富,偶然发生 annually:adv.每年;一年一次;
And that is, isn't that the logic of what should be happening? 这样子的逻辑不是很合理吗？
BG: Yeah, there are people like Chuck Feeney, who set a good example and gave away all of his money. 比:有像查克·费尼这样的人, 树立好榜样,捐出他所有的钱。
Even Melinda and I are talking about, should we up the rate that we give at? 就连梅琳达和我也在谈,
As you say, we've been very lucky on the investment side through a variety of things. 如你所言,在投资面上透过各种方式, 我们一直很幸运。
Tech fortunes in general have done well, even this year, which is one of those great contrasts in what's going on in the world. 总体来说,科技業的财富表现很好, 就连今年也是, 和世界上发生的状况 是很大的对比。
Chuck:n.卡盘;夹头;辞退;(牛等的)颈肉;v.放弃;[机]用卡盘夹紧;(口语)抛出,逐出; variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化; fortunes:n.命运,机遇(fortune复数形式); v.给…以大宗财富(fortune的第三人称单数形式); in general:总之,通常;一般而言; contrasts:n.[经]反差,对比(contrast的复数); v.使…对比;
And I do think there's an expectation that we should speed up, and there's a reason to speed up, and government is going to miss a lot of needs. 我确实认为大家预期我们要加速, 是有应该加速的理由。 很多的需求政府照顾不到。
Yes, there's tons of government money out there, but helping it be spent well, helping find places it's not stepping up, and if people are willing to give to the developing world, they don't have governments that can print checks for 15 percent of GDP, 没错,外头有一堆政府的钱, 但要协助善用它们, 协助找到还没有得到幫助的地方。 如果大家愿意捐给开发中世界, 那里的政府无法印制 等同 15% 国民所得的纾困支票,
and so the suffering there broadly, just the economic stuff alone, put aside the pandemic, is tragic . 所以单就经济层面来说 就已经让广大的人民很苦, 更不用说疫情了, 很不幸。
It's about a five-year setback in terms of these countries moving forward, and in a few cases, it's tough enough that the very stability of the country is in question. 对这些国家而言, 向前的发展倒退了五年, 在少数例子中,艰困到连国家的稳定度都成了问题。
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的; setback:n.挫折;退步;逆流; stability:n.稳定性;坚定,恒心;
CA: Well, Bill, 克:嗯,比尔,
I'm in awe of what you and Melinda have done. 我很敬佩你和梅琳达所做的。
You walk this narrow path of trying to juggle so many different things, and the amount of time that you dedicate to the betterment of the world at large, and definitely the amount of money and the amount of passion you put into it -- 你们走在这条狭路上, 试图改变这么多事物, 你投入让整个世界变更好的时间 以及金钱, 还有你投入的热情,真的很不简单。
awe:vt.使敬畏;使畏怯;n.敬畏; narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分; juggle:vi.玩杂耍;欺骗;歪曲;vt.歪曲;欺骗;n.玩戏法;欺骗; betterment:n.改善,改进;改良;涨价;
I mean, it's pretty awesome , and I'm really grateful to you for spending this time with us now. 我很感激你能抽空和我们讨论。
Thank you so much, and honestly, the rest of this year, your skills and resources are going to be needed more than ever, so good luck. 非常谢谢你, 老实说,今年剩下的日子, 会比以往更需要你的技能和资源。 所以,祝好运。
BG: Well, thanks. 比:谢谢。
It's fun work and I'm optimistic, so thanks, Chris. 我乐在其中,而且很乐观。
awesome:adj.令人敬畏的;使人畏惧的;可怕的;极好的;